文章： Some modern anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only human morphology but also human behavior. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that “come naturally” in archetypal situations in any culture. Our “frailties”—emotions and motives such as rage, fear, greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love—may be a very mixed assortment, but they share at least one immediate quality: we are, as we say, “in the rip” of them. And thus they give us our sense of constraints.
Unhappily, some of those frailties—our need for ever-increasing security among them—are presently maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes. We would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in order to understand how badly they guide us now. And we might then begin to resist their pressure.
题目： Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? (A) The ability of most people to see all the colors of the visible spectrum as against most people’s inability to name any but the primary colors (B) The ability of even the least fortunate people to show compassion as against people’s inability to mask their feelings completely (C) The ability of some people to dive to great depths as against most people’s inability to swim long distances (D) The psychological profile of those people who are able to delay gratification as against people’s inability to control their lives completely (E) The greater lung capacity of mountain peoples that helps them live in oxygen-poor air as against people’s inability to fly without special apparatus
It can be inferred that in this discussion of maladaptive frailties the author assumes that (A) evolution does not favor the emergence of adaptive characteristics over the emergence of maladaptive ones (B) any structure or behavior not positively adaptive is regarded as transitory in evolutionary theory (C) maladaptive characteristics, once fixed, make the emergence of other maladaptive characteristics more likely (D) the designation of a characteristic as being maladaptive must always remain highly tentative (E) changes in the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change
先来看第一题 第一题的题干我记得当时就看了不下五分钟，这个句子超麻烦。。现在的理解是这样的（当然也还不一定对） 于是这是一个类比题，需要找出与“details vs. constraints”关系相近的一组，并且是在human morphology方面。 解决类比题的方法就是找出关键词和逻辑关系。这个题目来说，就是各种human morphology 方面的constraints（身体形态方面的负环境）和human morphology方面的details（身体形态上的特征）。 注意我特别标红了“身体形态上的”这个定语，类比题里面，这些定语绝对是最容易出干扰选项的了。做题时，看到这个定语就应该有所警觉，什么心理上的、行为上的之类之类的特征细节，一律干掉。 如果你这么想了，那么恭喜你，就这一个理由，你就可以轻易地干掉A-D，直接扑到正确选项E。做题做到这里，就应该拍拍屁股做下一个题。 但毕竟是关乎重大的考试，而且这个考试特别特别贵，总有同学不放心。于是ta会看一看E选项是怎么说的。 "The greater lung capacity of mountain peoples that helps them live in oxygen-poor air as against people’s inability to fly without special apparatus" 不得不说这样做题是不对的，但是既然有需求，我们就看一看这句话。它说，“生活在山区的人的大的肺活量使得他们能在低氧情况下生存 vs. 人不借助工具就没法飞起来”。前者是人体形态上的一个小细节小特征，后者是人体形态方面的一个不足限制，恰好满足题目要求。 这里引用琦叔的一句话
好了来看第二个题 "Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes." 这句话说这些不适应性在各种东西的作用下，和阑尾一样，是生物进化的正常现象。 而ABCD选项都表现出（在某个方面）不正常，与文章相反，干掉。 扑倒E。 PS，第二问我当时就做错了，这里的解释也大体上是当时别人给我解释。还望大家一起讨论讨论。
第二题我做对了。我当时读的感觉就是，这些限制同时也是收到社会环境的影响，所以瞄了一眼ABCD不靠谱，就直接选E了。而且大家又没有发现，第二题回到原文，紧跟着就是一个被分解的七零八落的句子，能找到关键词cultural environment。所以回到原文找关键词也是十分重要的。作者: hexixi 时间: 2011-11-10 23:34
回复下，想看作者: wal615 时间: 2011-11-13 17:58 标题: ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????作者: wal615 时间: 2011-11-13 18:27 标题: 第一题的逻辑 The role those anthropologistsascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposingconstraints—ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that “come naturally” inarchetypal situations in any culture.文中出现details 和 constraints 也就这句了，这句是说行为上的，关键是他想表达一个啥意思？ 我感觉，作者想说的意思 evolution对于人们在behavior上的影响不是想我们想的那种细节引导，而是强加的限制。 而 E 中evolution对人的morphology的作用就是，细节的引导就是在高原的人肺部都发达（自然选择一点点进化来的），而强加的限制就是不能飞！
