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212. The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.

The best choice, A, offers an adjective phrase (aimed at 是形容词短语，不是动词过去分词) unequivocally modifying policy and exhibiting grammatical parallelism (decreasing... and improving). （名词+形容词短语，形容词短语修饰该名词）In choice B, the gerund the decreasing is not grammatically parallel with the infinitive to improve. Likewise, in C and D, the decreasing of... costs is not parallel with improving the efficiency. In E, the infinitives to decrease and to improve, while parallel, are less idiomatic than the prepositional phrase of decreasing... and improving in modifying the noun aim. （固定用法：with the aim of doing 错误用法：with the aim to ）Also, with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy. （？？？）

with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy. （？？？）

1这个介词结构前紧跟一个名词应该是修饰没有歧义的为何不对

类似的OG179 Native Americans , with their intimate knowledge of the ecology of the land ,修饰的就是前面的主语

with介词短语出现在句子后优先作状语修饰前句，OG179中with不是跟在句子后，而是跟在名词后，所以作定语修饰该名词；212/146都满足上述解释。

152. When the technique known as gene-splicing was invented in the early 1970's, it was feared that scientists might inadvertently create an "Andromeda strain," a microbe never before seen on Earth that might escape from the laboratory and it might kill vast numbers of humans with no natural defenses against it

我觉得with + n.放在句末，并且前面有逗号分隔的结构，既可以做独立结构为状语，也可以作逗号前的名词的定语。到底作什么成分，要根据句子意思。不能一概而论。

也可以理解为为了减少成本提高效率公司遵守一个政策也对

语法上的歧义如162E(e) by their parents in a child safety seat 117(a,b) a firm ..claim from a one-page writing sample that .. 256(a).the only eyewitness account of the great eruption of V in two letters to 火山在信里爆发,错

但146Cprove damage without another doctor’s testimony理解为修饰前面的damage

我知道是作为状语修饰谓语的但这样的理解是不是也是可行也算歧义呢

我认为你的观点，即：with优先作状语，但不排除在逻辑可行的条件下作定语的可能。我没有注意到40的这个例子，否则，我也会像你一样这样考虑。146C从逻辑上只能作状语。在实战中我会这样考虑，首先，如果有动词结构，我先考虑with作状语，如果从逻辑上讲不通，再考虑其作定语的可能。

1. The Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania affords the visitor with unequalled opportunities to photograph lions playing in trees without the aid of telephoto lenses.

(A) The Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania affords the visitor with unequalled opportunities to photograph lions playing in trees without the aid of telephoto lenses.

(B) The Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania permits the visitor unequalled opportunities to photograph lions playing in trees without the aid of telephoto lenses.

(C) The Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania gives the visitor the unequalled opportunity to photograph lions playing in trees without telephoto lenses.

(D) The visitor to the Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania has the unequalled opportunity to photograph lions playing in trees without the aid of telephoto lenses.（E）

(E) Even without the aid of telephoto lenses, the visitor to Tanzania’s Lake Manyara Park has an unequalled opportunity to photograph lions playing in trees.

D就认为是有歧义介词结构可能修饰狮子尽管从逻辑上是荒唐的当然从优选来说是可以得出答案

我就是想不通什么情况下认为是有歧义的什么情况下又没有 如146的C呢

这道题我认为如果without修饰damage的确是有歧义的，我们可以说：sb没有其他医生的证言，无法证明damage，但是我们不可能说某个damage缺乏其他医生的testimony。

歧义我认为就是逻辑上不匹配，搭配不合理，比如：I saw a bird with feather. 从逻辑上讲，你无法将句子理解为：我浑身长满羽毛，看到一只鸟。

The visitor to the Lake Manyara Park in Tanzania has the unequalled opportunity to photograph lions playing in trees without the aid of telephoto lenses.

另外OG中的所谓火山在信中爆发 ETS都认为是有歧义这根本不可能的啊

据OG来读：I saw a bird with feather. 从逻辑上讲，你无法将句子理解为：我浑身长满羽毛，看到一只鸟。也是歧义

关于“with”的用法，偶觉得“名词+with 短语”，with 短语优先修饰前面的名词，同理其它介词短语一样。

paopao的这题OG212，偶觉得关键不是with的用法，而是aim的用法问题，即词与词的逻辑搭配问题，这也是GMAT语法中的一个主要考点，典型的例子是OG234关于wavelength 是否可以 visible。

回过来说aim的问题，大全中同时考到的一个词是intention，他们的逻辑主语，更确切地说是施动者，一定是人或由人构成的组织等。所以ETS对OG212的解释会说容易修饰句子的主语，更关键是这个主语是人或其组成的机构，这里是company。

请参考大全中intention的两题：注意错误答案的设置几乎都一样！

73. Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.

(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves
(B) fund, the intention of which is to sustain the state’s economy after they have exhausted their oil reserves
(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted
(D) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves（C）
(E) fund that they intend to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted

955.Asset allocators create portfolios, often in the form of mutual funds, with the intention to turn in good results in both “bull” and “bear” markets.

(A) with the intention
(B) the intention of which is
(C) intended
(D) and intending（C）
(E) so intended as

名词aim 和 intention 与with的固定搭配都是 with the aim/intention of doing ，这里都设置成用 to！

天啊 stoneren 狮子那题我就是读了你的解释的我以为lion playing without ..是作为lion的定语呢

类似LES指出的例子我估计碰到过四题基本设置完全一样见到一次错一次所以极为必要把这个烦人的问题搞懂保证下一次见到它就能有把握

动词1+动词2 +without 可以理解为without短语作状语可以修饰动词1 也可以理解为修饰动词2

介词短词在句末主语…, N with /without 等介词短词,有可能歧义,介词短词可修饰主语作状语,也可修饰前面的名词作定语

1. aim作动词：aim to do sth / (be) aimed at doing sth. / aim for sth. (OG212)

We aim to finish by Friday. / an initiatives aimed at reducing road accidents. / We are aiming for a big improvement.

aim作名词：with the aim of doing sth. / aim of (with the aim to… 是错的！)

The aim of the research is to find new food sources. / a campaign with the aim of helping victims of crime.

同样：with the intention of doing sth. (with the intention to … 是错的！)

以下是引用icare1在2005-8-14 12:01:00的发言：

1. aim作动词：aim to do sth / (be) aimed at doing sth. / aim for sth. (OG212)

We aim to finish by Friday. / an initiatives aimed at reducing road accidents. / We are aiming for a big improvement.

aim作名词：with the aim of doing sth. / aim of (with the aim to… 是错的！)

The aim of the research is to find new food sources. / a campaign with the aim of helping victims of crime.

同样：with the intention of doing sth. (with the intention to … 是错的！)

They went into town with the intention of visiting the library.

为什么aim做名词就不能加to呢？金山糍粑上有例句：His aim was to swim a mile.

我理解你要区别的是ETS对“岐义”的定义，你提到的ETS的矛盾在于有时候只要存在两种不同的理解，不管是否符合逻辑都算岐义；有时候即使存在两种不同的理解，但是只要其中一种理解不合逻辑或常理，就不算岐义。前面的两个NN都没有弄清楚你真正目的，所以都只是就事论事，我也很希望能搞清楚ETS关于“岐义”的定义。

我也快被with/without修饰问题搞疯了, 正如楼上所说, 歧义到底是什么啊?为什么有时候明显是illogic的, ETS还说有这个歧义, 有时候又说因为不logic所以不存在歧义呢?(象绕口令一样...)

不过针对这个aim或者intention来说, les说的很有道理的说, 这2个词好像确实有一定的共性...

另外, og11里边已经没有说E选项的错误是有歧义了, 而是With the aim to is not the correct idiom；the correct idiom is with the aim of followed by an-ing form such as decreasing．难道ets认为前面说得有----问-----题?

1.是否人做主语只能用aim at doing; 而物做主语(如:plan,act,policy),就既可以用aim at doing,也可以用be aimed at doing.

2.前面有人说:be aimed at doing 可以省略掉be,我对此深表怀疑:

a.如果是修饰部分,例如:has followed a policy aimed at decreasing... OK没问题

b.如果是主句部分,例如:This plan is aimed at saving animals in the rain forests... be还可以省略???!!!

实在不明啊,请NN为我们系统总结一下.

求证中...

看了各位大侠的讨论，依然不懂啊，此题为什么不能选E??请NN指教，先谢过：）

以下是引用paopao在2004-7-17 3:23:00的发言：

212. The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.

(A) aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving

(B) aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve

(D) the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving（A）

(E) with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve

The best choice, A, offers an adjective phrase (aimed at 是形容词短语，不是动词过去分词) unequivocally modifying policy and exhibiting grammatical parallelism (decreasing... and improving).
（名词+形容词短语，形容词短语修饰该名词）In choice B, the gerund the decreasing is not grammatically parallel with the infinitive to improve. Likewise, in C and D, the decreasing of... costs is not parallel with improving the efficiency. In E, the infinitives to decrease and to improve, while parallel, are less idiomatic than the prepositional phrase of decreasing... and improving in modifying the noun aim.
（固定用法：with the aim of doing 错误用法：with the aim to ）Also, with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy. （？？？）

with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy. （？？？）

1这个介词结构前紧跟一个名词应该是修饰没有歧义的为何不对

类似的OG179 Native Americans , with their intimate knowledge of the ecology of the land ,修饰的就是前面的主语

2如果这题有歧义的话

另一题

146. A patient accusing a doctor of malpractice will find it difficult to prove damage if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify about proper medical procedures.

(A) if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify

(B) unless there will be another doctor to testify

(D) should there be no testimony from some other doctor（C）

(E) lacking another doctor to testify

C前面也有一个名词为何不说这题也有歧义呢

谢谢