119. For a television program about astrology, investigators went into the street and found twenty volunteers born under the sign of Gemini who were willing to be interviewed on the program and to take a personality test. The test confirmed the investigators’ personal impressions that each of the volunteers was more sociable and extroverted than people are on average. This modest investigation thus supports the claim that one’s astrological birth sign influences one’s personality.
Which one of the following, if true, indicates the most serious flaw in the method used by the investigators?
A. The personality test was not administered or scored personally by the investigators.
B. People born under astrological signs other than Gemini have been judged by astrologers to be much less sociable than those born under Gemini.
C. The personal impressions the investigators first formed of other people have tended to be confirmed by the investigators’ late experience of those people.
D. There is not likely to be a greater proportion of people born under the sign of Gemini on the street than in the population as a whole.
E. People who are not sociable and extroverted are not likely to agree to participate in such an investigation.
这道题的思路是否是因果倒逆？
120. In Europe, schoolchildren devote time during each school day to calisthenics. North American schools rarely offer a daily calisthenics program. Tests prove that North America children are weaker, slower, and shorter-winded than European children. We must conclude that North American children can be made physically fit only if they participate in school calisthenics on a daily basis.
Which one of the following is assumed in the passage?
A. All children can be made physically fit by daily calisthenics.
B. All children can be made equally physically fit by daily calisthenics.
C. Superior physical fitness produces superior health.
D. School calisthenics are an in indispensable factor in European children’s
E. North American children can learn to eat a more nutritious diet as well as to exercise daily.
题目的假设前提是：participate in school calisthenics 是 make children physically fit 的充分条件而非必要条件，我总认为相比之下，A更正确，虽然ALL导致的不完美。
Q120: "only if" indicates 充分必要条件．
D: "...calisthenics are an indispensable factor in EU children's fitness" inidcates calisthenics 是必要条件．Therefore, D is a necessary assumption.
Q119: 可以用"因果倒逆"思路来解．Not that the personality test confirmed the volunteers were more socialable, but because the volunteers were more socialable in the first place, they were selected for the personality test.
也可以用"它因"思路来接．The volunteers were more socialable not becaue of their astrology, but because of their own personal tendency.
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