3. Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, using it to help build a modern industrial system.
(A) Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, using it to help build it指代错误
(B) Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War and used it to help in building it指代错误/help in building
(C) Japan used the huge sums of capital it received from the United States after the Second World War to help build
(D) Japan’s huge sums of capital received from the United States after the Second World War were used to help it in building被动没必要/ help in building/it无法指代Japan（C）
(E) Receiving huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, Japan used it to help build it指代错误
Choice A can be faulted because it, a singular pronoun, does not agree with sums of capital; (代词指代单复数错) also, using does not establish a logical time sequence in which Japan first received and then used the capital from the United States. () In B, it is again wrong, and to help in building is less compact and idiomatic than to help build. (固定用法) Choice C is best. In D, to help it in building is flawed, and it has no free noun as its referent since Japan’s is a possessive modifier of sums. (代词指代错) In E, it is again without a singular noun referent, and Receiving huge sums…Japan used … does not make clear the sequence of events. () This question is of middle difficulty.
固定用法：to help build. 错误用法：to help in building
1 using does not establish a logical time sequence in which Japan first received and then used the capital from the United States. ()
2 Receiving huge sums…Japan used … does not make clear the sequence of events. ()
以上两句话不理解
两个动作有先后顺序 用平行可以 如本题中 received ... and used
用分词也可以啊 如本题的E Receiving huge sums .,, Janpan used ...
在OG44中有明确说到分词对于主句谓语来说的先后关系
G44
Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy.
C
Detecting fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy, a physician can use a Doppler ultrasound device.
Contrary to intent, the wording in choice C suggests that physicians can use a Doppler ultrasound device after they detect fetal heartbeats（分词在句首，主句在后面说明分词的动作先发生，主句动作后发生，有逻辑先后关系）.
综上 我认为E中说明动词的顺序关系不清 不理解
谢谢
1 using does not establish a logical time sequence in which Japan first received and then used the capital from the United States. ()
2 Receiving huge sums…Japan used … does not make clear the sequence of events. ()
以上两句话不理解 我认为ETS在这题十分强调动作的先后关系，receive和use是两个完全独立的动作，只有第一个完成以后，第二个才会发生，所以ETS认为应该避免使用含有表示同时的现分结构。这道题及其引起争议的地方在于A的现分结尾应该是可以作为伴随结果来解释的，但是我认为，在此题中，‘伴随’的含义十分模糊，相比于两个独立动词来说，前者的各自独立而且又先后有序的概念表达不如后者，所以可能使用and连词结构连接两个动作更合适。
两个动作有先后顺序 用平行可以 如本题中 received ... and used
用分词也可以啊 如本题的E Receiving huge sums .,, Janpan used ...
在OG44中有明确说到分词对于主句谓语来说的先后关系 我认为这里还有‘伴随’的含义
G44
Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy.
C
Detecting fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy, a physician can use a Doppler ultrasound device.
Contrary to intent, the wording in choice C suggests that physicians can use a Doppler ultrasound device after they detect fetal heartbeats（分词在句首，主句在后面说明分词的动作先发生，主句动作后发生，有逻辑先后关系）.
综上 我认为E中说明动词的顺序关系不清 不理解
谢谢
stoneren: 谢谢你的答复
我赞成你的观点ETS在这题十分强调动作的先后关系，receive和use是两个完全独立的动作，只有第一个完成以后，第二个才会发生，在于A的现分结尾应该是可以作为伴随结果来解释的，但是我认为，在此题中，‘伴随’的含义十分模糊，相比于两个独立动词来说，前者的各自独立而且又先后有序的概念表达不如后者
极其相似地一题OG71, (c)whose members made monthly payments on their share subscriptions and then took turns doing
但我仍有一个问题
现在分词在句尾 一是伴随方式 二是表伴随结果 所以A不合适
可是E呢
(E) Receiving huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, Japan used it to help build
现在分词在句首 也一定表示伴随吗
OG 11 Using accounts of various ancient writers
, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, "the good goddess."
我认为using/ paint 有先后关系 并没有伴随的意思 先use 后paint
stoneren, 你对现在分词在句首是怎么看的
谢谢
stoneren: 谢谢你的答复
我赞成你的观点ETS在这题十分强调动作的先后关系，receive和use是两个完全独立的动作，只有第一个完成以后，第二个才会发生，在于A的现分结尾应该是可以作为伴随结果来解释的，但是我认为，在此题中，‘伴随’的含义十分模糊，相比于两个独立动词来说，前者的各自独立而且又先后有序的概念表达不如后者
极其相似地一题OG71, (c)whose members made monthly payments on their share subscriptions and then took turns doing
但我仍有一个问题
现在分词在句尾 一是伴随方式 二是表伴随结果 所以A不合适
可是E呢
(E) Receiving huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, Japan used it to help build
现在分词在句首 也一定表示伴随吗
OG 11 Using accounts of various ancient writers , scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, "the good goddess."
我认为using/ paint 有先后关系 并没有伴随的意思 先use 后paint
stoneren, 你对现在分词在句首是怎么看的
谢谢
现在分词在句首 也一定表示伴随吗? I think, in choice E of this question, there is no 伴随的意思. Receive huge sums of capital must happen first, then use can happen. The relation of these two verbs is like that of use and paint you mentioned above. So, the OG's explaination is really confusing. Maybe OG thinks that although 现在分词在句首 has the meaning of CAUSE, CONDITION, etc., the function of it is mainly 表示伴随.
In my point of view, 现在分词在句首usually means the CONDITION or the CAUSE of the main sentence.
Open to discussion....
我查了张道真语法书P269
现在分词短语作状语
1分词表示的是主语的一个动作
2分词表示的动作和谓语表示动作或状态是同时发生的
3分词表示的是比较次要的动作 对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明
received and used 是明显有两个独立且有先后顺序的动作 只能并列
我对OG44的解释不理解 这不是说明分词在句首与谓语动作有先后的吗
G44
Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy.
C Detecting fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy, a physician can use a Doppler ultrasound device.
Contrary to intent, the wording in choice C suggests that physicians can use a Doppler ultrasound device after they detect fetal heartbeats（分词在句首，主句在后面说明分词的动作先发生，主句动作后发生，有逻辑先后关系）.
不知是怎么理解才好
谢谢stoneren 和gmat700+
完全同意stoneren的解释；
现在分词还表示着动作的持续性，OG中有一道他的手臂受伤那道题，只能是大约了，具体的题号记不清了，同样放在句首，但是因为动作的不能持续，所以不能用现在分词。
同意stoneren的理解。分词有先后的顺序，同时也有伴随的含义。
从这道题来看，日本应该是先收钱，然后再用钱。但是没道理说日本在用钱的同时，还在不停的收钱。所以用and比分词更合理。
感谢stonerne/ rhod/ leeon.
明白了 谢谢
謝謝stoneren
講的真好
顶
但有个问题,即便是C,那也应该用个过去完成式啊,it had received from the United States表示用前的过去收的钱,即过去的过去.
我对正确答案C的疑问是:
after the Second World War 没有修饰Japan used the huge sums of capital 的嫌疑吗?
虽然它离received from the United States 最近.
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