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标题: 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-5】 [打印本页]

作者: fox0923 时间: 2011-11-24 00:16
标题: 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-5】
大家能够走到一起不容易，看到越来越多的朋友都加入进来了真的挺开心的，我们一起努力攻破G/T~~

{精练}
5. Politician: All nations that place a high tax on
income produce thereby a negative incentive
for technological innovation, and all nations in
which technological innovation is hampered
inevitably fall behind in the international arms
race. Those nations that, through historical
accident or the foolishness of their political
leadership, wind up in a strategically
disadvantageous position are destined to lose
their voice in world affairs. So if a nation wants
to maintain its value system and way of life, it
must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed
30 percent of income.

Each of the following, if true, weakens the
politician’s argument EXCEPT:

(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.

{PREP逻辑链练习}

17. (27669-!-item-!-188;#058&003302)

Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas. In an experiment to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide, classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide.

lants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.

Which of the following, if true, would it be most important to take into account in evaluating the result?

(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.

18.   (27717-!-item-!-188;#058&003330)

Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges. Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor, and would therefore seem to be a useful contribution to road safety. However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in accident rate?

(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads.
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles.
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.

19.   (27995-!-item-!-188;#058&003473)

Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat. However, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat. Therefore, since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease.
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers.
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain.

20.   (28411-!-item-!-188;#058&003617)

For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city. There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving. The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?

(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation.
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.

作者: fox0923 时间: 2011-11-24 00:29
精练Analysis：

This problem is a complete conditional argument containing conditional
premises and a conditional conclusion. Here is a breakdown of the argument:
HT = nations that place a high tax on income
NI = negative incentive for technological innovation
FB = fall behind in the international arms race; also, wind up in
a strategically disadvantageous position
LV = lose voice in world affairs
The first sentence contains two sufficient condition indicators (the word “all”)
and can be diagrammed as a chain:
HT NI FB
The next sentence paraphrases “fall behind in the international arms race” as
“wind up in a strategically disadvantageous position” and can be diagrammed
as:
FB LV
Because the two statements have FB in common, a single long chain can be
created:
HT NI FB LV
From our discussion of conditional reasoning we know that a chain of this
length contains many inferences. The conclusion, when paraphrased, tries to
make a contrapositive:
The phrase “nation wants maintain its value system and way of life” is a
very rough equivalent of “wind up in a strategically disadvantageous
position” and “lose a voice in world affairs.” The paraphrase is not a
perfect equivalent because the conclusion discuses values, and the
premises do not. For our purposes, we will symbolize this condition as:
FB
and
LV
The phrase “must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30 percent
of income” is the equivalent of HT. Thus, the diagram for the
conclusion is:
FB
and ~~HT 30~~
LV

Thus, based on the chain of reasoning provided, we have a reasonable
conclusion, but not a perfect one because the paraphrase was not exact. The
question stem is a WeakenX, which means that four of the answers will weaken
the argument and the one correct answer will either have no effect on the
argument or will strengthen the argument.
Answer choice (A): This answer attacks the necessary condition of the
conclusion by showing that taxes could exceed 30% before problems occurred.
Answer choice (B): This answer attacks the first half of the first sentence, which
states that high taxes necessarily produce a negative incentive for technological
innovation. Because taxes lower an individual’s income, the higher the tax, the
greater the relative restriction on making money. Answer choice (B) shows that
higher taxes would not necessarily produce low innovation because innovators
do not care about the amount they earn.
Answer choice (C): This answer attacks the part of the argument that equates
“fall behind in the international arms race” as “wind up in a strategically
disadvantageous position.” If the two are not equated, then the chain of
premises breaks down.
Answer choice (D): Like (C), this attacks a portion of the argument where the
author equates terms. In this case, the paraphrase in the conclusion was not
exact, and this answer exploits that gap.
Answer choice (E): This is the correct answer. The answer does not hurt the
argument because the stimulus specifically states that “Those nations that,
through historical accident or the foolishness of their political leadership, wind
up in a strategically disadvantageous position...” So, the actual reason the nation
ends up in a disadvantageous position is not critical. It could be either
foolishness or historical accident. So, an answer that asserts that it is foolishness
and not historical accident has no effect on the argument.

PREP逻辑链KEY：DEEC

作者: fox0923 时间: 2011-11-24 02:20
精练----------45"--------------Except
B: The high tax of income produce causes the failure of technology.
P: These nations with the fall behind technology don't have voices in the world.
C: Therefore, the nation needs to control its tax no higher than 30% of its income produce if it wants to retain its position in the world.
Prephrase: All nations have the similar tax of income produce.
30% of tax of income is the only method to maintain the position, namely, eliminating other possible factors.

Analysis:
(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.--------------------------------------weaken
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.
--------------------------------------if making money is insignificant, then the conclusion is weakened.
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.
--------------------------------------this is to weaken. Loss voice推倒不出来postion降级。
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.
--------------------------------------这个怎么感觉和之前的Q3，Q5一样呢，mistaken relationship.而且原文说得是maintain life and value---必要条件（no higher tax）。这里lose influence不一定推出value of life treat.不算weaken把？？？
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.

---------------------------------------------------------------irrelevant

KEy：E，然后就是蒙的。为啥？因为E的irrelevance最明显，可问题是我有点和Q3，Q5的weaken题目选项混淆了。头疼阿~~

作者: Jane412 时间: 2011-11-24 07:30
精练:[ weaken X]time：46''
premise:high tax--->technological innovation↓
premise：technological innovation↓--->international arms race↓
premise:nation must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30 percent of income
conclusion: a nation can maintain its value system and way of life

prephrase：如果weaken，可以说最后的conditional conclusion中的condition不一定是必须的，有别的因素。或者百分比不一定是30%

(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.
-------------weaken。题目是不能超过30%，这里说必须到45%
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.
-------------weaken。提出了别的方法促进tech innovation
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.
------------weaken。否定了题目中的推理过程。
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.
------------weaken。否定了题目中的推理过程。
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.
-------------------correct。题目没有关于lost tech edge的评价问题，跑题了。irrelevant

这题好绕。。。。回头好好研究下答案讲解。。。。

作者: Jane412 时间: 2011-11-24 07:31
17.time：36''
premise: more sulfur dioxide in city where plants grow more slowly than do plants in rural area.
premise:classes in the two places grew plants and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide.
conclusion: plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.

prephrase: 被filter以后的空气中还有木有的so2。控制变量，确保别的factors都是一致的。

A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.
--------------这个城市so2的水平和典型城市so2水平的比较，对于题目实验无关。irrelevant。
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.
--------------两所学校各自情况的比较。应该是二者相互比较。irrelevant。
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.
--------------实验规模的大小和实验结果无关。irrelevant
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.
--------------不知道rural area的相关情况。没法比较。irrelevant。
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.
-----------------------correct。城市学校so2提取不稳定，所以so2依旧影响这个实验中的plant。所以这个对于实验的评价很重要++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
自己想多了，拧巴了。
既然题目说了eliminate，那就是木有so2.但是生长速度仍然不同，所以有别的因素导致
做这题的时候看到最后一个然后就为了排除d而排除，木有好好分析
A.试验中已经把so2去掉，所以无所谓学校所在地空气中so2的含量
D。既然已经木有so2，那么生长速度应该一样，但城市的生长还是慢，因此有别的因素。这里阳光照射量的多少就是影响因素。

18
time：36''
premise：clear edge marking is helpful for drivers while driving cars.
premise:a country painted edge marking on all its roads
conclusion: the annul accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.

(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads.
------------irrelevant。这种路段很多不能解释rate上升的问题。
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.
------------irrelevant。只说了天气不好和夜晚对司机来说开车都困难，但没和marking road联系起来。
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.
------------irrelevant。marking road之前的情况不能解释现在的情况。本来rate就高，现在又上升了一点，有点weaken的感觉。
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles.
-----------irrelevant。只是描述车祸情况，和数量无关
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.
------------------correct。drivers增多了，所以事故可能性增大。

19
time：31''
per capita income increase---->per capita consumption of meat increase
several pound of grain produce on pound of meat ---------->G has to import either grain or meat or both
domestic grain production will not increase

prephrase：粮食和肉的消费关系。。。想的有点不着调。。。。@#￥%…&*

(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease.
--------------------irrelevant。题目是consumption，这里是production，没关系。
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.
-------------------irrelevant。
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.
-------------------irrelevant。all income levels题目没涉及。
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers.
------------------irrelevant。meat producer无关
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain.

----------------------------correct。肉增长，粮食也不减少，那么以后就不够用的了。

这题做的很纠结。。。。。。。。%>_<%
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
E用取非削弱很好解答。肉消费增加，粮食消费减少，那么粮食足够换取肉类，因而不用进口，削弱结论。
这个技巧还是想不起来用。。。。

20
time：32''
idling produces much exhaust as driving
more parking space for tour buses ---------->the damage to P building from the buses' exhaust will diminish

(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.
-----------------irrelevant。题目是增加parking space可以有效降低对building的危害。
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.
----------------irrelevant. 题目没有涉及这方面。
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.
-----------------irrelevant。题目没有涉及。
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation.
-----------------irrelevant。游客做公车还是别的交通方式和题目无关。
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.
---------------------------correct。题目说没处停车的公车会闲逛，产生的尾气和正经开车时候的一样。选项说没法停车的公车会开车打发时间。对应的都很好。所以support
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
这题我晕菜了。。
C，司机四分之三的时间都在idle，因此建设parking places以后原本要排放废气的3/4时间现在都可以不排放废气了，对原文加强

E无法找到停车场说明排放依然不变，没有加强作用

=========================================
今天表现不好。。。回去面壁。。。。。。orz

作者: 南瓜0729 时间: 2011-11-24 08:39
37s
P：high tax hamper the technological innovation.
p:lack of technological innovation will fall behind others.
C: if a nation wants to maintain its competitiveness, it should not allow tax rate that exceed 30% of income.
E

17.
45s
P:urban air contains more so2.
P:urban plants grow more slowly.
how much difference in growth is due to so2.
they do experiment by filtering so2.
C:plants grow more slowly.
B
应该考虑其他的变量是否会影响结果
18
38s
P:markings can help drivers see upcoming cars and judge the cars' position.
p:However, after G painted markings,the accident rate increased.
E

19.
45s
B:G has long been self-sufficient.
P:income per person increase. meat consumption increase.grain production doesn't increase.
C:G will import meat or grain.

P(assumption):people will use extra money to buy grain and meat.
E

20.
43s
P:buildings have been damaged by exhaust by tour buses.
P: buses ofen idled and this produces as much exhaust as driving.
P:the city provides parking place.
C:damage will diminish.
buses will park and spend less time idling.
C

错了一道题去研究一下

作者: fox0923 时间: 2011-11-24 08:42

这楼给逻辑链~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

foxxxxxxxxxxxxy~~~~~~~~~~~

-- by 会员 Jane412 (2011/11/24 7:31:28)

我到！Jane这是大早晨的习惯性咆哮吗？？都快把我骨头喊酥了~~

作者: qiuhua01234567 时间: 2011-11-24 08:53
占~~又见fox

作者: zz42050524 时间: 2011-11-24 10:00
连续2天的精炼思路都错了~~foxxy的这个要好好做了~~先占位

作者: xeyyxzty 时间: 2011-11-24 10:46
1.background information: all nations: place a high tax on income-->a negative incentive for technological innovation-->fall behind in the international arms race
Those nations that, through historical accident or the foolishness of their political leadership, wind up in a strategically disadvantageous position are destined to lose their voice in world affairs.
premise:a nation must allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30% of income
conclusion:a nation maintains its value system and way of life.
where does the number 30% come from?
we don't know that when the tax of income is low, whether there will be a positive incentive for technological innovation
a strategically disadvantageous position & the fall behind in the international arms race~have something to do with each other?
好别扭的逻辑~看着不对却说不明白flaw在哪
(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent before taxation begins to deter inventors and industrialists from introducing new technologies and industries.
--it's about taxes on income--irrelevant--weaken
(B) Making a great deal of money is an insignificant factor in driving technological innovation.
--more money-->more taxes--support--right
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race does not necessarily lead to a strategically less advantageous position.
--weaken
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world community do not necessarily suffer from a threat to their value system or way of life.
--weaken
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its technological edge, especially as concerns weaponry, would be foolish rather than merely a historical accident.

--the difference between the historical accidents and foolishness of their political leadership--irrelevant--right
完全错了~每天的精练都错呀

weaken the argument EXCEPT-->support the argument or irrelevant
这道题还是需要以后再做几遍！！！
2. Which of the following, if true, would it be most important to take into account in evaluating the result?

background information:Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas.

premise:In an experiment to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide, classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide.

conclusion:Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.

whether there is other differences between the two kinds of air that influence the growth of plants?

(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.

--students have eliminate sulfur dioxide. the level of it is irrelevant
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.

--the result of the experiment--the question is about evaluating the result--irrelevant
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.

--the size of the class is irrelevant
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.

--the amount of light is important to the growth of plants--right
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.

--the frequency to change the filters is irrelevant

思路有一点点偏离~light本身就是一个variable

3.background information:.Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges. Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor, and would therefore seem to be a useful contribution to road safety.

premise: Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads,
conclusion:the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly
narrow, windy & foggy~different
the markings are useful when the road has curves and is foggy~but G country painted them on narrow, windy roads
(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads.
--the question is to ask why there is an increase--irrelevant
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.
--irrelevant
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.
--the rates in the past are irrelevant
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles.
--how do accident happen is irrelevant
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.

--more drivers drive at night--the rates increase--right
话说思路又错了！！！好无奈呀

4. background information:Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat.However, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.

premise:per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase

conclusion:Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both

the consumption of grain doesn't decrease~and the production of meat doesn't increase, or increases not as fast as the demand increases

(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease.

--the production of grain will decrease--not necessary
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.

--irrelevant
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.

--per capita consumption of meat is mentioned in the stem of the question--irrelevant
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers.

--the income allocation is irrelevant
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain.

--the meat and grain will both be in shortage--right

终于有一道题对了

5. background information:For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city. There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.

premise:The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses

conclusion:damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

平均总有三分之一的buses需要停车，三分之二在路上~

(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.

--irrelevant
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.

--the conclusion is about the damage from the buses' exhaust--irrelevant

(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.

--3/4>1/3--weaken--right???
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation.

--irrelevant
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.

--how does the drivers react is irrelevant--idling or driving ,they are the same--irrelevant

感觉C是相反的~不过别的都不对，只有C和预测的相关~可是究竟哪里想错了？？？

求指教——

作者: qiuhua01234567 时间: 2011-11-24 11:53

占座~

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2011/11/24 10:46:56)

昨天逻辑小分队得最后一题能否帮我分析下，多谢，

作者: xeyyxzty 时间: 2011-11-24 12:13

占座~

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2011/11/24 10:46:56)

昨天逻辑小分队得最后一题能否帮我分析下，多谢，

-- by 会员 qiuhua01234567 (2011/11/24 11:53:29)

给你留言了~不知道对不对~

作者: qiuhua01234567 时间: 2011-11-24 12:38

占座~

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2011/11/24 10:46:56)

昨天逻辑小分队得最后一题能否帮我分析下，多谢，

-- by 会员 qiuhua01234567 (2011/11/24 11:53:29)

给你留言了~不知道对不对~

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2011/11/24 12:13:12)

哈哈，看懂啦，谢谢啦，一起进步啊

作者: ljhewuxia 时间: 2011-11-24 12:40

作者: balapupu 时间: 2011-11-24 16:55
做到今天~觉得LSAT的题还是有一定规律和特点的。。保佑我今天做对吧。
5.【32s】
P：high tax on income-->less innovation on technology-->hamper country in the national race-->lose voice in the world affairs.
C:if country want to maintain its value-->can not allow its tax bracket over 30% more than th income.
weaken:The most valuable countries are always the countries have more than 30% tax on the income of i their people.
A：
(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.-->can not tell why this answer is wrong, just compared with E,E is better than A.【yes，weaken】
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.-->irrelevant with the making money, the passage is about the tax.【mean the taxhave little influence]
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.-->contrast the statement in the passage.[so weaken]
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.-->R[weaken]
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.-->irrelevant with the tech age.【Except！！！木有注意到except啊·~~继续泪奔。。。】

作者: winghyy 时间: 2011-11-24 18:31
精炼题
1. 55s-weaken EXCEPT
Premise: A country who poses high tax on the income will lead to poor technological inovation. Poor techonological inovation leads to the poor status in the international race.
Conclusion: If a coutry wants to maitain its value system and way of life, it must keep the tax below 30% of income.
选B
(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent before taxation begins to deter inventors and industrialists from introducing new technologies and industries. 税率达到45%才会阻碍科技创新。weaken
(B) Making a great deal of money is an insignificant factor in driving technological innovation.无关
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race does not necessarily lead to a strategically less advantageous position. ——weaken 切断原文逻辑链一环
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world community do not necessarily suffer from a threat to their value system or way of life. ——weaken 切断原文逻辑链一环
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than merely a historical accident. -weaken

作者: winghyy 时间: 2011-11-24 22:19
逻辑链
17. 58s
Premise: Urban air contains more SD than urban air. The plant in the city grows more slowly than that in the rural area. Students in an urban and in a rural school, experimented on the plants in a greenhouse without SD and tried to measure whether the SD affected the growth of plant. Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
D

18. 36s
BG: Many small roads are not painted with edge markings. Clear markings will make the drivers vision more clear.
Premise: XX painted the roads with markings, but there were more accidents after the painting.
Prephase: There are other reasons to cause the accidents.
E

19. 40S
BG: In G, the comumption of meat has grown. It takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.
Conclusion: The consumption of meat continues to rise, and the production of grain will not rise.
G will soon import either grain or meat or both.
E

20. 45s
The beautiful buildings are damaged by the buses exaust. because there is little parking place, the tour buses are idling on the street when tourists visit. So the government plan to provide parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, in order to solve this problem.
C

作者: corneliaflower 时间: 2011-11-24 22:54
精练：
47s
preimise:the nations whose tax on income are high :
a. always have a negative effects
b. fall behind the international arm race
c. lose voice in the world
conclusion:a nation wants to keep its place in the world should not exceed its tax to 30 percent of income

weaken:1 30 percent is not high
2 high tax will not cause one of a b and c
~E

逻辑链：
30s
background: urban air contains more sd than does rural air, plants grow faster in rural than urban
premise: a experiment that in rural and in urban grow a plant in greenhouse air without sd
conclusion: the plant in rural grow faster than one in urban

evaluation: not the sd but other reason to make the result the same as the sd caused
~D

32s
premise:the painted markings along edges can help drivers to drive easier and be more safe
conclusion: G has its edges painted but the accident rate rises

explain: the driver may be more carefulless because of the painted markings than before
~E

29s
background: G cannot afford both product meat and grain by itself
premise: 1 the income of G rises which lead to the consumption of meat rises
2 it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat
conclusion:G will import both grain and meat soon

assumption: there is no new technology to increase the production per acreage
~E

30s
premise: 1 R is damaged by the exhaust of tour bus because of the lack of parking places
2 the tour buses cannot find the parking place so they idled which make a lot of exhaust
conclusion: the city provide some parking places will decrease the damage

support: all the tour bus will park in the parking places
~C

今天小开心一下居然都对了~

作者: zz42050524 时间: 2011-11-24 23:45
又拉了发誓明天补来

作者: CHRISTINE2010 时间: 2011-11-25 00:30
补作业补作业。。。总是赶不上脚步~~得快点补作业~~

作者: fox0923 时间: 2011-11-25 04:34

premise:The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses

conclusion:damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

平均总有三分之一的buses需要停车，三分之二在路上~

(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.

--irrelevant
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.

--the conclusion is about the damage from the buses' exhaust--irrelevant

(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.

--3/4>1/3--weaken--right???
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation.

--irrelevant
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.

--how does the drivers react is irrelevant--idling or driving ,they are the same--irrelevant

感觉C是相反的~不过别的都不对，只有C和预测的相关~可是究竟哪里想错了？？？

求指教——

熊熊，这道题目你怎么考虑是相反的呢？我没太明白，不过说说我的看法先吧~~
There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving. 这个背景信息代表了buses因为没有足够的parking，所以才会经常停在他们tour的每个站点上。
后来new plan就是提供parking给1/3的buses，结论是可以减少这种拥堵的现象。
C选项说buses在接送旅客从一个site到另一个site上花费的时间变少了，也就是说那个new plan起到了效果，这样拥堵的现象也就自然减少了。

作者: fox0923 时间: 2011-11-25 08:54

没牛推啊。。

-- by 会员 2598237905 (2011/11/25 8:44:13)

我表示不理解LS的话~~

作者: zz42050524 时间: 2011-11-25 10:25
2011/11/25 (1)
精炼1. Weaken Expect 45s
P: High tax will hamper the innovation of technology. Then the country will lose arm race. Through history, poor leadership of such destine result in losing voice in world affairs.
C; To prevent this happen, the tax must not more than 30% of income.
Prephrase: The answer would be support or irrelative, that is high tax makes the country lose arm race.

(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent Weaken , the answer opposite the conclusion
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.
(B) Making a great deal of money is an Weaken, it means technological innovation is
insignificant factor in driving technological not affected by tax.
innovation.
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race Weaken.
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world Weaken.
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its support , this is the answer.
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.

逻辑链 Evaluate the argument 45
2: Urban area has more sulfur than rural area and the plants in urban area grow more slowly. To see how much does the sulfur influent, classes grew plant separately in urban greenhouse and rural greenhouse both filtered sulfur.
C: The plant in urban grow more slowly.
Prephrase: Is there any other elements influent the experiment?
D is the answer.

3. support 40
P: Edge roads has no marks of the edge, making edge marks will help drivers. After XX made marks in YY valley,
C accident rate is slightly high.
Prephrase: When there were no marks, drives were more careful, but now they don’t.
Answer E; 不是小心而是原来不敢走现在走了。。。

4.assumption 50
P：Country G is self-sufficient grain and meat. The average consumption will rise to world average as per capita income increases. If the income continue rise,
C: G will import either grain or meat.
Prephrase: The demand of grain and meat are both continue increase.
E is the answer:

5. support 44
P： Old buildings are destroyed by exhausts, because the city has no parking and the buses idle as much as drive tour. The city set parking space
C: Exhausts diminish significantly.
Pre: Buses no more idle.
选了C， E is attractive, but E can not reflect “significantly”.

作者: xeyyxzty 时间: 2011-11-25 12:56

premise:The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses

conclusion:damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

平均总有三分之一的buses需要停车，三分之二在路上~

(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.

--3/4>1/3--weaken--right???

感觉C是相反的~不过别的都不对，只有C和预测的相关~可是究竟哪里想错了？？？

求指教——

-- by 会员 fox0923 (2011/11/25 4:34:37)

为什么我觉得C是说buses用在XX城四分之一的时间接送旅客~那么剩余四分之三就要停车~而parking lot只够停三分之一~那么就还是有污染呀~
没说时间变少了吧~

作者: 风无衣 时间: 2011-11-25 13:35
【精炼1-5】
1min8s
conclusion：the country must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30% of the income if it wants to maintain its value and system.
high tax on income——a negative influence on technology——fall behind in international race——lose voice in world affairs.
find a choice that supports the argument or irrelevant.

(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.——weaken
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.——weaken the first line of reasoning
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.——weaken the third line of reasoning
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.——weaken
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.

错选B。分析还是不到位。攻击的逻辑点木有找到~绕得脑袋都晕了~bible的题目都这么绕吗。。。
Answer choice (B): This answer attacks the first half of the first sentence, which
states that high taxes necessarily produce a negative incentive for technological
innovation. Because taxes lower an individual’s income, the higher the tax, the
greater the relative restriction on making money. Answer choice (B) shows that
higher taxes would not necessarily produce low innovation because innovators
do not care about the amount they earn.

Answer choice (E): This is the correct answer. The answer does not hurt the
argument because the stimulus specifically states that “Those nations that,
through historical accident or the foolishness of their political leadership, wind
up in a strategically disadvantageous position...” So, the actual reason the nation
ends up in a disadvantageous position is not critical. It could be either
foolishness or historical accident. So, an answer that asserts that it is foolishness
and not historical accident has no effect on the argument.

【逻辑链1-5】
2、evaluate_41s
background information:sulfur dioxide:city>rural
plants growth:city<rural
premise:to figure out the influence of sulfur dioxide on plants growth,schools in city and rural grow plants in greenhouse without sulfur dioxide
conclusion:plants growth:city<rural
D

3、explain_31s
clear edge markings contribute to the road safety.
after GC painted edge markings on its narrow,winding roads,the annual accident rate increased.
solve the paradox(rate and number problem)
E

4、assumption_25s
Gortland self-sufficient in meat and grain.It takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.
per capita income rise——per capita consumption in meat rise
premise:per capita income will continues to rise.
conclusion:Gortland have to import grain or meat or both
E

5、suppor_36s
tour bus damages to the building in P
there has little parking place,most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving
conclusion:damage will diminish significantly if the city provides parking place for tour bus.
C

作者: 风无衣 时间: 2011-11-25 13:51

5. background information:For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city.There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.

premise:The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses

conclusion:damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

平均总有三分之一的buses需要停车，三分之二在路上~

(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.

--3/4>1/3--weaken--right???

感觉C是相反的~不过别的都不对，只有C和预测的相关~可是究竟哪里想错了？？？

求指教——

-- by 会员 fox0923 (2011/11/25 4:34:37)

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2011/11/25 12:56:48)

我默默的插个嘴~别介意哈~嘻嘻~刚好在我楼上我看到了~吼吼
我木有理解LZ为啥觉得C项是weaken~
我的理解是：C项说的是在P城里，tour bus基本上只用不到1/4的时间在载客~也就说说超过3/4的时间是idle的，这more than 3/4的时间中还是会产生大量废气~
结论是说：为1/3的tour bus提供停车的地方，能够significantly减少由废气对building产生的damage~
也就是说：有1/3 的tour bus在超过3/4的时间里它们将不再排放废气。这样废气的减少量是很多的~所以能够support结论~

P.S.我说的晕晕的~将就看看哈~嘻嘻~排除法也挺管用的~其他明显都不咋对~吼吼~

作者: xeyyxzty 时间: 2011-11-25 15:45

5. background information:For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city.There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.

premise:The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses

conclusion:damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

平均总有三分之一的buses需要停车，三分之二在路上~

(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.

--3/4>1/3--weaken--right???

感觉C是相反的~不过别的都不对，只有C和预测的相关~可是究竟哪里想错了？？？

求指教——

-- by 会员 fox0923 (2011/11/25 4:34:37)

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2011/11/25 12:56:48)

-- by 会员风无衣 (2011/11/25 13:51:46)

这个我懂~就是觉得那个三分之一不够用~所以weaken了~忽略我吧
唉~我都不知道怎么想的~逻辑题一天一个感觉...
不过谢谢哦~

作者: 风无衣 时间: 2011-11-25 16:19

5. background information:For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city.There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.

premise:The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses

conclusion:damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

平均总有三分之一的buses需要停车，三分之二在路上~

(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.

--3/4>1/3--weaken--right???

感觉C是相反的~不过别的都不对，只有C和预测的相关~可是究竟哪里想错了？？？

求指教——

-- by 会员 fox0923 (2011/11/25 4:34:37)

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2011/11/25 12:56:48)

-- by 会员风无衣 (2011/11/25 13:51:46)

这个我懂~就是觉得那个三分之一不够用~所以weaken了~忽略我吧
唉~我都不知道怎么想的~逻辑题一天一个感觉...
不过谢谢哦~

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2011/11/25 15:45:45)

不客气不客气~(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……
我的CR还木有找到感觉。。。掩面泪奔啊~~~~~~~(>_<)~~~~
Bible上的题目俨然已经把我绕晕了~
我还是默默刷OG去吧~~

作者: balapupu 时间: 2011-11-25 20:29
昨天被语法讨论耽搁了，今天来补作业：1.【30s】【前提结论型】
P：urban area SD> rural area SD-->urban plant growth< rural plant growth-->the SD determine the plant growth.
Experiment in two places in both school:green house both in urban and rural area delete the SD in them==>plant still grow slower in urban area.
evaluate：whether the environment in the school is different from the environment outside.
A:
(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.-->the experiment already filter the SD, so there is no need to compare the SD level.
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.-->irrelevant comparison.
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.-->irrelevant with the class
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.-->R
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.-->irrelevant comparison.

2.[24s]
P:the printed marking can decrease the injury from the poor road condition-->however,since the C country pot the new printed marking -->the accident rate increase.
explain:because the new markings, more cars choose to drive on this road-->thus lead to the accident from traffic congestion.
A:
(A) Great water County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads.-->deepen the paradox.
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.-->can explain the marking is insufficient but can not explain why the marking increase the accident rate.
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.-->just fact can not explain the reason.
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles.-->the kind of accident can not explain the reason that marking lead to the accident rate.
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.-->can explain the rate.

19.这个做过啦~~~就是保证G不会减少谷物的摄取量。
20.【25s】【措施目的型】
P：building will damaged by the pollution from the car->there are little packing lot, thus cars have to remain idle when waiting for the tourist and pollute the building.
C:suggestion about build more packing lots will significant decrease the pollution and thus protect the environment.
support:
there will be no more pollution for the bus to go to the parking lot than just remain idle at he curb.
A:
(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.-->pay attention do not conclude that automobile is not significant means that bus is significant
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.--> engine exhaust can from many resources
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.-->highlight the significant role of idle pollution.R
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation.-->same to A
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.-->weaken

作者: fox0923 时间: 2011-11-25 23:42

5. background information:For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city.There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.

premise:The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses

conclusion:damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

平均总有三分之一的buses需要停车，三分之二在路上~

(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.

--3/4>1/3--weaken--right???

感觉C是相反的~不过别的都不对，只有C和预测的相关~可是究竟哪里想错了？？？

求指教——

-- by 会员 fox0923 (2011/11/25 4:34:37)

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2011/11/25 12:56:48)

-- by 会员风无衣 (2011/11/25 13:51:46)

这个我懂~就是觉得那个三分之一不够用~所以weaken了~忽略我吧
唉~我都不知道怎么想的~逻辑题一天一个感觉...
不过谢谢哦~

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2011/11/25 15:45:45)

只要最后可以起到support的目的就可以了，1/3这个值够不够用不是我们应该考虑的，很多选项就是support一点，support更多的问题。只要可以改变一下现状目的就达到了，那么就算是support。

作者: ugly5552000 时间: 2011-11-27 00:08
1/51’’ E
Background: a high income tax have a negative influence on technological innovation, the hampered innovation will lead to the decline of a county’s international status.
Premise: if a nation wants to maintain its international position, it must control its highest tax bracket no more than 30% of income.
Prephrase: high tax will help to increase a nation’s tax revenue, the the nation has more money to fund in technological innovation.
A: only when tax rate reach 45% will it hamper the innovation, the politician overestimated the effect of tax, this weaken the argument.
B: the answer weakens the foundation the argument, that is although the income of technicians is lessened, their innovation will not be necessarily deterred.
C: weaken.
D: weaken.
E: the answer emphasizes the importance of technological edge, especially weaponry, but it does not refer to the income tax, so the answer is irrelevant to the argument.

2/D

background: because the urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, plants in cities grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas. In an experiment to see the difference in growth due to sulfur dioxide, by comparing the plants growing in environment without sulfur dioxide in rural and urban areas respectively, the rural plants still grow faster than those in urban area.
Premise: sulfur dioxide does not make significant incentive on plants growth.
Prephrase: the condition of the soil should be taken into account.

A: the plants are in greenhouse, which has nothing to do with the condition of air outside.
B: the comparison is between the plants in greenhouse.
C: the size of class which conducts the experiments does not matter.
D: the photosynthesis of plants in urban greenhouse is crippled by the grime on the windows, the plants will grow slower.
E: sulfur dioxide has been eliminated before the start of experiments.

3/E
Background: generally speaking, the less painted markings the roads have, the safer the roads will be, especially for the small roads.
Premise: all Greatwater Country’s narrow, winding roads have edge marking, but this only leads to a slight increase of annual accident on these roads.
Prephrase: after the roads were painted, less drivers chose the roads, or the government enlarged the roads, or it built more other roads for drivers.

A: painting the roads dose not change the number of the roads, the answer is irrelevant.
B: if it is the bad weather which makes the accidents increase, then whether to paint roads will not make any change.
C: irrelevant
D: whether the accident is about veering cars or collision, the amount will be changed
E: after roads are painted, more drivers drive on the roads, then the accidents increase.

4/E
Background: to maintain self-sufficient in both grain and meat is difficult for Gortland. Per capita income and consumption of meat has risen simultaneously, and to produce meat need the grain
Premise: with the ongoing rise of income and meat, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
Prephrase: the consumption of grain will significantly decrease.

A: if the consumption of grain decrease, even the acreage decrease, the requirement might sill be met.
B: irrelevant
C: irrelevant
D: irrelevant
E: this answer means that the domestic grain will be insufficient, the import is necessary.

5/C
Background: the ancient buildings have been damaged by exhaust from many tour buses. Because of little parking space, most buses have to idle at the stop, which makes as much exhaust as driving.
Premise: the city has now built parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, then the damage to the ancient buildings by the exhaust will diminish significantly.
Prephrase: in the parking, the tour buses need not to keep idling.

A: irrelevant to the “few automobiles”
B: irrelevant to the argument
C: less driving time in the city, the less exhaust will be produced.
D: more buses might produce more exhaust, weaken
E: weaken

作者: UlysessHope 时间: 2011-12-30 22:59
{PREP逻辑链练习}

17. evaluation
(A) irrelevant
(B) 刚开始错选这个了，后面分析了以下。这是个无关比较，应该比较urban和rural各自greenhouse里的情况，而不是与outdoor plants比较
(C) irelevant
(D) 推出可能是光照度影响了植物生长速度
(E) urban换filter勤应该生长快才对，与事实相悖

18. explanation
(A) Girrelevant
(B) irrelevant
(C) Prior to ---irrelevant
(D) irrelevant
(E) After...---right

19.assumption
(A) acreage--irrelevant
(B) 没有起到加强结论作用
(C) irrelevant
(D) irrelevant
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain. because the grain production will not increase, the country has to import both meat and grain

20.strengthen
(A) contrary to the background
(B) other than engine exhaust--- irrelevant
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.-----three quarters of their time they are in idled state
(D) irrelevant
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.----we should focus on idled buses instead of driving buses

作者: hexiaomu77 时间: 2011-12-31 15:02
Premise1:high tax->negative incentive for technological innovation
Prmise2: negative incentive for technological innovation ->fall behind in the international arms race（a）
Premise3: wind up in a strategically disadvantageous position(b)-> lose their voice in world affairs.（d）
Conclusion: maintain its value system and way of life（e）-> not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30 percent of income
Weaken:
A ：weaken premise1-》conclusion
B：weaken premise1
C：break （a）and（b）
D：break（d）and（e）
E：“losing technological edge is foolish rather than historical accident ”is just an evaluation of importance technological edge
answer:E

作者: lan0604 时间: 2012-2-15 23:45
精炼：
00：58
weaken
high tax--->hamper tech innovation--->lose
结论: keep tax rate below 30%to win
...
D错误了~~~E

17
00:34
evaluate
grew plants in urban and rural area to see sulfur dioxide makes plant grow slower ot not
other factors constant
D

18
00:31
paradox
clear edge markings make it easier for drivers to see, however when GC painted edge markings, its annual accident rate increased slightly
...
E

19
01:06
assumption
comsuption to meat increase, while it takes more grain to produce meat, G would soon import buth grain or meat or both
...
E

20
00:51
support
tour buses idled at each stop, idling produces as much exhaust as driving.
provide parking to diminish damages
...
D错误了~~~~~做过又错，没有懂就

作者: leewonting 时间: 2012-4-3 19:13
背景：All nations that place a high tax on income produce thereby a negative incentive for technological innovation, and all nations in which technological innovation is hampered fall behind in the international arms race
条件：A nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life
结论：The highest tax bracket has bellowed 30%
推测：问题问的是：除了下面哪一项是支持上述结论的？排除weaken choices
A,weaken，超过45才会deter inventions
B,strengthed，insignificant factor in driving technological innovations，政府过多的征收不利于技术更新
C,weaken，international arms race落后不会导致less advantaged
D,一个国家失去影响力未必会影响到其价值体系和生活方式
E,weaken
应该选E，题目隐含了国家以及公司两个角色，假如国家税收非常高，那么公司就可能比较少投入到技术更新上面。而B选项的主体是公司：公司赚钱不能激励技术更新。那么就不能证明税收的情况会影响到技术更新的关系。
E选项：是领导者的失误而不是历史事件导致的，题目说明造成这个原因可能是历史事件或者是领导者的失误。两这不矛盾

35
背景：Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air and plants in cities grow slowly than those in rural areas.
条件：Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse
结论：take into account
推测：除了sulfur没有差距之外，又另一些影响因素导致了更slow
选D，没有跟光接触，那么长得更慢了

36
背景：Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges
条件：Clear markings would make it easier for drivers to the conditions of the road
结论：Greatwater Country painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increase
推测：因为edge markings的原因，领导汽车司机更加不小心开车
选E，有了路标，司机选择小路，那么撞车机会了能变多了

37
背景：Gortland has risen toward the world average and per capital consumption of meat has risen toward the world avergame
条件：it takes several pounds of grain to produce either meat or grain
结论：Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat
推测：收入增加，对肉的需求量也大了。同时需要import grain 和 meat，两样都不减少。
选E，即使吃肉多了，却不会减少吃粮食的分量

38
背景：Buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city
条件：idling produces as much as driving
结论：make a park
推测：park的存在减少BIGBANG的交流噢= =
选C，减少了车在建筑之间穿梭的时间，对其破坏也就降低了。

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
bible的题第一次做是对的，第二次做的时候就错了- -那就证明真心没想对做的！！
感觉bible的题真的比较绕啊……想不到还有隐含的公司这个角色。

作者: Rena张 时间: 2012-4-7 20:24
1.
Time: 1'31''
Premise: place a high tax on income --->negative incentive for technological innovation ---> fall behind.
Historical accident or foolishness of political leadership ---> wind up in disadvantageous position --->lose voice in world affairs.
Conclusion: so if a nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life, it must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30% of income.
Type: weaken Except.
Choice: E
The top level of taxation must reach 45 percentbefore taxation begins to deter inventors andindustrialists from introducing newtechnologies and industries.------ weaken
(B) Making a great deal of money is aninsignificant factor in driving technologicalinnovation. ------weaken
(C) Falling behind in the international arms racedoes not necessarily lead to a strategicallyless advantageous position.-----it reverse the cause and effect stated in the premise.?
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the worldcommunity do not necessarily suffer from athreat to their value system or way of life.------weaken
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose itstechnological edge, especially as concernsweaponry, would be foolish rather thanmerely a historical accident.------ irrelevant to the conclusion.
2.
Time: 49''
Premise: urban air contains more S than rural air. Plants grow slowly in urban. (S in urban>
S in rural. Growth in urban < ~rural.)
In an experiment, rural and urban classes grow plants in greenhouse, and eliminate S in the air, Plants grow slowly in urban greenhouse.
Type: evaluate
Prephrase: soil\ nutrition\ sunlight
Choice: D

3.
Time: 38''
Premise: clear edge marking ---> help drivers to see and judge
Sub-Conclusion: therefore, contribute to road safety.
Counter-Premise: however, after G painted all the road markings, the rate of accident increased.
Type: explain
Prephrase: the weather.
Choice: B E

4.
Time: 38''
Premise: G was self-sufficient. Income increased, consumption of meat increased. Several pound of grain ---> one pound of meat.
Since income continues to rise, whereas grain production stay the same.
Conclusion: therefore, G will have to import either grain or meat or both.
Type: assumption
Choice: E?

5.
Time: 1'14''
Premise: exhaust from tour buses damages the buildings.
原因: little parking space ---> buses idling -- produces as much exhaust as driving.
The city has now provided parking space.
Conclusion: the damage caused by exhaust will diminish.
Type: support the argument.
Prephrase:
Choice: B C

作者: zly2011 时间: 2012-4-18 17:04
1、1'39 回视了晕 weaken
premise high tax low intention to inovation technology thus fall behind
conclusion if a nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life, it must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30 percent of income.
推测答案与 high tax maintain value system and way of life 有关
选项分析 E无关

2、39’ evaluate
premise Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air

lants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
conclusion the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide
推测 other diffrence affect the growth
选项分析 A无关比较 B无关比较 C无关 E无关 D正确答案

3、36s 解释题
premise Clear edge markings help driver
conclusion after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.
推测 more driver
选项分析A无关 B无关 C无关D无关E正确

4、33s 假设题
premise the income rise consuption of meat rise
conclusion import meat or gain or both
推测 meat produce not rise
选项分析A 可以不如E好 B无关C无关D无关比较 E正确答案

5、42s support
premise the bilding was damaged by buss most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.
conclusion damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly
推测 more parking do not cause more buss
选项分析A无关比较 B other than 扩大范围 C正确答案 D 无关 E无关

作者: FB小贝 时间: 2012-5-2 22:34
5.【精练】
Premise: high tax on income – negative incentive for tec innovation – fall behind – lose voice
Conclusion: a nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life must allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30 percent of income
stengthen: the only way
a. weaken , it can exceed 30 percent
b. weaken
c. weaken
d. weaken
e. irrelevant , correct
【逻辑链】the influence of sulfur dioxide to the growth of plants.
Plants in cities typically grow more slowly without sulfur dioxide
Evaluate: same fertilizer?
a. irrelevant
b. irrelevant
c. irrelevant
d. correct
e. irrelevant
2. edge markings make accident rate increase
Explain: the markings make the narrow road seems more narrow/
a. irrelevant
b. irrelevant
c. irrelevant
d. irrelevant
e. correct
3. income rise, grain production not increase – import grain or meat or both
Assumption: the consumption of meat will not reduce that of grain.
a. irrelevant
b. irrelevant
c. irrelevant
d. irrelevant
e. correct
4. Premise: provide parking lot accommodates a third of the tour buses
Conclusion: damage from the buses’ exhaust will diminish
Strengthen: the number of buses will not increase,
a. irrelevant
b. irrelevant
c. irrelevant correct 强调结果型车子有很长时间都是在等待
d. irrelevant
e. correct

作者: dwindwin1106 时间: 2012-5-3 04:08
(1)
P:high tax produce negative impact on tech innovation. All nations that tech innovation is hampered are left behind in the international arm race and lose their position in the international society
C:if nations want to remain its position, their tax <=30% of income
Weaken EXCEPT(strengthen or irrelevant)
Answer: E
A.Weaken ------- if tax is too low in the early period, it will deter the development of tech innovation
B.Weaken ------ the income doesn’t impact on the tech innovation significantly, thus weaken the conclusion directly，即高税收不一定产生低innovation，因为inventors不care
C.Weaken ------ 既然fall behind不一定导致disadvantageous position，weaken了前提的逻辑链，那结果自然不存在
D.Weaken ------ 同C
E.Correct ------Irrelevant :the topic is tax of income not the other reasons why a country lose its technological edge.

(2)
P: SO2: Urban>rural
P:plants growth: urban < rural
P:to see how much difference in growth is due to SO2, plants are grown in green houses in these 2 areas and the greenhouse air is filtered to remove SO2.
C:plants growth: urban< rural
Evaluation: whether there exists any other factors on the growth of plants in these 2 areas.
Answer: D
A.Irrelevant
B.Irrelevant
C.Irrelevant
D.Correct
E.Irrelevant

(3)
BG: many small road do not have painted markings along the edges
F:painted markings --> easy to see upcoming curves and judge the car’s position -->useful to make the road safety
F:after G county had painted markings on all narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate increased slightly.
Resolve: the number of cars that pass these roads increases
Answer: D E
A.Irrelevant
B.Irrelevant
C.Irrelevant
D.Correct irrelevant
E.irrelevant correct（answer开始没读明白）：driver↑? accident ↑

(4)
P: G has been narrowly self sufficient in g & m.
P: income↑ --> consumption of m↑
P: several pounds of g --> one pound of m
C: since income↑, g production --, G will soon have to import either g or m or both
Assumption: 用来产生m的g >= 原本被人们消耗的g
修正思路：g一部分产生m（↑），一部分被人们消耗，要使现在消耗的g比原来多，现在被人们消耗的g相对于以前不能减少，或减少的量要小于用来产生m的g的量
Answer: E
A.Irrelevant
B.Irrelevant
C.Irrelevant
D.Irrelevant
E.Correct

(5)
P: buildings in P have been damaged by exhaust from tour buses.
P:little parking space --> buses idle at the curb during each stop on their tour and exhaust production: idling = driving
P: the city has now provided parking space for 1/3 tour buses
C: the damage from the buses’ exhaust will diminish significantly.
Strengthen: the buses do spend most of the time on idling.(证明大量排气确实和没有停车位有关，若停车位只是小部分原因，那结论就不成立了,注意表示限定的修饰成分)
Answer: C
A.Irrelevant
B.Irrelevant
C.correct
D.Irrelevant
E.irrelevant

作者: sherryli 时间: 2012-5-4 14:34
Question 1:
Premise: high tax on income—a negative incentive for technological innovation---fall behind in the international arms race---lose invoice in world affairs
Conclusion: if want to main its value system and way of life--- not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30% of income
Which one cannot weaken the argument?
A.   weaken—because reach 45% begins to deter inventors and industrialists from introducing new technologies and industries
B.   weaken
C.   weaken—break the relationship in the premise
D.   weaken—break the relationship in the premise
E.   Correct—this information is irrelevant to the conclusion
Question 2:
Fact 1: Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas
Fact 2: classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide. Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
如何证明城市温室内的植物比农村温室的植物长的慢的原因是不是二氧化硫？是不是有其他原因可以导致整个现象的产生
Fact 1: clear edge markings advantage
Fact 2: GC the annual accident rate increased after painting edge markings on its narrow
Why the annual accident rate increase after painting? There must have other reasons.
E is correct—because more drivers drove on those roads compared with before
Question 4:
Premise: G self-sufficient in both grain of meat; more grain to produce one pound of meat
Conclusion: more meat needed, no more grain production---G will import grain or meat or both
Ask for assumption; in premise, it did not say the status of the consumption of grain; If the consumption of grain reduced, even the meat consumption increase, maybe there is no need to import grain or meat or both.
E is correct
Question 5:
Premise: R damaged by the exhaust from tour buses; no paring space, so buses idled at the curb
Conclusion: parking spaces provided--- so damage diminish significantly
Support? If we prove the parking spaces can reduce the idle at the curb, it will support the conclusion.
C is correct. Spent less time on transporting passengers from one site to another, reducing the exhaust.

作者: iaoinging 时间: 2012-5-8 11:23
第一篇：1， 39s
2, Premise: all nations with a high tax on income have negative incentives for technological innovation, and have a fall behind technological innovation. Moreover, those nations wind up in a strategically disadvantageous position are destined to lose their voice in world affairs.
Conclusion: a nation must set a income tax rate below 30% in order to maintain its value system and way of life.
3, how the author get the 30% limits? Is this percent suit for every nation? Why the richer nation and needy nation have the same percent? How the author come to this conclusion?
4, D
A，   无关选项。
B，   无关选项。
C，   这个选项是削弱文章的论据的，没有削弱其结论。
D，   通过指出论证与结论的不统一，得出结论的不合理性。
E，   无关选项。
看错题目！！！
第二篇：1， 46s
2, Background: Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas.
In an experiment, although classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide, plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
3, what factor may mostly influence the result of this experiment? Is the plant samples from different areas or same area?
4, B
A, 无关选项，本来就是测量不同地区的SD对植物生长的影响。
B，虽然城市里的依然长的比较慢，可是如果他们的生长速度都有提高的话，那么证明SD对其是有影响的。
C，无关
D，无关
E，这个选项也有点像，但是因为文章中实验就是要把SD换出来，那么怎么换应该也对结论没有影响。
不懂不懂！！！
第三篇：1， 30s
2, Background: many small roads do not have painted marking along their edges.

remise: Painted marking will be a useful contribution to road safety.
Result: the annual accident rate increased after Greaterwater County painted edge marking on all its narrow.
3, is that because most drivers will pay less attention after there have edges?
4, E
A,无关
B，无关
C，也是无关。题目问题应该是对这一现象的合理解释
D，没有关系
E，成功的解释了产生这一现象的可能性解释。CORRECT！

第四篇：1, 38s
2, B: G has self-sufficient in both grain and meat. it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.
P: as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average.
C: since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
3, find the bridge between P and C. the question assume the high per capita income will result in the high per capita consumption of meat. Or when people increase their consumption on meat, they will not reduce their consumption on grain.
4, E
A, it doesn’t matter whether there are enough acreage devoted to grain production. It is irrelevant.
B, it may be the result of the import of grain or meat, but it is irrelevant to the question
C, irrelevant
D, irrelevant
E, correct. It explain the possible flaw that the demand of grain or meat will not increase.

第五篇：1，37s
2, B: For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city. There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.
C: The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.
3, Is the situation after the city provided parking better than before?
4, C
A，B,D,E 好像都是无关的

作者: spencerX 时间: 2012-5-14 21:37
精练
Premise
High tax→ fewer technological innovations→ lose arm in the world.
History: historical accident/ fool political leaders→ lose voice in world affair
Conclusion:
Maintain value system and way of life→ has a highest tax bracket to exceed 30 percent of income
Pre:
1. tax: 30% percent of income--- not very high
2. different scope: lose arm/ lose voice VS maintain value system and way of life
My answer: E
My analysis:
A. If people can accept the tax higher than 30% of their income, then there may still be a lot of technological innovation, thus weaken the argument of the politician.
B. If the tax is too high, then there will not be enough money for innovations, so the country cannot maintain value system and way of life.
C. If the politician made an irrelevant analogy, then the premise he used is wrong, then the argument he made is also wrong.
D. Irrelevant analogy lead to wrong premise, thus weaken the argument of the politician.
E. Irrelevant to the argument, so it cannot weaken what the politician argued.

逻辑链：
1.
Background:
Urban SD> Rural SD; plants grow much slowly in urban areas than rural areas.
Classed in rural areas and urban areas grow plants in the greenhouses of their schools and eliminate the SD.
Premise:
In the experiment, plants in urban greenhouse grow slowly than in rural area greenhouse.
Conclusion:
The amount of SD is not relative to the growth rate of plants.
Pre: There is another way to produce SD…
My Answer：D
A. Irrelevant
B. Irrelevant
C. Irrelevant
D. ?
E. Irrelevant
这道题我是用排除法做的，可是不知道为什么D对啊？难道是因为SO2可以通过光产生？这里应该是这样，本来实验要评估的是二氧化硫对植物生长的影响，但最后发现没有影响。本来我觉得这个选项是无关，因为是要evaluate二氧化硫的作用。但是从另一方面来想。如果是有他因了，那么就可以判断so2没有什么用了，起到了evaluate的作用。

2.
Fact: Clear edge markings can do good to the traffic. Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, but in fact there are more accidents than before.
Pre: When there are clear edge markings, drivers will be less careful than before.
My answer:
A. This may be the reason that this county should use clear edge markings, but it cannot explain the paradox.
B. Irrelevant.
C. This may also be the reason why the county should implement the makings, but this statement cannot explain the paradox.
D. What kind of accidents will happen is not relevant to the paradox.
E. Correct.

3.
Background：
Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat.
capita income↑→meat consumption per capita↑
It takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.
Premise: per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase
Conclusion: Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
Pre: Since there is no obvious gap between the premise and conclusion, the assumption I have to find is a Defender Type. But I cannot prephrase more.
My answer: E
A. Irrelevant
B. Irrelevant.
C. Irrelevant
D. Irrelevant
E. Correct. If people in G consume less grain, then there may still be enough grain to produce meat, if they don’t reduce the consumption, then the argument made by author will be justified.

4.
Background:
For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city.
There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.
Premise：City has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses.
Conclusion：Damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.
Pre：The other 2/3 buses will not emit more exhaust than before.
My answer:E
A. Out of Scope.
B. Irrelevant, because what we talk about here is “damage to P’s buildings form the buses’ exhause”
C. ?
D. Correct. If most tourists go to P by tour buses, then since there is enough place to park them, the exhausted emitted by them will be reduced.
E. Irrelevant

最后一题不明白啊？每次停靠的时间和最后排放的污染的多少有什么关系吗？我再想想…

作者: 卖红薯a 时间: 2012-5-17 21:41
精练
5.
1)计时：47s
2)逻辑链Situation
Background information: The nations who place a high tax on income have negative influences on innovation which hampers the international arms race.
Premise: Those nations wind up in a strategically disadvantageous position will lead to lose voice in world affairs.
Conclusion: So if a nation wants to maintain its system and way of life, it must keep its tax from exceeding 30%.
3)推测: high tax ≠ exceed 30%, high tax badly influence on military innovations ≠ lose voice in world affairs
4)选项分析：选D
A.Irrelevant.
B.Irrelevant.
C.Irrelevant.
D.Right.
E.Irrelevant.

17.
1)计时：47s
2)逻辑链Situation
Background information: Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas.
Premise: There’s an experiment studied on how much of the differences in growth is due to sulfur. Two classes from an urban school and a rural school grew their plants in green houses where were filtered with more clean air.
Conclusion: Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
3)推测: Though the air in greenhouse is filtered, there still has little sulfur in the air. So it must influence the plants growing somehow.
4)选项分析：选D
A. Opposite.
B. Irrelevant.
C. Irrelevant.
D. Right.
E. Opposite.

18.
1)计时：44s
2)逻辑链Situation
Background information: Clear edge markings of small roads would be easier for drivers to see the roads, and would be much safer.
Premise: GC painted all their narrow roads’ edges with markings.
Conclusion: The annual accident rate along those roads increased slightly.
3)推测: With those markings on the roads, drivers are hardly see the roads clearly, and then it leads to more accidences.
4)选项分析：选D
A. Irrelevant.
B. Irrelevant.
C. Irrelevant. The main point has nothing to do with other counties.
D. Right.
E. Opposite.

19.
1)计时：46s
2)逻辑链Situation
Background information: G has been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat.
Premise: But their per capita income and per capita consumption have risen toward the world average, and it needs only few pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.
Conclusion: So G will have to import either grain or meat or both if per capita income continues to rise when domestic grain production will not increase.
3)推测: assumption: G doesn’t import grain before, but now their grain self-production cannot satisfy their meat production.
4)选项分析：选D
A. Irrelevant. ?
B. Irrelevant.
C. Irrelevant.
D. Right.
E. Irrelevant.

20.
1)计时：38s
2)逻辑链Situation
Background information: R buildings have been damaged by exhaust from many tour buses.
Premise: Parking produce exhaust as much as driving from the buses since there has little parking space.
Conclusion: The city provided parking that accommodates 1/3 buses, so damage from buses’ exhaust will diminish significantly.
3)推测: People on the 1/3 buses will walk there to have a tour, and it means 1/3 buses will exhaust nothing while parking.
4)选项分析：选D
A. Irrelevant.
B. Irrelevant.
C. Irrelevant.
D. Right.
E. Opposite.

作者: Shirley55555 时间: 2012-5-18 11:06
1 55'' P: high income tax--tech innovation decline--nations would fall behind in international arm race. C: if want to maintain value system and way of life, income tax rate should not excess 30%.
W: arm race does not mean value system and way of life. Choose Birr other weaken.
正确答案：E

2 52'' P: SD is higher in urban than rural. plants grow slower in urban. C:an experiment shows even filter the SD, plants still grow slower.
E: nothing influence the SD in both places. choose E other irr.
正确答案D 本来是评价题结果看到E想成假设题，但其实假设也不对没写结论阿以后得看清楚题！

3 1'

: painting would lead accident. G paint all roads but accident increase slightly.
C: painting荧光的 (但是这样accident下降阿？）choose C it explain the reason why it increased slightly.
正确答案 E 理解错了题意 T.T
4 43'' P income raise, meat consumption raise. grain production maintain. C:G would import
A: grain consumption would not decrease. choose E

5 1' P: exhaust damage building. no parking place C: if provide 1/3 parking place, damege of the building from exhaust would decline significiantly
S:2/3 buses is high standard env protect buses. choose C AB irr DE weaken.

作者: baseboss 时间: 2012-5-18 21:09
B:About tax on income
P:high tax on income will effect TI,TI effect the international force competitive.
C:in order to mantain the level on the world,maximum tax on income 30%
推测weaken
1.how high means high,30%?

(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.
---weaken
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.
---weaken
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.
---weaken
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.
---weaken
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.
---right

2.
B:people want to know the effort of so2 to plant growing
p:plant grow in urban and countryside in the greenhouse without so2
c:same result
推测：
1 whether it is same plant seed,or same condition?
选B

3.
B：paint on the road edge.
p: Will help driver and increase safe level.
c: Accident increase slightly
推测：
1.Driver will drive faster than no edge painted.
选E

4
B：G-land self-sufficient on grain and meat.
p: income increase and comsumption in meat increase , several grain --> one meat ,grain not increase
c: income increase will let G-land improt meat or grain or both.
推测：
1.only grain not more things can make meat.
选E B很有迷惑性但是进口是结论以后的事，不是结论的前提条件。

5
B：exhaust from tour buses has damage to R building.
p: Little space for buses idled at the crub and exhaust more than driving.
C: Make parking space for a third of tour buses will decrease the exhaust.
推测：
When tour bus waiting on the crub is on not off.
The parking space is near to the R building that tour buses will stop there in lier of the curb near the R building.
选A

作者: baseboss 时间: 2012-5-18 21:11
你题目没看明白啊

作者: Threesu 时间: 2012-5-24 23:07
P:high tax will hamper the development of innovation, the low level of innovation will do harm to the arm race
C:If a country wanna keep its citizen safe, it should keep low tax.
A.Weaken
B.Irrelevant
C.Irrelevant
D.Irrelevant
E.Irrelevant
怎么我看哪个都感觉不相关

B:The amount of sulfur dioxide is more in urban area than that in rural area.
P:In the same situation of greenhouse condition of urban and rural area, plants grow slower in urban.
A.S
B.I
C.I
D.S
E.S C
做错了，看了答案之后知道D为什么对，题目里说sulfur dioxide已经全部被排出去了，所以无关了

B:Most little roads in A aren't painted markings.
P:V paint makings in it's narrow roads, so the car accident in these increase rapidly.
A.I
B.I
C.S
D.I
E.C

B: A has long be relied on its self-sufficient grain and meat.
P:As the average salary per capita raised in A, the people are in necessary of more meat-soon grain and meat are to be imported.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.防止有人说多吃肉就不种谷子，全换成肉，就不用进口了

B:For years, the B is damaged by exhaust of tour bus.
P:A parking lot which will acc
C:The exhaust which damages the B will diminish significantly.

作者: 二楼往下掉 时间: 2012-5-31 00:32
1. 45s
Primes:
All nations that place a high tax on income negative effect on tech innovation—>fall back to arms race—>lose voice in world affairs
Conclusion：
if a country wants to maintain its value system and way of life, it must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30% of income
（3）猜测
<1>举反例tax很高，但是国际地位也很高
<2>tax一直很低，但是国际地位不怎么样
<3>lose their voice in affairs≠不能maintain its value system and way of life

2. 45s
Sulfur dioxide: U air>R air
Plant grows speed: City P<Rural P
Experiment goal: to see the difference in growth is due to sulfur
Ways: filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide
Result: grow speed
urban P<rural P

3. 45s
<1> Clear edge markings seem to be a useful contribution to road safety.
<2> After Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.

4. 45s
Background:
Gortland has long been self-sufficient in both grain and meat.
Primes:
<1>Income per person increase.
<2>Meat consumption increase.
<3>Grain production doesn't increase.
Conclusion:
Gortland will import meat or grain.

5. 45s
Primes:
<1>buildings have been damaged by exhaust by tour buses.
<1>buses often idled and this produces as much exhaust as driving.
<3>the city provides parking place.
Conclusion:
Damage will diminish.
buses will park and spend less time idling.

作者: emmasy 时间: 2012-6-4 10:20
1.
backgroud:high tax——technological innovation is hampered——fall behind.
premise:if want to maintain its value system and way of life.
conclusion:do not let its highest tax bracket to exeed 30 percent of income.
a.weaken conclusion
b.weaken
c.weaken
d.weaken
e.irrevelant

backgroud:the plant in urban areas are growing more slowly than in rural areas. And the air contains more sulfur dioxide in urban areas than in rural areas.
premise: to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide
experiment: classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide
result: Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
a.irrevelant
b.proved that the sulfur dioxide made the growth of the plant slow
c.irrevelant
d.irrevelant
e.irrevelant
正确答案应该与sulfur无关

3.
premise:edge marking——see upcoming curves and judge car's position——improve safety
result:accident rate increase.
a.irrevelant
b.irrevelant
c.irrevelant
d.irrevelant
e.explain

4.
backgroud：per capital income increases——per capital consumption of meat increases.grain can be uesed to produce meat.
premise: per capital income increases and grain production stays the same
conclusion:have to import meat or grain or both
a.repeat premise
b.irrevelant
c.irrevelant
d.irrevelant
e.explain

5.
background:buildings are damaged by exhaust from buses. Idling produces as much exhaust as driving
premise:a third of bus need not idle
conclusion:damage will decrease.
a.irrevelant
b.support. eliminating other possibilities.
c.irrevelant
d.irrevelant
e.backgroud

最后一题求解释~

作者: jetyxo 时间: 2012-6-6 23:16
1 35‘' 前提：一些国家由于对收入性所得课以重税，阻止了技术革新，导致其再国际竞争中日益落后
结论：为了保持国家 value system and way of life，不因该使得税赋超过所得的30%
问削弱except：A 削弱，45%，题目30% B C D 断桥 E 无关

2 30“ 前提：城市空气中的二氧化硫含量高于农村，城市里树木生长较农村缓慢；研究者做了一个实验，分别将树木种在农村和城市的温室中，并过滤了温室中的二氧化硫，但发现在城市的树木依然比农村树木生长慢
evaluate: 土壤中可能有二氧化硫影响树木生长 D 他因导致——光线

3 25’‘ 很多小路没有画出标志线。标志线能够是驾驶者更好的看清路面情况尤其是视线不好的时候，于是政府把小路都划线了，却发现事故上升了，问原因？
划线导致其他事件，使得事故上升 E 划线使原来夜间不敢走小路的司机开始走小路

4 25’‘ G国本来是粮食和肉自给自足，但是随着人们收入的提高，对肉的消费增加，而生产一公斤肉需要好几公斤粮食。随着人们收入不断提高，G过必须依靠进口粮食或肉来满足消费需求
问假设：如果不需要进口就要维持平衡，那么只能是消费一公斤肉就减少消费对应的好几公斤粮食或者更多，反过来就是不会出现这种情况就必然依赖进口------E

5 32” 老建筑由于游客车辆增加排放的尾气遭到破坏。由于这里没有停车场，人们下车游览时车辆只能idle，idle时排放的尾气和行驶时一样多，为了减少污染政府建了停车场，能容纳3/4的车辆，这样污染将会大幅减少
support: C 说大部分时间车都在idle中 AB削弱；DE无关

作者: bet 时间: 2012-6-7 22:08
1 50”
high tax—harm technological innovation—fall behind in the international arms race—lose its value system and way of life
预测：每一个推理环节都可以削弱
选E ABCD都削弱，和预测的一样

2 31”
P: when there is no sulfur dioxide in air, plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
C:二氧化硫含量和植物的生长快慢无关
预测：影响植物生长快慢的因素有很多
选D ABC无关，E加强

3 36”
P:Clear edge markings would contribute to road safety.
矛盾：However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.
预测：markings 让司机掉以轻心了
选E 其他无关和预测的一样

4 32”
P: as per capita income has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.
C:Therefore, since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
预测：人们吃的grain没有大幅减少
选E 和预测的一样

5 26”
P: little parking space--most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour--produces as much exhaust as driving-- damage Palitito's buildings
C:The city has now provided parking, so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.
预测：buses often wait for tourists for a long time
选C 同预测

作者: penguinsdz 时间: 2012-6-10 11:02
标题: 6.09+【1-5】
6.09+【1-5】

1. Politician: All nations that place a high tax on income produce thereby a negative incentive for technological innovation, and all nations in which technological innovation is hampered inevitably fall behind in the international arms race. Those nations that, through historical accident or the foolishness of their political leadership, wind up in a strategically disadvantageous position are destined to lose their voice in world affairs. So if a nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life, it must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30 percent of income.
Each of the following, if true, weakens the politician’s argument EXCEPT:
(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent before taxation begins to deter inventors and industrialists from introducing new technologies and industries.
(B) Making a great deal of money is an insignificant factor in driving technological innovation.
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race does not necessarily lead to a strategically less advantageous position.
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world community do not necessarily suffer from a threat to their value system or way of life.
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its technological edge, especially as concerns weaponry, would be foolish rather than merely a historical accident.

Background Information:
All nations that place a high tax on income produce thereby a negative incentive for technological innovation.
Premise:
Those nations in which innovations are hampered will lose their voice in world affairs.
Conclusion:
If a nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life, it must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30% of income.

选项分析：选E

2. Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas. In an experiment to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide, classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide. Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
Which of the following, if true, would it be most important to take into account in evaluating the result?
(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.

Background Information:
Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities grow slowly than plants in rural areas.
Premise:
Classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dixside.

Conclusion:
Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.

选项分析：选D??

3. Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges. Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor, and would therefore seem to be a useful contribution to road safety. However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in accident rate?
(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads.
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles.
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.

Background Information:
Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges.

Premise:
G Country painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads.
Conclusion:
The annul accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.

推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：

There are more drivers who drive on those roads than before after the markings were painted.
选项分析：选E

4. Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat. However, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat. Therefore, since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease.
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers.
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain.

Background Information:
Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat.
Premise:
Per capita income in G has risen, and per capita consumption of meat has also risen, but domestic grain production will not increase.

Conclusion:
Since per capita income continues to rise, Gorland will soon import either grain or meat or both.

推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：
People will use extra income to buy either grain or meat or both.

选项分析：选E

5. For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city. There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving. The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?
(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation.
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.

Background Information:
The beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city.
Premise:
The city has now provided parking for the tour buses.
Conclusion:
The damage to P’s buildings from the buses’ exhaust will diminish significantly.

推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：
The buses will spend more time parking and spend less time idling.
选项分析：选C

作者: LuckyYolandaLi 时间: 2012-6-19 22:17
我有些错误选项不会写错误分析。。。

1
1）计时：90s
2）逻辑链：
Premise: All nations that place a high tax on income produce thereby a negative incentive for technological innovation, and all nations in which technological innovation is hampered inevitably fall behind in the international arms race. Those nations that, through historical accident or the foolishness of their political leadership, wind up in a strategically disadvantageous position are destined to lose their voice in world affairs.
Conclusion: A nation must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30 percent of income if it wants to maintain its value system and way of life.
3）推测：
4）选项分析：选E
ACD weaken,
BE 感觉都没weaken呢。。。但从中选择更没weaken的，我就选E了。。。

2
1）计时：65s
2）逻辑链：
Background information: Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas.
Premise: In an experiment to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide, classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide.
Conclusion: Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
3）推测：Some factors other than sulfur dioxide cause the plants to grow slowly.
4）选项分析：选D
A: Sulfur dioxide has been eliminated and doesn’t need to be taken into account.
B: The difference referred in Option B is between plants in the greenhouses and those outdoors, while we should compare the plants, both in the greenhouse, in urban areas and those in rural areas.
C: The size of the class doesn’t affect the growth of plants.
D: Correct. This option represents another influencing factor: the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.
E: No influence on the growth of plants.

3
1）计时：50s
2）逻辑链：
Background information: Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges.
Premise: Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor.
Intermediate conclusion: Clear edge markings seem to be a useful contribution to road safety.
Conclusion: The annual accident rate along the narrow, winding roads, on which edge markings have been painted, actually increased slightly.
3）推测：The drivers on the narrow, winding roads pay more attention to the edge markings than to other vehicles on the roads.
4）选项分析：选E
A: According to the argument, edge markings were painted on all its narrow, winding roads. The more narrow, winding roads, the more edge markings will be. And the edge markings are contributions to road safety. So the accident rate would have decreased. However, it’s not consistent with the fact.
B: Edge markings can offer a help to drivers who have difficulty in seeing the roads.
C: High accidents prior to the painting also can’t explain the increase.
D: Edge markings can offer a help to decrease the vehicle veering off the road.
E: Correct. 这个我也觉得不太对。。。该项应该造成事故数，而不是文章所说的事故率的增加。但我实在不知道选什么了。。。

4
1）计时：57s
2）逻辑链：
Background information: Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat.
Premise: as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat. Per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase.
Conclusion: Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
3）推测：Per capita consumption of grain will not decrease.
4）选项分析：选E

5
1）计时：102s
2）逻辑链：
Background information: For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city.
Premise: There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving. The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito’s buildings from the buses’ exhaust will diminish significantly.
Conclusion: Damage to Palitito’s buildings from the buses’ exhaust will diminish significantly.
3）推测：。。。
4）选项分析：选E

作者: angelafeng 时间: 2012-6-22 16:48

5. 47s

premise：All nations that place a high tax on income produce thereby a negative incentive for technological innovation, and all nations in which technological innovation is hampered inevitably fall behind in the international arms race. Those nations that, through historical accident or the foolishness of their political leadership, wind up in a strategically disadvantageous position are destined to lose their voice in world affairs.

Conclusion：So if a nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life, it must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30 percent of income.

prephrase：（strengthen）

(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.------------weaken the conclusion
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.-----------------weaken the premise
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.--------------------weaken the premise
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.-----------------weaken the premise
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.----------------correct

17. (27669-!-item-!-188;#058&003302)
39s

Background information: Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas.

Premise: In an experiment to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide, classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide.

Conclusion: Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.

prephrase: (explain) 城市大气污染，阳光不如农村好。

Answer: D

18. (27717-!-item-!-188;#058&003330)
46s

Background information：Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges. Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor, and would therefore seem to be a useful contribution to road safety.

Premise：Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads.

Conclusion: the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.
prephrase：（explain）G国的narrow winding roads 在画边界线前就有很高的事故率。

Answer：C--------E

分析：E的意思是自从画了edge markings之后，许多drivers晚上不走没画线的路改走划线的路了。所以在这条路上行驶的车多了，事故率也就上升了。

19. (27995-!-item-!-188;#058&003473)
31S

Background information：Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat.

Premise：However, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.

Conclusion：Since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.

prephrase: (assump) the population in Gortland do not change.

Answer:E

20. (28411-!-item-!-188;#058&003617)

38S

Background information：For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city. There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.

Premise：The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses

Conclusion：so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

prephrase：（support）

answer：C

作者: 呵呵牙 时间: 2012-6-23 11:24
1. 48s
Background Information: All nations that place a high tax on income produce and fall behind in international arms race in technological innovation.
Premise: Those nations are destined to lose their voice in world affairs.
Conclusion: If a nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life, it must not allow its highest tax to exceed 30% of income.
Prephrase: the answer will be not related to the conclusion or support the conclusion.
选E
A (taxation)——weaken
B (make money & technological innovation)——weaken
C (international arms race & advantageous position)——weaken
D (lose influence in the world & value system or way of life)——weaken

2. 35s
Background Information: Urban air has more sulfur dioxide than rural air and plants grow slowly in cities.
Premise: To eliminate sulfur dioxide, grew plants in greenhouse at urban and rural school.
Conclusion: Plants grew more slowly in urban greenhouse than rural greenhouse.
选E

3. 36s
Background Information: Many small roads don’t have painted markings.
Premise: Clear edge markings make it easier for drivers and judge the car’s position.
Conclusion: Greatwater Country have painted more markings, but the annual accident rate increased slightly.
Prephrase: People have adapted this markings on Greatwater’s road; Greatwater always has a good weather.
选E

4. 44s
Background Information: Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat.
Premise: In Gortland, per capita income and consumption of meat has risen toward the world average, but it takes several grain to produce meat.
Conclusion: Income continues to rise, but grain production will not increase. Gortland will import either grain or meat or both.
选E

5. 33s
Background Information: The Renaissance buildings have been damaged by exhaust from tour buses.
Premise: There has been little parking space, so buses have idled. The city has now provided more parking.
Conclusion: The damage to the building will diminish.
Prephrase: The tour buses will not idle in the city.
选C

作者: jiajiajudy 时间: 2012-6-24 02:25
1.
Each of the following, if true, weakens the
politician’s argument EXCEPT:
BG: High tax?negative tech innovation?hamper arms race
Premise: Historical accident& fool leadership? lose voice in world affairs
Conclusion: no higher than 30% ? maintain value system & way of life
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its technological edge, especially as concerns weaponry, would be foolish rather than merely a historical accident.
2.
BG: so2 urban>rural, plants grow urban慢于 rural
Premise: greenhouse experiment
Conclusion: plants grow urban慢于 rural
(A) irrelevant
(B) irrelevant
(C) irrelevant
(D) irrelevant
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.
3.
BG: many small roads no PM,
Premise: clear edge markings help drivers to see the curves and judge position on the road? useful contribute to road safty.
Conclusion: after painted, narrow winding roads?rate of accident increased
(A)   irrelevant
(B) irrelevant
(C) irrelevant
(D) irrelevant
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.

4.
BG: G narrowly self-sufficient in grain and meat
Counter Premise: per capita income risen toward world average, per capita consumption of meat 上升， several pounds of grain 产 one pound of meat
Conclusion: per capita 上升， grain 没有变? import grain or meat or both
(A)   irrelevant
(B)   irrelevant
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.
(D) irrelevant
(E) irrelevant
5.
BG: R damaged by many tour buses
Premise: little parking space?idle at curb? much exhaust
Conclusion: provide parking accommodate a third of buses?damage will decrease

(A) not strong enough
(B) irrelevant
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.
(D) weaken
(E) weaken

作者: cleotina 时间: 2012-6-28 14:14
6-28

56''
1 weaken Except （做题的时候没有看到Except，直接把自己放马桶冲走吧）
B: a mistake decision from a foolishnees leader will lead to his country lose the vioce in world affairs
P: high tax harm the innovation, forthurmore, the result will hurt the arm innovation, which is the signal of high power in the international business
C:if a country want to maintain its value system and way of live, then it must not take a high level of tax policy
guess:If an example offered to prove that a country still take a high international statue and the way of life
OA: A similar to the guessing, here define that 35% is nor a deadline to make economic suffer. which means, although the tax level is higher than 35%, countries still in good condition
B: Irrelevant
C: it is a typical choice to attact the argument
D: it read like attact the background
E: irrelevant

2 evaluate
46''
phenomenon: urban air contains more SD than rural do, and the trees in the urban grow slower than in the rural
R: to evaluate the extend SD affect the tree grow. and they eliminate all the SD, found the tree in the urban still grow slower than in the rural
Guess:
1 Does the difference are similar
2 except the same experiment condition, are other conditions are totally the same. such as temputure, water, sunshine time, wind

OA

which means except the SD, other condition is not the same between the two expermental teems
A: I
B: tricky, it is different between indoor and outdoor, as long as the indoor research is not affected, it does not matter
C: I
E: I

30''
B: edge marking can help drive to determin the position of his car, expecialy in the narrow place
Phenomenon: in a area, after marking the signal in all the narrow road, the annual accident increased slightly
Guess:
1 what will make poeple look clearly, but increase the incident? loose the weary during driving.
2, narrow road with marking will make an illusion that the road even more narrow, lead to driver drive in the middle of the road, then high level of incident

OA : E as the old motton goes: the more safe place is always with more danger
others: I

40''
assumption
B: G is self-sufficient with grain and meat, and per people cosumption of meet is lower than other places. a KG meet need several kg grains.the consumption of meet per people tend to increase as the economic devalopment.
C: the production of grain will not increase, this place will nolonger maintian the self-sufficient condition

Guess:
1: the production of this place right now is merely enough to support its people
2:the population will not decrease
3: the relationship between meet consumption and grain consumption

OA:E the increase in the meet will not lead to the decrease in the consumption of grain
others: I

1'10''(犯了回视的毛病，欲速则不达)
strong
B: Since no place to park, iding bus publish more exhaust, which demage houses build in the Renaissance.
C: the new parking place accomendate one third of the buses will deminishes the damage

Guess:
1 a third is enough for all the bus need parking
2 no other condition will prohibit the drivers parking the bus in the parking

OA： C the bus will not spend more time dring to parting
A: I
B: I
D: I
E: weaken

作者: Donts 时间: 2012-7-14 10:56
1.计时1'21''
premise: high tax on income-->lower innovation in technology-->lose voice
conclusion: if a nation want to keep its value system, it must not allow its higest tax bracket to exceed 30% of income
推测：condtional conclusion的削弱

(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.削弱
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.削弱
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.削弱
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.有点绕。。。不敢选
选择B
订正：E
four of the answers will weaken the argument and the one correct answer will either have no effect on the argument or will strengthen the argument.
Answer choice (A): This answer attacks the necessary condition of the
conclusion by showing that taxes could exceed 30% before problems occurred.

作者: TICKCOCK 时间: 2012-8-4 21:26
1.

olitician argues that high tax on income produce negative incentive for tech innovation, thus fall behind in the international arms race. Then for some reason , they fall into disadvantageous position and lose the voice.
Conclusion: if the nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life, the highest tax scale is 30% of income.
Answer: E

2.   Background: Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than rural area. And plants live in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas. In an experiment to see how much difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide. It turns out the plants in the city grow more slowly.

Answer: E (D)

3.   In theory,( theoretically) clear edge markings would help increase the safety of road. However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.
Answer: E

4.   Originally, Gortland is self-sufficient in both brain and meat. But after per capita income rise, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average.
Premise: it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.
Conclusion: Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
Answer: E

5.   Buildings in the Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from tour bus.
Premise: no enough parking lots cause many buses idle on the curb which could exhaust.
Conclusion: after the increase of parking lots, the damage of buses’ exhaust will diminish.
Answer: C
我真的是每天都错一个。很苦恼啊。

作者: TICKCOCK 时间: 2012-8-4 21:42
请问第二题SULFUR dioxide的正确选项不是用来削弱的吗，怎么是用来EVALUATION的呢？

作者: wanggang0411 时间: 2012-8-10 14:55
1 34
Premise: high tax causes low technology;
Premise Low technology cause losing voice in the world;
Conclusion: To maintain life value requires keeping tax lower than 30%.
Inference: 1 - There is a gap between losing voice and maintain of life value.
2 – To weaken this argument, any options that attack the conditional reasoning is correct answer.

2 34
Conclusion: Plants grow in urban house is lower than those in rural house.
Evaluation: Any option which weakens the conclusion when the answer is Yes and strengthens the conclusion when the answer is No will be a correct answer, let’s check:
Answer D raises another cause to the effect, so it weakens the conclusion.
3 34
Premise: painting marking along the edges would improve the safety of traffic.
Conclusion: The accident rate in city before painting is lower than in city after painting.
Inference: Explain the situation.
Answer E makes sense since nobody drives on those road before paining. (more cars drive on this road.)
4 37
Premise: more consumption on the meat caused many times more consumption on grain.
Conclusion: Since domestic grain production doesn’t increase, G need to import meat or grain or both.
Assumption: per capita consumption is a key element, so the possible assumption is the population in G maintains the same number these years or even higher number.
E. is another explanation that the increased meat consumption will not rapidly decrease the consumption of grain.

5 43
Premise: No parking caused tour building damage.
Conclusion: More parking places reduce the building damage by tour bus.
Inference: 1 - The parking place is enough for tour bus.
2 - There is no more tour bus.
Answer C said, the more parking place caused less exhaust by tour bus.

作者: chengzaaaa 时间: 2012-8-22 14:58
5.
1)43”weaken except
2)BI:
P: high tax ->neg incentive for tech innovation ->fall behind international arms race ->lose voice in world affairs.
C: maintain value and life -> must, tax highest, no more than 30%
3)people who earn very much should pay more tax.
4)E
5)A. 30%-45% works and won’t deter tech innovation. Wk
B. tech innovation is not directly linked to how much tax should they pay. Wk
C. 逻辑链断了一截。Wk
D. same as C. Wk
E. if anything, supports.

17.
1)29”evaluate
2)BI: SD, urban is more than rural
P: air filtered. plants grow. Urban is slower than rural
C: how much of the difference is due to SD
3)are there other parts in the air that affect the growth speed?
D

18.
1)26”explain
2)BI:roads painted on the edges do good to people.
P:GC painted edges
C:accident rate went up
3)roads are too winding…?
E

19.
1)35”assumption
2)BI:long been self-sufficient. Income go up, meat consumption go up, one meat = several grain
P:income go up, grain production not go up
C:G gotta import grain/meat or both.
3)consumption of grain will not decrease
E

20.
1)27”support
2)BI:buildings damaged by exhaust of tour buses. No parking, driving around
P:parking’s good for 1/3
C:exhaust go down significantly
3)besides sending tourists around, buses don’t do other driving.
E C

谢谢lz！！！

作者: 我心匪席 时间: 2012-8-30 16:48
Time: 41”
Background Information: High tax on income→negative technological innovation→fall behind in international arms race→lose power in world affairs.
Premise: maintain values system and way of life
Conclusion: highest tax bracket to exceed 30% of income
Prephrase: Attacking necessary condition
A-----weaken
B-----weaken
C-----weaken
D-----weaken
E-----irrelevant (right)
===================================================
Time: 33’
Background Information: U has more SD → Plant grow slowly
Premises: experiments both in U and R

Conclusion:Plant in U grow slowly

Prephrase: Other conditions should be eliminated
A-----irrelevant
B-----irrelevant
C-----irrelevant
D-----right
E-----irrelevant
===============================================================
Time: 39’
Background Information: Painting on edges, clear edge help to drivers to see, more safety
Premises: Painting on edge markings

Conclusion:Accident increase

Prephrase: Other conditions cause accident
A-----irrelevant
B-----irrelevant
C-----weaken
D-----irrelevant
E-----right
============================================================

Time: 25’
Background Information: G and M less, I increase, M increase, several G to M
Premises: I increase, G not change

Conclusion:Import E or M or both

Prephrase: M not increase
A-----irrelevant
B-----irrelevant
C-----irrelevant
D-----irrelevant
E-----right
=================================================================

Time: 35’
Background Information: B damage by exhaust from tour buses, little parking space, idling cause more exhaust
Premises: Parking space increase

Conclusion:Damage decrease

Prephrase: M not increase
A-----weaken
B-----irrelevant
C-----support
D-----irrelevant
E-----irrelevant
==============================================================================
为毛bible 可以做对，G做不对，泪~

Time: 39’
Background Information: Painting on edges, clear edge help to drivers to see, more safety
Premises: Painting on edge markings

Conclusion:Accident increase

Prephrase: Other conditions cause accident
A-----irrelevant
B-----irrelevant
C-----weaken
D-----irrelevant
E-----right
============================================================

Time: 25’
Background Information: G and M less, I increase, M increase, several G to M
Premises: I increase, G not change

Conclusion:Import E or M or both

Prephrase: M not increase
A-----irrelevant
B-----irrelevant
C-----irrelevant
D-----irrelevant
E-----right
=================================================================

Time: 35’
Background Information: B damage by exhaust from tour buses, little parking space, idling cause more exhaust
Premises: Parking space increase

Conclusion:Damage decrease

Prephrase: M not increase
A-----weaken
B-----irrelevant
C-----support
D-----irrelevant
E-----irrelevant
==============================================================================
为毛bible 可以做对，G做不对，泪~

作者: liyan25257758 时间: 2012-9-28 16:17
Politician: All nations that place a high tax on
income produce thereby a negative incentive
for technological innovation, and all nations in
which technological innovation is hampered
inevitably fall behind in the international arms
race. Those nations that, through historical
accident or the foolishness of their political
leadership, wind up in a strategically
disadvantageous position are destined to lose
their voice in world affairs. So if a nation wants
to maintain its value system and way of life, it
must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed
30 percent of income.

Premise: high tax low technological innovation fall behind lose voice in world affairs
Conclusion: allow high tax30% 是maintain value 的必要条件
Each of the following, if true, weakens the
politician’s argument EXCEPT:
(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries. Weaken
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation. Weaken
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position. weaken
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life. Weaken
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident. Irrelevant
17. (27669-!-item-!-188;#058&003302)

Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas. In an experiment to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide, classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide.

lants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.

Which of the following, if true, would it be most important to take into account in evaluating the result?

(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.

18. (27717-!-item-!-188;#058&003330)

Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges. Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor, and would therefore seem to be a useful contribution to road safety. However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.
本来edge marking可以提升安全系数，但是在g国家paint it后，事故率上升。
我想是由于安装这个以后，车辆速度加快了，因为车主觉得安装之后人们就会更注意它。
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in accident rate?

(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads.irrelevant
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.fact但是不能解释
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.irrelevant
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles. 其他因素导致的
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so. Correct

19. (27995-!-item-!-188;#058&003473)

Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat. However, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat. Therefore, since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
income increase leads meat consumption increase and several pounds grain produce one pound meat
Conclusion: G has to import either grain or meat or both
我认为答案应该是meat的产量不变，或者grain产量不变或者下降
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease.
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.无关
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.无关
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers.无关
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain. correct

20. (28411-!-item-!-188;#058&003617)

For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city. There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving. The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

旅行车产生废气是由于没有parking space，city provide parking place然后damage就没有了
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?

(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.weaken
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust. Weaken
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another. Weaken
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation. Irrelevant
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site. Support

作者: ElenW 时间: 2012-10-4 09:47

精练----------45"--------------Except
B: The high tax of income produce causes the failure of technology.
P: These nations with the fall behind technology don't have voices in the world.
C: Therefore, the nation needs to control its tax no higher than 30% of its income produce if it wants to retain its position in the world.
Prephrase: All nations have the similar tax of income produce.
30% of tax of income is the only method to maintain the position, namely, eliminating other possible factors.

Analysis:
(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.--------------------------------------weaken
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.
--------------------------------------if making money is insignificant, then the conclusion is weakened.
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.
--------------------------------------this is to weaken. Loss voice推倒不出来postion降级。
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.
--------------------------------------这个怎么感觉和之前的Q3，Q5一样呢，mistaken relationship.而且原文说得是maintain life and value---必要条件（no higher tax）。这里lose influence不一定推出value of life treat.不算weaken把？？？
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.

---------------------------------------------------------------irrelevant

KEy：E，然后就是蒙的。为啥？因为E的irrelevance最明显，可问题是我有点和Q3，Q5的weaken题目选项混淆了。头疼阿~~

-- by 会员 fox0923 (2011/11/24 2:20:21)

我参加这个小分队的练习有几天了我发现你们的提炼都好精简的~~~~~学习学习!!!!!

作者: srafcatt 时间: 2012-10-5 20:12
精炼 45s weaken&support

政治家：所有的收入中税收比例较高的国家因此产生了对科技的负面因素，并且所有科技被不可避免地妨害了的国家在国际武器比赛中落后。那些国家，由于历史原因或是政党领导者的愚蠢在战略上居下风不利位置，注定会在国际事务上没有发言权。因此如果一个国家想要保持它的价值体系和生活方式，它必须不允许它的最高税收级别高于总收入的30%。

premise:maintain its value system and life style=MVL

conclusion:tax income should keep lower than 30 percent of the income=TLI

MVL--->TLI

there are not other factors that influence the MVL

choice:E

A weaken the argument

B weaken the argument

C weaken the argument

D weaken the argument

E support the argument

本题总结：逻辑链还是要依据基本的思考顺序进行。多个元素的出现加大了难度，但是仍要一一列出。另外，要尊重原文的意思，注重运用词句的变换表达进行逻辑的连接。比如原文认为fall behind in arms race=wind up in a strategically disadvantageous position,还有“非5”约等于结论。

1=high tax

2=negative to technological innovation

通过文中词句的相似说法进行转换:

3=fall behind arms race or wind up in a strategically disadvantageous position

5=lose voice in world affairs

1-->2--->3

3--->5

conclusion=非5

B 这个选项攻击了高税收会负面影响技术革新的前半部分，因为税收降低个人收入，税越高钱越少。而B选项认为高税收不会必然导致科技革新，因为革新者不在乎得到钱的多少

C 这个选项攻击了“国际武器竞争中落后”等于“策略上处于下风”这一认识。而如果它们不相等，推理链就断了。

D 这一选项利用了结论和非5并不完全相等这一漏洞。

E 强调是领导者无能导致了无法维持原有的价值观和生活方式。在题目中，无论是领导者错还是历史问题导致均符合题目的意思。因此是支持。

逻辑链

1.75s justify the conclusion

premise:urban,rural--grew plant,rural--prohibit sulfur

conclusion:urban ---slower

other factors are all the same.

choice

A irrelevant information

B irrelevant information

C irrelevant information

D this is important,because maybe it is the lacking of light that makes the urban ones grew slower.

E repeat the information listed in the question stem

2.37s paradox

BG:clear edge markings are helpful for drivers

paradox:greatwater country do it and the accident rate increase slightly

other factors lead to this miserable fact

choice:E

A irrelevant

B the markings consider the night case and the bad weather

C strenghten the paradox

D strenghten the paradox

E correct

3. 47s assumption

premise:per capita income increase, per capita meat consumption increase, while the total plant amount will not change and one pounds of meat needs several pounds of plants

conclusion:this country has to import meat or plant

What if raise the price of meat? so the price must not change

choice:E

A strenghten the argument but not useful

B this already conflicts the argument

C irrelevant

D irrelevant

E correct

4.58s support

premise:parking space has been enlarged

conclusion:the building damage by exhaust will be diminished significantly

cars know where it is and park inside

choice:C

A irrelevant

B irrelevant

C every car spend fewer time in Palitito,this is useful to execute the plan.

D irrelevant

E special case is not convincing

本题启示：注意some，通常被认为是特殊的个别情况，不具有说服力。

作者: 合欢树 时间: 2012-10-21 15:27
1. 第一遍 45'' 没有读懂题干：不削弱的选项
internationaly arm race？
B：
nations place high tax will have a incentive for innovation, and thus will far behind in the international race.
P:
nations shouldn't allow highest tax bracket to exceed 30% of income
C:
thus a nation could maintain its value system and way of life.
A B C D weaken
选E

2、urban 城市的 rural 乡村的
evaluate 37''
urban air has more SD, so plants grow slower that in rural area
the experiment grow plants in greenhouses, and plants grow more slowly in urban than in rural.
other infactor in urban areas may hamper the plants from growing. it is must be something campared between urban and rural greenhouse.
A B irrelevant
C how large the experiment has nothing to do with the grow speed
D right
E?

3. explain 27''
B: painted marking could have a useful contribution to road safety.
P:
after painted edge marking on the roads, the accident rate is higher than before. and why?
36''
E

4. assumption 39''
capita income
B:
capita income and comsumption of meat rises
several ponds of grain = one pond of meat
capita income rises but grain production not
C:
the nation will have to import grain or meat or both
很混乱
49''
E is right
ACD irrelevant
B ?

5. 39'' support
B:
because of little parking space, most buses idles at the curb and produces much exhaust as driving
P:
the city has provide parking for a third of the cars
C:
the damage to building there will diminish
52''
ACE irrelevant
B?
D is right

最后一道题中的D，more by bus than by other means of transportation, 为什么看到这句话我的第一感觉就是人们主要是坐公交车，不自觉的就加入了自己的主观感受，直接把意思就理解错了，需要克服的干扰很多啊！！！

作者: mirare 时间: 2012-10-22 21:50
Background: high tax produces a negative incentive for technological innovation and fall behind in arms race.
Premise: nations with historical leadership or foolishness of political leadership will lose their advantage in world affairs.
Conclusion: nation should avoid the tax exceeding 30% percent of income and maintain its value.
Prophase
Nation whose tax exceeds 30% still can maintain its value.
B

作者: wensd1111 时间: 2012-10-24 09:33
B:THE tax will hamper the technology development. The history accidental and foolish policitical idea damage the technology
A:the tax income should be limited within 30% to keep the competent ability.
Weak the tax limitation
P-1:the limitation will cause the H and F damage
P-2:doubt the validity of the relationship is absolutely wrong.
a.   weak, but just slightly
b.   irrelevant
c.   fallen means not too much to the advantage positon,greatly weak
d.   irrelevant
e.   irrelevant. Alike with d

2.the s affects the plant grow, Two places was put into consideration,green house in the urban and rural area,
A: the urban grow more slowly
Evaluate the argument, which should be taken into account.
p-1.the other reason might happens
p-2.the process is not clear enough
a.   support
b.   irrelevant, did not happen in the background
c.   irrelevant, factors not mentioned in the B
d.   important,right
e.   irrelevant.

3.B:the road mark help drivers to see upcoming curves and locate his or her own position and thus reduce the traffic accident
A: the new mark on the road was not realize the expection of former thoughts.
P-1:the new make the driver uncomfortable
p-2:the driver can’t clarify the difference happened in the situation
a.    according to the author
b.   Irrelevant.based infor on the author
c.   Weak the argument in the stem
d.   Irrelevant, the single car accicent at most weak the argument promises
e.   Right . the problem of the driver

4.B. the C needs g and m, and g and m can convert . the assumption of g and m are increasing the C will become a import more g and m.
A: promises
p-1. the money can afford the needs
p-2. the no population decrease
p-3.no enough provides are in C
A.   SUPPORT
B.   SUPPORT, no economic burden
C.   Support, no increase per consumption
D.   Meat consumption increase faster than the g
E.   Both the m and g will increase. Most supportive.right

5.B: the traffic stay In the city cause architecture damage by emit toxic gases. The city plan to increase their working stay on the curb instead provide parking places.
A:the support of the plan will become successful.
p-1. the city will benefit when the cars stay in the park and stop its engine.
p-2.the damage was really caused by the gases. The car will obey the plan
a.   weak ,the plan is waste of resources
b.   support the promises only.
c.   The engine stops for a long time. right
d.   Weak the plan will become true
e.   Weak the plan will not carried out

作者: hanhan1991 时间: 2012-11-17 11:00
1.weaken EXCEPT
1）计时：58s
2）逻辑链：
Premise:high tax->low technology innovation->fall behide the international competition->lose voice in world affairs.
Conclusion:maintain the nation's value and way of life->not allow its highest tax exceed 30% of income.
3)推测：
The answer should be irrelevant or strenghten the argument above. Any answers that prove prohibiting tax over 30% is not the only way to maintain the nation's value can weaken the arugment.
4)选项分析：choose E
A.weaken.this weakens the conclusion.
B.weaken but not very sure.
***in the argument:higher tax->lower income->lower incentive to innovation
in the answer: higher tax->lower income->not lower incentives to innovation.
C.weaken.this weakens the premise and thus weakens the conclusion.
D.weaken.
E.this sounds irrelevant.

2.evaluation
1)计时：52s
2）逻辑链：
Background: Urban air contains more sulfur than rual air does and plants grow more slowly in urban than in rural.
Obejective: To see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide.
Plan: Growing plants in an urban and a rural in greenhouse without sulfur respectively->

lants grow more slowly in urban greenhouse.
3)推测：
The goal is to see how much sulfur can influence,so any answers that fails achieve the goal can strengthen the argument.
4)选项分析：choose D
A.irrelevant.
B.the difference can be explained by the greenhouse air, but not the sulfur.
C.irrelevane.
D.if ture weakens the argument, if wrong, strenghten the argument.
E.irrelevant.

3.explain
1)计时:35s
2)逻辑链：
Background: Painted marketing is a useful contribution to road sefaty.
Paradox: After G painted marketing on its narrow road the accident rate increased slightly.
3)推测：
There must be some reason that can account for the rising accident rate. If drivers are likely to drive in the narrow road which they previously avoid to drive, this can explain the paradox.
4)选项分析：choose E
A.irrelevant.
B.irrelevant.
C.irrelevant.
D.irrelevant/
E.correct.

4.assumptiom
1)time:48s
2)logical lines:
Background:G is self-suffient. Rising per captal income ->rising meat consumption.
Premise: It takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.
Conclusion: Capital income continue rising->G have to import meat or grain.
3)Prediction:
The argument assumes that the consumption of the grain will not decrease. If it decreases, G can use more grain to produce meat without importing from other country.
4)Analysis:choose E

5.strenghen.
1)time:41s
2)logical lines:
Background:Buildings in P have been damaged by exhaust from tours bus. P has little parking areas and tour buses idled at the curb which create as much exhuast as driving.
Objective:Reduce the exhuast from the bus
Plan

roviding parking that can accomodate a third of the tour bus.
3)Prediction:
The answer should help the plan to achieve the objective. If the plan works , it will reduce the number of bus idling at the curb and thus reduce the exhuast from the tour buses.
4)answer:C

作者: CD用户825193 时间: 2012-11-24 16:18
标题: Daily CR-5_2012-11-24
第一道木有看到EXCEPT,后面几道都做对了，但似，速度不行，要加强！！

1. 48" (Weak) Missed "EXCEPT"
P: High tax -> tech innovation hampered -> country got behind in arms race (->lose strategical position -> lose voice in worldly affairs)
C: Tax should be no higher than 30% of income
Pre: 30% of income tax is not considered high
Answers:
~~(A) CORRECT~~
(B) Irrelevant, the opposite opinion with the background info
(C) It's about falling behind in the arms race, not strategical position
(D) Same as B, opposite background info
(E)~~Strengthen.~~No effect!!-> CORRECT!!

2. 42" (Most important factor to evaluate the results)
P: Urban air has more sulfur
P: Urban plants grow more slowly than rural
P: Urban and rural greenhouses with sulfur elimated, urban greenhouse plants grew more slowly
Missing Chain
C:~~How much defference of growing caused by sulfur in the air~~ To evaluate the result of the experiments!!
Pre: The gap of growing defferences in and out of the greenhouses.
Answers:
(A) Situation of the school is irrelevant, only the greenhouses' conditions count
(B) ~~CORRECT~~ Irrelevant
(C) Experiments sizes is irrelevant
(D) CORRECT??One of other conditions changed could be the reason slowed the urban greenhouse plants growing.
(E) Frequence of greenhouse change is irrelevant

3. 37" (Possible reason)
P: OMarking on the road edge helps drivers drive safety
P: OCity ? painted its most winding road
Missing Chain / Possible reason
C: SCar accident increased slightly
Pre: NOther condition of the road changed and influenced the driving safety: weather? holiday drinking? Car problems? ... etc.
Answers:
(A) Irrelevant
(B) ? bad weather? but nothing about the marking...
(C) Comparison with other roads is irrelevant
(D) Nothing about the markings
(E) CORRECT:More drivers on the road during night time...

4. 39" (Missing premise)
P: Per capita income increased ->meat consume increased
P: Several pouds wheat = one pound meat
P: Wheat production won't increase
Mssing premise
C: Will import wheat or meat or both soon
Pre: People won't switch enough wheat consume to meat
Answers:
(A) Possible coming, but Irrelevant
(B) Irrelevant
(C) Irrelevant
(D) Irrelevant
(E) CORRECT

5. 35" (Support)
P: Not enough parking plot for tour buses -> buses idling around the building, exhuasting as much as driving -> building got damaged
P: To build more parking space
C: Building damage caused by exhuast of tour buses will decrease signaficantly
Pre: ~~Exhuast of idling tour buses caused signaficant damage to the buildings~~ exhuast of driving buses is not significant.
Answers:
(A) Irrelevant
(B) Polution damage is irrelevant
(C)driving time is less than a quater of the whole time buses in the city -> not much exhuast from driving buses = CORRECT
(D) Other transportation is irrelevant
(E) Doesn't help

作者: kudoucliff 时间: 2012-12-19 01:23
Background: High tax hampers technology, which in turn makes nations fall behind in arm race.
Argument: Thus, a nation has to keep tax bracket below 30% of income to main its value system and way of life.
Weaken point: 30% is not high enough to hamper technology; Losing voice in world affairs doesn’t necessarily lose value of life.

Background: Urban air contains more S than rural air. Trees in urban grow slower than those in rural.
Experiment: Growing trees in urban greenhouse and rural greenhouse and eliminate S.
Result: Trees in UG grow slower than RG.
Evaluate: Whether other disturbance played roles in affecting the result.

Background: RP helps to discern location of the car in order not to collide the edge, especially when not well visible.
Fact: A draw edge curve in S region; the accident rate rose.
Explain: Many people who used to avoid driving when visibility is poor now don’t avoid.

Background: P narrowly self sufficient in G & M. Income increases. Demand for M increases. It takes pounds of G to produce M.
Premise: Income continues to increase; G production doesn’t increase.
Argument: P will start to import G or M or both.
Assumption: Increasing demand for M won’t cause decrease demand for G.

Background: Buildings in P are damaged by exhaust. Traveling buses are too many to park in P; thus idle. Idling produces as much exhaust as driving.
Proposed plan: Building park places accommodating a third of the buses.
Result: The damage diminishes significantly.
Support: Idling plays a significant part in damaging the building. (Much more significant than Driving)

作者: annieliu830 时间: 2012-12-26 23:11
2012年12月25日
1.
1）逻辑链
原因：所有对收入征税高的国家对科技创新都有不利影响，从而会妨碍国家军事力量发展
结论：所以一个国家要想保持他的地位，必须不能让他的税率高过30%
2）推测
不削弱
税率高对科技创新有其他方面的影响，使得利大于弊
3）选项分析
A削弱
B削弱
C削弱
D削弱
E无关，正确

2
1）逻辑链
措施：城市和农村的学生都分别将植物种在greenhouse里，将温室里的气体通过过滤来消除二氧化硫。结果城市里的还是长得比农村里的慢
目的：二氧化硫对植物生长的影响
2）推测
Evaluation
措施达不成目的？二氧化硫没过滤干净？其他条件都相同
3）选项分析
A既然都说过滤了二氧化硫的影响，那么就不应该对空气中还有影响了啊
B正确
C无关
D说明城市里即使在温室里还长得慢是因为有其他原因，是不透光但是不能说明二氧化硫对植物生长是不是没有关系
E更换频率无关

错因分析：看清楚题目中是要分析the difference，即前面一句中的，城市和农村空气中二氧化硫含量不一样，所以生产速度不一样

3.
1）逻辑链
措施：在狭窄拐弯的地方做标记
目的：减少事故率
2）推测
实际上则为削弱
人们心里发生了变化
在措施发生变化的时候，其他有因素也发生了变化，新的抵消因素
3）选项分析
A无关
B无关
C无关
D无关
E正确

4
1）逻辑链
原因：国民收入增长，因而对肉的消费也会增长。肉与谷子是成比例兑换的
结论：如果人居收入继续增长，而谷子的产量不增长，那么G应该要么要进口肉，要么要进口谷物了
2）推测
加强
人们对谷物的消耗不会减少
3）选项分析
A题目中已经说了，这相当于强调了一次题目
B无关
C无关
D无关
E正确

5.
1）逻辑链
背景：由于停车位少，因而车只能idle，而idle会产生与开车一样多的尾气
措施：提供了三分之一的停车场
目的：减少尾气排放
2）推测
支持
车愿意把车停在停车场
3）选项分析
A无关，只要bus的尾气能减少，那么就绝对能使得污染减少的
B无关，理由同上
C正确
D无关
E不对，削弱

作者: zxppx 时间: 2013-1-9 09:34
5. Politician: All nations that place a high tax on
income produce thereby a negative incentive
for technological innovation, and all nations in
which technological innovation is hampered
inevitably fall behind in the international arms
race. Those nations that, through historical
accident or the foolishness of their political
leadership, wind up in a strategically
disadvantageous position are destined to lose
their voice in world affairs. So if a nation wants
to maintain its value system and way of life, it
must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed
30 percent of income.
Each of the following, if true, weakens the
politician’s argument EXCEPT:

(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.

Actually, this choice weakens the argument.
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.

It has the same meaning as the conclusion. If people can be taxed less, they will do more with innovation. So it is the best answer.

I miss the meaning of ‘insignificant’, considering it refers to important. However, it is the opposite.
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.

Actually, this choice has the opposite meaning of the argument, thus weakening the conclusion.
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.

From the argument we know if a nation does something wrong, it will lose its influence in the world community, but we do not know what would happen if a nation lose its influence.
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.

The argument talks about if a country wants to retain its value system and way of life, rather than allow one country to lose its technological edge.

In the argument, the politician points out that historical accident or foolish would contribute a disadvantageous position. And this choice reveals that foolish would be the real factor, rather than merely a historical accident. So it does not weaken the argument.

17. (27669-!-item-!-188;#058&003302)
Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas. In an experiment to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide, classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide. Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
Which of the following, if true, would it be most important to take into account in evaluating the result?
(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.

Because the argument has referred that sulfur dioxide in the greenhouses would be eliminate, this choice does help to evaluate the result.
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.

This choice does not solve the difference in the experiment.
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.

The same to B.
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.

It helps to evaluate the result by introducing other factor that would influence the growth of the plants. So it is the best answer.
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.

Actually, this choice makes the argument more contradictory.

18. (27717-!-item-!-188;#058&003330)
Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges. Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor, and would therefore seem to be a useful contribution to road safety. However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in accident rate?
(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads.

This choice does not help to solve the contradiction.
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.

The same to A.
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.

The same to A.
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles.

The same to A.
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.

If there are more drivers on the narrow roads after Greatwat Country painted edge markings on all its roads, the occurrence of accidents will rise naturally. So it is the best answer.

19. (27995-!-item-!-188;#058&003473)
Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat. However, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat. Therefore, since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease.

There is no need to assume the situation.
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.

Even though the opposite would happen, the argument still could not be justified.
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.

Although it seems to be valid at first glance, a more thorough analysis reveals that this choice cannot help to justify the argument.
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers.

The same to A.
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain.

This choice is important for us to justify the argument. So it is the best answer.

20. (28411-!-item-!-188;#058&003617)
For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city. There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving. The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?
(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.

Actually, this choice weakens the argument.

(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.

The same to A.
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.

Although it seems to be irrelevant at first glance, a more thorough analysis reveals that if tour buses really spend less time to transport passengers from one site to another, more pollutants would be reduced through parking. So it is the best answer.
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation.

We may think it is helpful for us to evaluate the argument, but it is not as sufficient as C.
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.
The situation has been referred in the argument. Besides, even though some tour buses cannot find parking, the situation does not necessarily support the argument.

作者: pennyz 时间: 2013-2-7 23:32
1:57weaken
conclusion:to maintain value system and value of life,tax must not exceed 30%
rephrase:maybe tax exceed 30% may not influence public for some reasons
B
这道题看的好纠结！
又是一道condition题。。。。

作者: pennyz 时间: 2013-2-8 10:54
48s
background:sulfer:urban>rural
growth:urban<rural
premise:grow greenplant and eliminate sulfer dioxide
conclusion:growth rate still low
D
sulfer can be eliminate but some subconsequence of sulfer can not be eliminate,this weaken
the conclusion that sulfer will not influence the plant growth
36s
background:marking on the road edge usually help eliminate the road accident
premise:G paint the marking
conlusion:death rate increase
E
46s
Background:G produce grain and meat
seveal grain= meat
premise:income rise and need more meat,wheareas grain production no growth
conclusion:import food
assumption:we can only sacrifice grain to gain meat
E
36s
background:the waste gas from tour bus exhaulst the building
premise:parking lot built
conclusion:pollution eliminate
rephrase:the building condition become better after bus is no longer stay at the building place
A

作者: 一粒黄豆。 时间: 2013-3-9 11:07
3/9
53'
premise:high tax-->hampered tech-->fall behind arms race
conclusion:maintain value system and way of life-->do not allow high tax (30%)
prephrase:Is advanced arms race equal to value system and way of life?

A the highest level should be 45%,weaken
B high tax--> hampered tech, doesn't mean low tax-->advanced tch,weaken
C as is said in prephrase
D similar to C
E irrelevant, correct answer

38'
background:urban sulfur> rural sulfur, plants in urban grow more slowly than those in rural
premise:plants in urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in rural greenhouse.
conclusion:sulfur matters
prephrase:Although the air are the same ,the soil are different.
D other factors

35'
premise1:edge markings contribute to road safety;
premise2:GC painted edge markings on all its narrow--->accident rate increased
prephrase: paradox: on all its narrow? drivers are careless because they know markings will make them safe.
E

31'
background:G has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat
premise:income has risen in G; consumption of meant has also risen;grain production not increase; one pound of meat takes several pounds of grain to produce
conclusion:income rise-->meat consumption rise-->G will have to import m or g
prephrase:gap:people turn from g to m, consumption of g decrease
or they grow high-yeild grain?
E

45'
premise:exhaust from buses-->damage buildings;buses idled at the curb,producing as much exhaust as driving, city's new parking lot could accommodate a third of buses
conclusion:damame caused buy exhaust will be diminished significantly
prephrase:gap:buses will creat less exhaust after the new parking lot has been built.
A irrelevant
B irrelevant
C ?
D irrelevant
E irrelevant

answer is C? spent less time driving-->produce less exaust

作者: 一粒黄豆。 时间: 2013-3-9 11:14
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another
话说这个完全是用排除法做的，选项没看懂，看了别人的分析以后才明白，原来句子意思是 tour buses spend time in P, less than 1/4 is spent on transporting passengers
that means,the 3/4 could have been eliminated , so the parking lot provided rooms for some buses and thus decrease the exaust

话说有的选项还真的蛮难看懂的

作者: 纽约我爱你 时间: 2013-3-22 18:59
1~46s
Premise: 1.high tax keeps the level of technology low
2.low technological level leads to low arm level.
3.such a country will lose its voice.
Conclusion: a country should keep the tax below 30 percent in order to insure its value system and voice.
Weakness: 1.the tax wouldn’t make the technology too low to be arm competitive.
2.a survey shows that the effective rate of tax is 20 percent.

2~37s
Premise: 1.it’s said that S is due to the slow growth of plants in the u
2.put 2 groups of plants in the similar greenhouse with clean greenhouse gas in the U and R.
Conclusion: The U grows more slowly than the R.
Evaluation: 1.whether the shape and kind of plants are the same.
2.the weather condition of the two places.
3.whether the irrigating is the same

3~27s
Premise: 1.it’s said that the road marketing can help drivers to be careful.
2. the A place has a lot of marketing
However: the road accident of A increased.
Explanation: 1.the marketing is wrong
2.the marketing is too standout so the drivers can’t concentrate on the road

4~44s(还真是4啊……-,.-)
Premise：1. the g people produced meat and grain by themselves.
2.they use several pounds grain to produce one pound meat
3.the consumption of meat increased(一开始理解错题意了)
Conclusion: they have to import either or both.
Assumption: the cost of import is lower than that of growing them by themselves.
这题因为理解错意思所以一开始选错了，以后还是要求稳再求快

5~32s.
Premise: 1. the city is damaged by the buses
2. the buses have no place to park
3. the city is building parks to contain a third of the buses.
Conclusion: the problem will diminish significantly.
这个题也想反了啊，一开始选了A……orz后来才发现无关啊，矛盾点在停车与否。

错了两个，明天再接再厉

作者: okplokpl0714 时间: 2013-3-30 00:09
精练：
Pre:All nations--place a high tax on income---a negative incentive for Ti
All nations--Ti is hampered --fall behind arms race.
Those nations--wind up strategically disadvatageous---lose voice in world
Con:Must not allow highest tax exceed 30% of income-->maintain value
Weaken猜测：30%的收入税不属于high tax；他因，不是必须要求达到不超过30%这个条件
Expect Answer:E

17.
Urban air dioxide>rural air dioxide
speed urban plant grow < rural plant
in greenhouse without dioxide,urban greenhouse grow<rural greenhouse
解释猜测：植物生长和sulfur dioxide 没关系，和城市乡村的土壤不同有关系
Answer：D

18.
Many small road not have edge marking
have edge marking---->divers safer
BUT!!
after GC has edge marking--->annual accident rate increased slightly.
解释猜测：他因，不是因为画了edge marking上升的；edge marking不正确
Answer：E

19.
G self-sufficient in grain and meat.
per income risen-->per consumption meat risen
several grain==one meat
CON:per income continues to rise,but grain not risen-->G will import either grain or meat or both
前提猜测：肉的产量也没有升高
Answer：E

20.
building in P damaged by buses
little parking space-->most buses idled at the curb and idling produces driving
P provided a third parking--->damage diminish
支持猜测：不会再有新的bus来了；P能够承受另外2/3的bus
Answer：B
好吧。。选C。。我觉得B选项加强了前提。。。。
C选项我有点误解了。。。我还以为接客就是idled嘞。。单词不认识就是悲剧！！！

作者: Feelalive 时间: 2013-7-7 12:04
留爪印～～～～～～～～～

作者: Elisha728 时间: 2013-8-27 07:44

fox0923 发表于 2011-11-24 00:29
精练Analysis：This problem is a complete conditional argument containing conditionalpremises and a c ...

8'55
EDEED
the 5th question, why C not D?

作者: Elisha728 时间: 2013-9-1 14:09

fox0923 发表于 2011-11-24 00:29
精练Analysis：This problem is a complete conditional argument containing conditionalpremises and a c ...

(28411-!-item-!-188;#058&003617)

For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city. There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving. The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?

(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings. irrelevant
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust. irrelevant
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another. Most relevant
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation. Less direct.
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site. irrelevant

作者: m1nt 时间: 2013-9-2 14:50
1. 40’
Pre: place high tax-negative technology innovation-fall behind international races
Con: nation wants to maintain, needs to have highest tax
Weaken

2. 25’
Pre: urban grow slower than rural because of sd
Con: greenhouse no sd, urban grow slower than rural
Evaluation: other reasons lead to the result
ABCE 无关
D 正确

3.30’
Pre: paint markings will make drivers to see curves and judge position easier
Con: after painted, more accident
Explanation:
ABCD无关
E right

4. 20’
Pre: meat consumption increase, it takes grains to make meat
Con: income increase, grain production wont, import either grain or meat
Assumption: consumption of grain wont decrease
E right

5. 30’
Pre: no parking- idle- exhaust as much as driving
Con: provide parking, damage will diminish
Support: drive to parking place wont take long time to exhaust
A.B 不在讨论范围
C right
D 无关

作者: meckyona 时间: 2013-9-13 23:23
逻辑链 DEEC

我居然也有做全对的时候！！但是最后两个是记得答案啦

作者: lyrsilvia 时间: 2013-9-14 17:09
B DEEC
1.56'（第一遍没读懂又读了一遍...）
P: high tax on income has negative incentive for technological innovation and leads nations fall behind in the international arms race
C: to maintain value system and way of life, one nation must not allow highest tax to exceed 30% of income
Support: 30% is effective; lose voice in world affairs will cause value system and way of life change
答案：B
(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent before taxation begins to deter inventors and industrialists from introducing new technologies and industries.-----------means even have 30% tax, the innovation will not be hurt. weaken
(B) Making a great deal of money is an insignificant factor in driving technological innovation.---------means high tax will not drive the technological innovation. support the low tax policy
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race does not necessarily lead to a strategically less advantageous position.------------high tax will not affect the advantageous position, means the value and the life style will not definitely change
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world community do not necessarily suffer from a threat to their value system or way of life.-----------means no need to worry about tax will change the value and the life style. weaken
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its technological edge, especially as concerns weaponry, would be foolish rather than merely a historical accident.CORRECT
===============================================================
错选了B，错将B中的Making a great deal of money的主体理解成了government，这里如果主体是individuals的话，那么就说明low tax 也不能generate high innovation，of course weaken(如何判断主体呢？？难道是直觉......)
E的意思是the actual reason the nation ends up in a disadvantageous position is not critical. It could be either foolishness or historical accident.相当于是irrelevant的选项，自然not weaken
===============================================================
2. 28'
P: sulfur dioxide: urban> rural
C: urban trees grow slowly than rural trees in greenhouse.(means caused by the different in the sulfur dioxide)
Evaluate: sulfur dioxide is the only reason for the different grow rate?
答案：D
(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.-------where is the school does not affect the greenhouse and the result
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.-----------the comparison between trees inside and outside the greenhouse is irrelevant
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.----------what the class size is irrelevant
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.-----------maybe it is not the different in sulfur dioxide but the amount of light. CORRECT
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.-------it is not saying about whether sulfur dioxide is the only causes. it just illustrate the different air filters. and this statement cannot guarantee whether sulfur dioxide is the only causes.

3. 25'
P: clear edge marking seem to be a useful contribution to road safety
C: after painted marking, the accident rate increased
Explain: more cars drive in the road
答案：E
(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads.-------what GC has does not matter the accident after painted
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.---------bad weather will affect every road. the higher accident rates are not explained
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.-----------history high accident rate does not explain the higher rates after the painted
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles.--------------what detail about the accident can not explain the higher rates. veering off 难道rates一定大于collision?
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.----------CORRECT. means painted makes safer, but because more driving, accident rates will rise

4. 32'
P: income↑ meat consumption↑several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat
C: G will have to import either grain or meat or both
Assumption: grain consumption will not reduce
答案：E
(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease.--------取非, acreage not decrease. this does not strengthened the conclusion about the import
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.---------the percentage of incomes spent on food is not discussed
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.--------this is just the premise. 取非不support the conclusion
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers.----------the comparison between meat producers and the grain producers is not the case
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain.-----------if not decrease grain consumption, the import of grain or meat or both will be necessary to meet the demand of all people; if decrease grain consumption, maybe there are enough grains for G to produce the growing meat consumption.CORRECT

5. 36'
P: idling produces as much exhaust as driving
C: parking accommodates a third of the tour buses, damage from exhaust will diminish significantly
Support: parking did less the exhaust
答案：C
(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.--------few automobiles are not discussed and are irrelevant to the buses
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.----------other threat is irrelevant to the reduction of buses' exhaust
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.-------means three-quarter of time is idling-->if park, will reduce three-quarter of exhaust-->significantly diminish the exhaust threats.CORRECT
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation.----------how tourists come to P is irrelevant. "more" is too vague to be justified
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.----------"some" is too vague to be justified. even they park, it will significantly diminish the threat?

作者: xyinghe 时间: 2013-9-18 09:24
1-5:
1. 42s
B: high tax → negative tech innovation → fall behind
P: historical accident/foolishness of political leadership → disadvantageous position
C: not all highest tax > 30% → maintain value system

Weaken: 30%不算高

Key (weaken except): B (E)

2. 32s
B: SO2: urban> rural
Plants grow: urban < rural
P: grow plants in greenhouses and filter the air to eliminate SO2
C: plants grow: urban < rural

Evaluate: 要看SO2对植物生长快慢的影响

Key: B (D)

3. 25s
B: edge markings helps driving
C: implanted edge marking in G → annual accident rate increased

Explain: 车多了

Key: E

4. 23s
B: Gort: delf-sufficient in G & M
P1: per capita income increase → per capita consumption of M increase
P2: nG=1M
C: per capita income keep rising + G production keep the same → import G or M or both

Assumption: 吃肉多了，吃粮食没减

Key: E

5. 27s
B: building was damaged by exhaust from tour bus
P: little parking space → buses idle at the curb → produce exhaust
C: provide parking spots → exhaust will diminish

Support: 停车时间短，大部分车都能停

Key: C

作者: manqianchen 时间: 2013-9-19 19:15
{精练}
5. Politician: All nations that place a high tax on
income produce thereby a negative incentive
for technological innovation, and all nations in
which technological innovation is hampered
inevitably fall behind in the international arms
race. Those nations that, through historical
accident or the foolishness of their political
leadership, wind up in a strategically
disadvantageous position are destined to lose
their voice in world affairs. So if a nation wants
to maintain its value system and way of life, it
must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed
30 percent of income.
P1: high tax on cime produce a negative incentive for tech innovation, which would let the nation fall behind. Those nations that, hrough historical
accident or the foolishness of their political
leadership, wind up in a strategically
disadvantageous position are destined to lose
their voice in world affairs.
C: if a nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life, it must not allow its highest tax braket to exceed 30%
high tax - deter tech inno - fall behind - strategically disadvantageous position - lose their voice
correct: E
all the others attached one of the premise

Each of the following, if true, weakens the
politician’s argument EXCEPT:
(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.

{PREP逻辑链练习}

17. (27669-!-item-!-188;#058&003302)

Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas. In an experiment to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide, classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide.

lants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
p1:Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas.
p2: classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide,

lants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.

Which of the following, if true, would it be most important to take into account in evaluating the result?
correct: A
C: irrelevant
D: explain the diff not caused by sulfer

(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.
we dont compare plants in greenhouse and out of it in the same location
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.

18. (27717-!-item-!-188;#058&003330)

Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges.  Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor, and would therefore seem to be a useful contribution to road safety.  However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in accident rate?
correct: E

(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads.
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles.
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.

19. (27995-!-item-!-188;#058&003473)

Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat. However, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.  Therefore, since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
P1:  G has been narrowly self sufficient in grain and meat. as per capita consumption of meat rise towards the world average, it takes serveral pounds of grain to produce one pound of meant
C: since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
correct: E
BD: irrelevant
C: if not rising at the same rate, conclusion could still be true

(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease.
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers.
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain.

20. (28411-!-item-!-188;#058&003617)

For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city.  There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.  The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.
P1: RB has been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that are idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving (because there is little parking space)
C

amage to RB wil diminish since the city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?

correct: B
(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.
weaken
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation.
irrelevant
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.
weaken

作者: 览物之情 时间: 2013-10-7 04:06
10月6号
1 题干39s
premise. Politician: All nations that place a high tax on
income produce thereby a negative incentive
for technological innovation, and are destined to lose
their voice in world affairs.

Conclusion: if a nation wants
to maintain its value system and way of life, it
must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed
30 percent of income.
因果推理：结论是必要条件，weaken只要证明不必要就好。
Each of the following, if true, weakens the
politician’s argument EXCEPT:

(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent before taxation begins to deter inventors and industrialists from introducing new technologies and industries. 成立
(B) Making a great deal of money is an insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.  说明因果无联系 weaken

(C) Falling behind in the international arms race does not necessarily lead to a strategically less advantageous position. 说明因果无联系 weaken
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world community do not necessarily suffer from a threat to their value system or way of life. 说明因果无联系 weaken
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than merely a historical accident. Correct 与结论无关

2 30S
Background : Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas.
Purpose of the plan:  to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide
Plan: classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide. lants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.

Which of the following, if true, would it be most important to take into account in evaluating the result。
相关因果Cq1 相关性 CQ2它因导致CQ3中间因素。
P what factors will influence the result most about sulfer dioxide.任何改变变量的因素

(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.无关
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.无关
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school. 这个也影响了变量并且直接和试验有关 correct.

3 32s
Background: Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges.
Premise: Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor.
Conclusion: to be a useful contribution to road safety.

Outcome: However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.

现象解释
P maybe more cars on the road
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in accident rate? E

(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads. 不能解释矛盾。
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night. 不能解释矛盾。
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads. 不能解释矛盾。
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles. 不能解释矛盾。
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so
correct.

4 30s
Background:Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat.
Premise: However, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.

Conclusion: since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
因果推理CQ1因果联系CQ2一因多果。P the rise in meat consumption does not reduce the consumption of grain.
Which of the following is an assumption取非会weaken结论 on which the argument depends?

(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease. 就算不减少也可能要进口
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case. 无关
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels. 就算不是也不影响结论
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers. 无关
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain. 如果取非会影响结论 correct.

5 29s
Background: buildings have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses
Premise:There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.  The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses
Conclusion:so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.
因果推理因果联系
P the damage is largely because of the exhaust
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?

(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.       weaken
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.       Correct 加强因果联系
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another. 无挂
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation. 无关
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site. 无关。

作者: w.melhere 时间: 2013-10-18 19:39
1. 40'
2. 50' 花了这么久读题，结果还是选错了。虽然看了NN们的讲解多少明白点，但还是觉得这题本身有点不按套路出题。伤脑筋~
3. 34'
4. 36'
5.46' 这个也错啦，都怪自己怕看有数字的题，根本没有仔细分析1/4，就快快选了无关的C. 面壁去！！！

作者: 花生张 时间: 2013-10-20 22:14
计时：45S
逻辑链：
a high tax on income --- a negative incentive for technological innovation-- fall behind in the international arms race--- in a strategically disadvantageous position--- lose their voice in world affairs.
Conclusion: So if a nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life, it must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30 percent of income.
推测：weaken except?
这个不知道怎么预测。。。。直接看选项吧
选项分析：选E
A 结论是不能超过30%，选项说超过45%才会阻碍创新，削弱
B 攻击前提削弱
C 攻击前提，削弱
D 攻击前提，削弱
E 无关

计时：60S
逻辑链：Urban sulfur dioxide> rural air
plants in cities <plants in rural areas.
classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide.
urban < rural
推测：evaluating?
土壤？水质？空气中其他物质？
选项分析：选D
A 无关，比较的是农村和城市，而不是城市的不同地区
B 城市与农村的植物的比较，而不是与第三种植物的比较
C 不影响结论
D 阳光照射时间不同，第三因素保留
E 涉及实验中的因素保留
D E比较，D对结论的影响更大一点，filter change频繁一点，对plants的生长影响也没有阳光大

计时：36 S
逻辑链：marking benefits drivers----road should be paint ---H, annual accidents increase
推测： explain?
会不会因为有了路标，司机反而没有以前那么集中注意力了？
选项分析：选E
A 无关
B 涉及原因，保留
C 无关
D 跟标志无关
E 解释了原因，保留
B E比较，B difficlut在有无marking之前都存在，所以跟marking无关，选E
计时：29S
逻辑链：per capita income increase—consumption of meat increase-- takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat--- per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase--import either grain or meat or both.
推测：assumption?
为什么要进口粮食？直接进口肉就好啦
选项分析：选E
A 无关
B 无关
C 无关
D 无关
E 粮食消费下降了，就能把多余的粮食用在生产肉了，就不用进口啦

计时：32S
逻辑链：汽车乱停排气造成遗址损害---把三分之一的汽车集中起来停放---damage会减少
推测：support
三分之一的停车位够用
选项分析：选A
A 剩下的没有停车位的车影响不大，保留
B 结论说的是buses’ exhaust will diminish 而不是所有的damage
C 无关
D 文章说的是tour buses,跟其他交通工具无关
E drive around也会exhaust, 削弱

作者: cecidefok 时间: 2013-10-25 20:58
精练题
Premise: 国家对收入征高税会对科技创新造成消极影响;
         科技创新受阻的国家会在国际上落后;
         在国际上受阻(通过historical accident或幼稚的political leadership),会在国际事务上失去影响力
Conclusion:国家要保持value system和way of life-------->不能使tax bracket超过收入的30%

问非削弱(无关或加强)
答案E

17.
fact set:城市空气中得SO2含量高于农村空气,城市的植物比农村的长得慢
         某研究因SO2导致生长速率快慢的研究中,城市学校和农村学校的班级在温室中种植物,并将空气中的SO2滤去
         在城市温室气体中的植物生长得更慢
问evaluate
选B

18.
选E 因为有了marking,更多人愿意在晚上开车,但晚上开上车更危险,更容易出意外

19.
P:G在肉和小麦方面一直narrowly自给自足
个人收入上升到世界平均水平,个人肉消费上升到世界平均水平,X grain=1 meat
个人收入还在上升,国内小麦生产不会上升
C:G很快要进口grain或肉,或两者都要
问assumption
推测:个人收入上升,需要相应的meat或grain的消费上升
选B

20.
选E

作者: 紫星当空 时间: 2013-11-5 22:01
5 47秒
P 高税收的国家阻碍技术革新最终在世界的话语权
C 税收不超过30%才能保持价值和生活方式
预测：税收低的国家有可能会经济低迷也会失去话语权，生活方式价值
ACD削弱
B正确，没涉及making money的事吧
E不知道

17 46秒
预测：过滤了sulfur dioxide是否会在次出现
选D削弱和加强两方面作用，
A只起加强作用
B无关比较和outside the green house 的数没关系
CE无关比较

18 36秒
P painted markings along edges会减少事故
C creatwater country painted以后事故率上升了
预测，画上之后，司机开车不小心了
A重复事
B与bad weather 无关
C无关比较
D无关比较
E削弱，来这条路上的人多了———事故率上升

19 56秒
P per capital income 上升消费meat和grain上升
C国内grain 不上升，很快要进口grain或meat或都有
预测：
E取非后削弱，减少的grain用去生产meat，什么都不需要进口
A无关
B无关
C无关
D无关比较

20 42秒
P汽车排出的废物破坏了建筑
C 间个停车场会大量减少破坏
预测大量汽车排出的物质会造成建筑物中的什么破坏
B正确
A 削弱
CD无关比较
E无关

作者: yuehuasunday 时间: 2013-11-6 15:40
1-4

1. (5)
Background: Politician: high tax on income result in negative incentive for technology innovation.

Premise: nations will high taxes will fall behind

Conclusion: if a nation wants to maintain its way of life, it must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30% of income.

(A) weakens on the 30% argument
(B) weaken
© go against the argument
(D) weaken
(E) Correct

2. (17)

Background: Plants in the city grew slower compare to the plants in rural areas.

Premise: an experiment for rural and urban schools:

Conclusion: Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse

(A) unrelated
(B) unrelated
© unrelated
(D) CORRECT
(E) unrelated

3. (18)

background: many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges.

premise: THe markings would help the drivers

Conclusion: accident rate increased slightly

(A) mentioned above, unrelated
(B) unrelated
© doesn't explain the increase
(D) doesn't explain the increase
(E) Correct

4. (19)

Background: Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat

Premise: the consumption of meat is rising

Conclusion: Gortland will soon have to import grain or meat

(A) not a good assumption
(B) unrelated
© unrelated
(D) unrelated
(E) Correct

5. (20)

Background: Exhaust damage buildings

Premise: the buses have to idled at the curb

Conclusion: parking lot accommodates a third of the tour buses, so the damage to building will diminish significantly

(A) unrelated
(B) doesn't support the argument
© Correct
(D) unrelated
(E) wrong

作者: irenetopia 时间: 2013-11-18 13:38
{精练}3:00……还做错了，我的做题时间简直是让我很想打自己，提高阅读量加油！！！
5. Politician: All nations that place a high tax on
income produce thereby a negative incentive
for technological innovation, and all nations in
which technological innovation is hampered
inevitably fall behind in the international arms
race. Those nations that, through historical
accident or the foolishness of their political
leadership, wind up in a strategically
disadvantageous position are destined to lose
their voice in world affairs. So if a nation wants
to maintain its value system and way of life, it
must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed
30 percent of income.

Each of the following, if true, weakens the
politician’s argument EXCEPT:
P：tax高——innnovation下降——竞赛落后——处于不利地位——因为这些愚蠢的领导或者历史原因——最终导致没有地位啊弱国无外交
C：因此要控制tax在30%以下
问 weaken except

(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.——weaken了
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.——weaken了推论
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.——同B，weaken了推理
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.——同B
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.——这是正确答案，一开始我实在不知道选什么，所以选的D……求高人讲解

{PREP逻辑链练习}

1:24min

Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas.  In an experiment to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide, classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide.  lants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.

Which of the following, if true, would it be most important to take into account in evaluating the result?
逻辑链：urban的二氧化硫含量比rural的高——urban的植物长得比rural的慢
为了证明这个是不是二氧化硫的原因我们做了实验，就是把植物放在没有二氧化硫的地方培育——结果是urban的比rural的更慢
问评估，就是求解释
思路：说明不是二氧化硫的原因，会有别的影响到了

(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.——不管你们的事，排除
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.——也不管实验的事情，排除
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.——实验大小跟长得慢没有关系啊，排除
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.——bingo！他因，阳光的照射，而且逻辑链长得很严谨
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.——过滤器的转换不影响二氧化硫渗入温室就可以看了，管你换的快不快

18. 1:21min

Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges.  Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor, and would therefore seem to be a useful contribution to road safety.  However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in accident rate?
逻辑链：小路无边线——边线可以让司机更好的定位——更安全——但是当画了边线以后——交通事故反而多了
问explain
思路：因果因为划了线——所以安全——但现在不安全，找可以改变因的一个因素

(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads——说路的属性，无关.
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.——说天气的属性，无关
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.——这个是划线前后都会有的，排除
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles.——一条线和两条线有啥区别……排除
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.——bingo！划线导致对司机的影响，从而导致交通事故

19. 1:48min

Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat. However, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.  Therefore, since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
逻辑链：这个地方不缺肉和粮——人收入上升了——人均消费肉上升了—（—般好多磅粮食换肉）——所以如果人均收入再上升，产量还不上升就要进口肉和粮了
问假设
思路：人均消费肉上升了，粮有没有上升呢？如果粮没有上升甚至下降了，就不用进口粮了

(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease.——无关
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.——质疑了前提，weaken了
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.——重复前提假设，不要
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers.——weaken
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain.——bingo！取非，如果粮需求没有下降，直接不用进口了。

20. 1:21min

For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city.  There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.  The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?

逻辑链：P这个地方的建筑被尾气污染严重——因为没有停车的地方所以旅游车到处转排放尾气——所以现在给三分之一的旅游大巴提供停车位——酱紫就能降低尾气污染
问加强
思路：为什么会有三分之一，而不是全部呢，选项中可能会提到这个，因为这个数字有点奇怪，一般的话停车位少与停车数量却能降低某个隐患的可能就是，高峰期问题和平均停车时间问题

(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.——和automobile比较，无关
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.——跟原文结论没有相关性
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.——bingo！因为旅游车变化的快，更替快，所以1/3的可以满足了！
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation.——这是weaken啊
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.——重复前提

作者: sissiyu 时间: 2013-12-4 22:57
6. 44s E
逻辑链：high tax - negative incentive for technological innovation --> fall behind  lose voice in world affairs => 一个国家要保持value system and way of life，税收就不能超过收入的30%
问不是削弱
A. 直接削弱条件，税率不到45%是不会影响inventors and introducing new technologies and industries
B. 直接削弱条件，赚很多钱不是影响technological innovation的决定因素
C. 直接削弱条件，落后不一定会导致strategically less advantageous position
D. 直接削弱条件，一个国家的世界影响力降低不一定会suffer a threat to value system or way of life
E. 正确，无关选项
17. 37s E
逻辑链：sulfur dioxide: urban > rural; plant growth speed: urban < rural; 在温室里面做实验，过滤掉SO2 => 生长速度还是urban < rural
A. 削弱，urban school周边含SO2量少，urban和rural差距应该有所减小的
B. 正确，实验室里面两个地方植物的生长的速度都变快了
C. 跟实验室的大小无关
D. 跟光无关
E. 跟换air filters的频繁率无关
18. 33s D
逻辑链：clear edge markings可以让drivers认清路况，尤其是在可见度不高的情况下 => GC放上了edge markings之后事故发生率反而增高了，是因为？？？
A. 无关，跟其本身的narrow, winding roads无关，这个在设置前后条件是相同的
B. 正确，天气情况对edge markings的可见性也有影响
C. 引入无关因素，其他路面信息
D. 无关
E. 引入无关因素
19. 33s E
逻辑链：G国刚刚好自给自足grain and meat，随着收入的增加人们吃肉越来越多了，several pounds of grains才成a pound of meat => 随着收入增加，生产grain的量不增加，G国就要进口食物了
A. 引入无关因素total acreage devoted to grain production
B. 是正推而不是反推
C. 题目算的是平均，跟每个人增长的rate无关
D. 跟meat和grain producers的income无关
E. 正确，消耗肉的量增加的同时，消耗grain的量不减少
20. 35s C
逻辑链：P国的文艺复兴时期的建筑被tour buses的尾气给损坏了，因为没有停车的地方，很多buses就idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, idling会产生跟行驶一样多的废气 => P国现在在建停车场，damage就会大幅减少
A. 正确，前提是增加了buses的停车点，automobiles的停车点会减少，automobiles所产生的废气不会threat P国的buildings
B. 引入无关因素other than engine exhause
C. 无关
D. 跟人们喜好乘坐的交通工具无关
E.

作者: goodluck22 时间: 2014-3-1 00:17
Premise: All nation placed high tax -> negative impact for tech-> fall behind world race->lose voice in world affair
Conclusion: maintain values system and life -> must not allow tax >30% of income
Prephrase:
E. Correct Irrelevant

Premise: sulfur dioxide : urban> rural growth rate: rural> urban
Conclusion: urban grew more slowly than rural.
Prephrase: other factors cause the plant grow slowly.
A. Irrelevant. Because it said it grew at greenhouse free of sulfur
B. Irrelevant
C. Experiment size is irrelevant
D. Correct
E. Irrelvenat

Background: Most small road don’t paint markings
Premise: clear edge make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves, and therefore seem to be a useful contribution to road safety
Conclusion: GC country road paint its narrow road , accident increase
Prephrase:
A. background
B. Irrelevant
C. Don’t explain why will higher
D. Don’t explain why accident increase, just mention that the type of the accident
E.    Correct explain  the reason .

Background: G self sufficient in meat and grain
Premise: Per capita income increase -> per capita consumption of meat also has risen. Several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat
Conclusion: income continues to rise, domestic grain will not increase. G will  soon import either meat or brain
  Prephrase: people eat meat will continue to eat grain
   E correct

Background: building in Palitito have been damage by exhaust from many tour buses.
Premise: little parking space so most of buses have idled at curb during each stop on their tour
Conclusion: new parking . exhaust will diminish
Prephrase: spend less time
A. Irrelevant
B. Other than OUT OF SCOPE
C. correct
D.    WAYS TO COME IRRELEVANT
E. IRRELEVANT

作者: cyndichiang 时间: 2014-4-3 14:27
精炼：
1.Conclusion::high tax---negative on innovation----fall behind the world---government loses voice in world affaira----nation cannot maintain its value system and way of life
Proposal:tax not exceeds the 30% of the income
Prephrase: 方案可行性：切断逻辑链：税率大小跟刺激革新没有关系，政府影响力跟人民生活和价值系统没有关系等等。。。（自己YY的）
方案副作用：低税率导致政府赤字，降低世界上公信力啊，导致政府不能提供社会福利，降低人民生活水平。。等等
(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.------weaken，说了控制在30%以内不可行
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.-------降低税率使企业有更多钱，但是更多钱不能导致革新，因此削弱
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.----切断了fall behind the world--government loses voice in world affairs这条逻辑链
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.-------切断government loses voice in world affaira----nation can maintain its value system and way of life这条逻辑链
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.----------Correct.支持作者观点，也就是加强了high tax---negative on innovation这条逻辑链

逻辑链
2. 46‘’
Premise:SO2 are more in urban than in rural
Premise: a experiment rules out SO2+???
Conclusion: plants in urban grow slower than those in rural
Prephrase:实验其他变量？？

3.26‘’
BG:Clear edge markings would make road safe.
Premise:G painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads
Conclusion:the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.
Q.Explain
Prephrase: clear edge marking 的其他特征，让人视线混乱分散注意力？
            它因：road safety与clear edge making 无关

4.34‘’
Premise: income↑―eat meat↑
         1 meat=n grain  and grain ----
Conclusion: import meat or both

5.37''
premise: idle cars produce emissions that harms the buildings
premise:providing parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses
Conclusion:damages to buildings drop significantly

作者: simonleo 时间: 2014-4-28 15:20
EBEEE
1.Time:46s
P:1. nations place a high tax on income prodece a negative incentive for technological innovation and thereby fall behind in the international arms race.
2.nations that wind up a disadvantageous position are destined to lose their voice in world affairs.
C: if a nation wants to matain its value system and way of life, it must not allow highest tax bracket to exeed 30 percent of income.
Prephrase:百分之三十也许很高了，百分之三十以下就不能maintain了

(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries. 可以削弱，说明了百分之三十的数据不对，超过百分之三十也不会阻止innovation
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation. countender，攻击了前提
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position. 也是对前提的逻辑链进行攻击但可以起到削弱作用
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life. 可以削弱
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident. 正解彻底无关

2. Time：1:10
P:1.Sulfur dioxide in urban is more than in rural.
Plants in urban grow more slowly in urban than in rural.
2.classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide.
The result is that plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
Prephrase:eliminate sulfur dioxide 有没有将两边的sulfur量变成一样多

(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.无关应该将urban的与rural的进行比较
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses. 正解如果在greenhouse里面的植物不管在urban还是rural长得都比在greenhouse外面生长的快则说明sulfur是对生长有影响的
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.规模无关
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside. 无关
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school. 无关讨论filter
错，没有很好地理解这题题干中evaluate的意思与作用。。。
B错在比较对象错误应该urban的和rural的进行比较
D 可以解释为什么城市里的greenhouse的plant长得慢可以用来evaluate这个结果。
这道题问的是对结论起到重要作用的一个考虑因素是什么？也就是这个因素会对实验的准确性起到影响。那D说的是城市里交通频繁，造成对greenhouse的玻璃的污染，遮住了光。
D. This answer choice provides a factor other than sulfer dioxide that may account for the slow growth in urban environments. This is important because it undermines certain potential conclusions that the classes might make concerning the relationship between sulfer dioxide and plant growth in urban and rural environments. 实验者发现在greenhouse里面城市比乡村长得还是要慢则potential conclusion可能是两者无关了就，则可以evaluate这个实验结果的即是他因解释这个长得慢的结果。则对这个结论来说很重要。

3 Time:35s
P: clear edge marking would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position , particurly when visibility is poor, and would therefore contribute to road safety.
Counter P: however, after G painted edged markings, the annual accident rate along those roads acturally increased slightly.
Pre:也许marking不clear ；accident rate稍微上涨不代表这些marking无作用，也许是总量下降，这条路的accident数量也许早已经大大减少，只是其他路段现在变得更少事故了。

(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads. 不能解释为什么装了mark以后还增加的事实
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night. 比较天气和夜晚，无关比较
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads. 不能解释为什么装了以后rate反而上升了
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles. 无关
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so. 正解可以解释有了mark以后这条路的车辆变多了则accident变多可以理解。

4.Time:59s
B:Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat.
P:1.per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average
2.per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average
3.it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.
Conclusion: the income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, G will soon have to import food
Prephrase:假设：per capita consumption of grain would not decrease.因为如果食用蔬菜的量减少了，就可以足够用来产meet 从而满足meet consumption 而不需要import

(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease. 取非以后grain production will not decrease，但是也不表示就增加，也许是不变的，则consumption不变生产不变，食肉增多，还是需要import
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.无关不考虑
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels. 无关
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers. 无关 income有什么关系
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain. 正解见pre

5 Time: 1:04
B:For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city.
P:There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.
C: The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.
Pre: 有c-e：认为有了parking，汽车就会停且关闭发动机不排放exhaust。

(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.无关
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.无关不考虑other pollution
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another. 印象中记得这是一个削弱选项但是不记得怎么可以削弱了自己理解 bus呆的时间都很短则即使有了parking也不需要停车即使停了也就呆很短时间，不能dimish significantly
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation. 无关只考虑bus
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site. 正解，可加强，当bus有了parking以后就不会闲晃了。

错选E，好像很久以前做也是错选了E。。。 C选项的意思完全理解错误。

ron大神的解释：

choice (c) provides the new information that the buses spend 3/4 of the total time - i.e., all the time that they don't actually spend transporting passengers - either parking or idling. since, according to the passage, most buses idle rather than park, this means that most buses spend 3/4 of their total time idling in front of historic buildings.

E.this statement doesn't help the argument at all, since we already know that, if the buses can't find parking, they either idle at the curb or drive around. since there is no difference in the amount of exhaust between idling and driving around, this statement doesn't have any effect.

in other words, here's how you should think about it: the issue in choice (e) is not parking vs. driving around. since this choice is talking about buses that can't find parking, the issue is actually driving around vs. idling -- which, as stated in the passage, works out identically either way in terms of pollution.

furthermore, note that the statement just says "some buses". generally, "some" is used to indicate a relatively small fraction of a group -- so, even if this statement were about something that had a statistical effect upon pollution (which it doesn't), it would still be a small effect.

E在一定程度上复述了premise，它说当汽车找不到parking时，他们就会driving around。前提说idling 产生exhaust， idling和driving产生的exhaust一样多。你说找不到parking所以driving，那修了parking 也可能can't find 啊。。。然后也会driving around。且本题着重点是idling产生很多exhaust，你说driving，那么修了parking，解决的像是parking方面的问题而不是ideling。
C选项，说汽车用来transport的时间很短，不到四分之一，则从侧面说明了idling的时间很长。则修了parking以后，汽车park了，就不idle，则可有效减少排放量

作者: 采药去 时间: 2014-10-21 12:00
精炼：
选E  【2'28】
p: high taxation--> fall behind;lose voice in world affairs
C: wants to maintain valuse system and way of life-->税收小于收入的30%

weaken except

A：早在税收deter 引进新科技和工业时，税收早就超45%了。
言下之意 p所言超过 30% 引起的negative effect是不成立的 weaken
B.weaken 他因 --赚钱才是硬道理
C.即使落后了也不会引起不利的position weaken-- weaken
D.失去了influence的国家，value sysytem 也不会被threaten--否定结果--weaken
E.correct

逻辑链
17.选D 【1'47】
BG: S 含量  city> rural ---> 植物生长速度 city< rural
Plan: 想找出到底s的含量对植物生长影响有多大
步骤：把植物放在完全等同的条件下，并且不要S进入--> 言下之意，比较的是（唯一变量是）城市的植物
和乡村的植物
evaluate
A.irrelevant
B.irrelevant
C.irrelevant
D. 关系到是否引入新变量 -光（长得慢可能不是因为植株的原因而是因为光）
E.根本不相关好吗  温室里的条件都是一样的

18.选E 【0'55】resolve  the paradox
situation 1:mark the road 可以减少事故率
situation 2: mark the road结果事故率居然上升了

推测  晕这个理由一看就是和安全带的理由一样啊  肯定就是因为有了mark以后没像以前那么小心了
A. 现在是在找刷了mark之后事故率每下降的理由， G有更多崎岖的山路，我去，难道刷了mark之后
这些个山路就消失了吗
B.无关
C.无关
D.无关

19.选E 【0'45】
BG：人均收入上升，人均消费肉的数量上升，好几磅grain才能换一磅肉
P: 人均收入继续上升，谷物产量不上升
C: 要进口grain or meat or both

明显有 gap --钱多了没谷物吃，不可以买点儿别的啊，多吃点肉要屎啊(说到这里忍不住义粪填膺啊！）
但是要问assumption
A.那谷物更少了但是却没有起到架桥的作用--irrelevant
B. irrelevant
C.irrelevant
D.irrelevant
E.正确多吃肉的同时谷物也不减少那两个都缺哦那产能跟不上是要进口了哦

[color=Red]20. 选E 【1'40】︿(￣︶￣)︿好几个单词不认识

at the curb 在路边
idle ['aɪdl]
adj. 闲置的；懒惰的；停顿的
vi. 无所事事；虚度；空转
vt. 虚度；使空转
exhaust  废气

BG: exhaust 破坏 building
P:很少的停车位，所以很多车就瞎转悠-->产废气
C:现在再多加些停车位，damage会减少
support;
A.weaken
B.building 只会被废气threat,不会被pollution污染--irrelevant
C.irrelevant
D.irrelevant
E.找不到停车位的就在城里头瞎转悠--就是你了！皮卡丘！

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不过正确答案是C？？？

纳尼？？

C，在P地transport的时候，花费少于1/4的时间，---》在P地的时间都少了废气也少了

E无法找到停车场说明排放依然不变，没有加强作用
不过对E还是不是很明白。。。望指教

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