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标题: 41.投资政策（LZ把08年的JJ都翻出来了，求确认） [打印本页]

作者: may24 时间: 2011-12-10 03:37
标题: 41.投资政策（LZ把08年的JJ都翻出来了，求确认）
版本一
讲technonationalism, Techno-globalism 。首段将有这么两种理论，
有一道题问到Techno-globalism具有的特点except....，
第二段讲technonationalism
一道题问到作者对于techno nationalism得态度。
第三段讲Techno-globalism，其中讲到跨国公司要开拓海外市场已补偿研发的投入。
有一infer题问到跨国公司这么做说明什么。

版本2：

第一段现今世界的发展得益于技术的不断进步和国际化（internationalization），随着全球化和跨国公司使得市场的INTERNATIONAL，列举了几个internationalization的几个具体形式，包括TECHNOLOGY也在各个国家间交流。（考点——列举except题，internationalization的表现形式，好处：有一个选项要推导一下，不是直接列举出来的）。因為國際化還有民間企業的努力，所以一直不斷研發新的科技，稱為”科技創新”。舉了一些例子跟好處。,这里有题,大概问全球化有什么变化什么的.

第二段说但国家实力的对比就包括其资源、资本及技术优势方面的比较（该处有考点——except题：国家实力对比包括：资源、资本及技术优势），所以很多国家出于对自己国家利益的保护，拒绝分享技术进步的成果，不参与国际合作, 不参与国际合作，搞技术本国化（technology national）。列举了技术本国化的一些表现。出面干涉全球化，用一种antiquated（作者态度题：政府干涉全球化的行为：antiquated，作者反对这些行为。）的发展观，想把优势局限在国内。阻碍技术的交流,企图保持自己的优势,有点象以前的国家保护自己的自然资源似的,这里有题,问说有些保护技术怎样怎样,记住是有点过时了的意思.
但事实上如今很多大规模的技术研究，国际合作是获取成功可能的重要因素（考点：信息题，没有国际合作，很多事情就做不好）。一个企业在技术上的投资,现在如果产品是只面对国内市场的化,是无法收回成本的。研发成本高，只能通过global来分摊成本（现在的技术投资有什么特点：只面对国内，无法收回成本/ 成本高，要通过全球化摊销。）
第三段说什么有的国家也参与到技术控制中,作者反駁”科技保守”，認為“科技創新”才是王道。*作者態度有考一題。
这是一个相关性不高的：
公司的全球化和地区化的矛盾那篇，说是很难同时达到全球化和地方化的统一
问题：全球化的公司为了达到顺应地方需求通常会怎么做全球化的优势是什么

这是另外一个相关性不高的：
V1现在的公司都在进行globalization,但是仅仅是扩大规模，却无法解决culture的融合问题。真正的globalization不是说仅仅建立一个Head office就可以的了，虽然那种集中制的multinational会减少cost.如果要解决这个dilemma就得想办法让员工们的思想进行转变。真正的globalization是要结合本土化的
细节：全球化的公司为了达到顺应地方需求通常会怎么做：员工们的思想进行转变

以下是背景资料：

It isgenerally recognised that from the 1980s onwards international economicintegration has increased substantially, both at the intensive and at theextensive margin (Chesnais, 1992; Michie & Smith, 1995). On the intensiveside, trade ows have expanded both in volume and in spread, and the sameoccurred at even higher rates for foreign direct investments. On the extensiveside, internationalization has been involving a larger number of economicactivities, as …rms started conceiving …nance, management, corporate strategiesand also innovation, besides production and marketing, on a world-wide basis.

Although this new phase ofinternationalization is commonly referred to as ‘globalization’, and identi…edwith quite generally accepted aspects (OECD, 1992, Ch.10, p.211), the researchon its actual extension and on its e¤ects is far from conclusive. Inparticular, it is still unclear which is the outcome of the entailed tensionbetween national, local and global forces, an argument that has been developedwith di¤erent focuses, methodologies, and conclusions1.

This is especially true in dealing withtechnology, as at least two approaches can be identi…ed. On the one hand, thereis a ‘dualistic’ kind of approach, which characterizes ‘techno-globalism’ and‘techno-nationalism’ as two contradictory and mutually exclusive patterns oftechnological change in which nation (or more local) based factors are,respectively, either already irrelevant or still crucial. The fields in which this dichotomy isinvestigated are numerous and heterogeneous, so that this approach is unable toreach general conclusions about the prevalence of a global rather than of anational or a local argument2. An alternative approach which looks morepromising in this last respect is a ‘complementary’ one, that aims to betterqualify some more speci…c moments and aspects in which techno-globalism mightproceed to a di¤erent extent and with a di¤erent speed3.

Followingthis last approach, in this paper I suggest that the whole question couldbene…t from a further clari…cation attempt. A taxonomy is therefore proposed inwhich ‘techno-territoriality’, ‘techno-sovereignty’, ‘technocitizenship’, and‘techno-nationality’ identify four distinct, although not independent, aspects,with di¤erent global, national and local speci…cations. This scheme revealsparticularly useful in organizing existing and further evidence on the topic,as well as in testing the validity of nation-based notions and theories ofinnovation. In what follows I will …rst assign some results one can …nd in therelevant literature to the proper heading of the taxonomy (Section 2),stressing their ‘pro-global’ or ‘pro-national’ character. I will then refer tothe most debated nation-based notion of the issue, that of ‘national systems ofinnovation’ (NSI), and I will try to show how techno-nationality is, out of thefour, the con…guration underpinned by its most articulated theoreticalconceptualization (Section 3). In the …nal section (Section 4) a generalbalance of the di¤erent speci…cations established within each component of thetaxonomy is attempted.

作者: may24 时间: 2011-12-10 03:59
抱歉看到26题才发现是同一个题目

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