introduce the last item in the list, which is sleeping in these constructions. 晕了，这句话读不懂
233. Recently implemented “shift-work equations” based on studies of the human sleep cycle have reduced sickness, sleeping on the job, fatigue among shift workers, and have raised production efficiency in various industries.
(A) fatigue among shift workers, and have raised
(B) fatigue among shift workers, and raised
(C) and fatigue among shift workers while raising
(D) lowered fatigue among shift workers, and raised（C）
(E) and fatigue among shift workers was lowered while raising
The best answer, C, grammatically states that the equations... have reduced x, y, and z. and have raised efficiency（大小平行，减少了X，Y and Z,增加了M）. Choices A and B fail to use and to signal that fatigue among shift workers completes the series begun by have reduced, and so produce awkward and unclear sentences. （一层平行的最后一项，一定要用and，不然平行不清且笨拙）Both D and E fail to use and to introduce the last item in the list, which is sleeping in these constructions. In E, while raising has no logical referent, producing only the absurd statement that fatigue has raised efficiency. （？？？？while+doing,中间省略了主语+be动词，一见while要找出逻辑主语，若有两种可能，则歧义）（while从句的主语和主句主语相同，可简化为while引导的分词结构:只要主语相同，并不需要前句的谓语也是be动词）
In E, while raising has no logical referent, producing only the absurd statement that fatigue has raised efficiency.
是否一见while 就需要找它的逻辑主语 E感觉应该理解为有歧义吧
如果这题中E 前面有逗号 while raising 是否就有logical referent
另一题
OG 178
178. In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have risen dramatically.
(A) sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have
(B) sentences, performing specific jobs that benefit the public while being allowed to remain unconfined, have
(C) sentences, performing specific jobs beneficial to the public while they are allowed to remain unconfined, have
(D) sentences which allow them to remain unconfined in their performing of specific jobs beneficial to the public has（E）
(E) sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has
答案是EE) sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has
为何不说while 逻辑指代不清
stoneren 班主的解释是
D的错误首先在于in their performing中的performing，虽然performing可以在一些时候作名词，但是，此处，明显是performance作名词更合理；E中，你提到的问题我想可以用逻辑性进行排除，sentences-allow在逻辑上合理，sentences-performing specific jobs显然不合理，perform jobs的主语应该是人。另：逻辑性排除其实很抽象，但是在阅读OG时会遇到很多例子，尤其是定从和分词作定语的句子中，整理一下这些句子并比较，会在这个方面有所收获。
那么据此 OG233的while的逻辑意思来讲 只可能是on studies of the human sleep cycle raising 不可能是fatigue
谢谢
og 233 while 的逻辑主语是“shift-work equations”（句只主语）而不是fatigue。
og178 while 的逻辑主语指代清楚，因为句子主语逻辑上不可是while 的动作发出。
只有当两个名词在逻辑上都可以做逻辑主语时，才会发生指代不清
解释得真好 明白了
谢谢allaneli 和stoneren
哦，我还想确定一下我的理解：
此题中的while是“与此同时”的意思，
例如这个句子： I was listening to the radia while i was in the bath.可以省略为：I was listening to the radio while in the bath.
而这句话：While you were out socialising I was at home working.就不能像刚才那个句子一样省略为：While out socialsing,I was at home work，是因为while 引导的部分的主语跟主句部分的主语一样是才可以省略，而这个句子主从句的主语不一样所以不能省，
所以反过来只要while从句主语省略，其逻辑主语肯定等于主句主语。由此得出233题E答案：and fatigue among shift workers was lowered while raising，while raising 的逻辑主语就是fatigue了
我的理解对吗？请指正，谢了！
这里的C选项的while raising是伴随结果吗？如果把A选项改成and fatigue among shift workers, and have raised 是不是更好？ have raised 和 have reduced做平行。
有没有NN出来帮助解释一下？
not NN..I agree with you partly...
1. ..have reduced...have raised...is a better parallel structure here.
2. I feel that if you add "and"
--> ..have reduced sickness, sleeping on the job, and fatigue among shift workers, and have raised...
somehow redundant! It would be better to insert "they" in the last structure to make this sentence clear.
--> have reduced sickness, sleeping on the job, and fatigue among shift workers, and THEY have raised production efficiently in various industries.
but the sentence is still redeundant!
Moreover, here "reduced" and "raised" pose contrasting meaning, "while" is prefer to "and" to express this sense.
hope this helps!
By the way, I have another question!
I thought "and" linking a parallel structure sometimes can be omitted if the two that "and" is linking together express same importance in the sentence...therefore the OG explanation about DE saying DE fail to use "and" to introduce the last item in the list, which is sleeping in these constructions..is contradicted to another OG's question (sorry can't find exact number now)
--a separate, required course
open to discussion....thanks~
i chose A for this reason to keep the parallrism between have reduced .. have raised...
is it because "and" before the last item in a serious of comparison is a must, and this rule always prevails?
Or because "while raising" express the comparison exactly? If yes, how can I notice this within limited time? tricky
Both D and E fail to use and to
introduce the last item in the list, which is sleeping in these constructions. 晕了，这句话读不懂
首先which is sleeping in these constructions是指last item吧。但sleeping 是列举中的第二项，fatigue才是last item啊？
i chose A for this reason to keep the parallrism between have reduced .. have raised...
is it because "and" before the last item in a serious of comparison is a must, and this rule always prevails?
Or because "while raising" express the comparison exactly? If yes, how can I notice this within limited time? tricky
i guess "and" in a serious of comparison does prevails! and now i guess especially when it is in a complex sentences serious.
finally got it!! that's where i got stuck
"..a required, separate course"....可以不用and 当两个一样重要时, 但是这里有3个平行啊!
大撤大雾
对于 BRISSA 提出的
Both D and E fail to use and to
introduce the last item in the list, which is sleeping in these constructions. 晕了，这句话读不懂
首先which is sleeping in these constructions是指last item吧。但sleeping 是列举中的第二项，fatigue才是last item啊？
因为D 接了lowered 动词, ...使句字变成 have reduce, lowered, and raised 在座平行了
所以sleeping on the job 就变成了第一个平行的last item
E 也是同理, and fatique among shift workers was lowered while raising production efficiency in varous industries 成了独立主格, 所以 sleeping on the job 在此也是last item 喽!!
E接着用 and fatigue
Both D and E fail to use and to
introduce the last item in the list, which is sleeping in these constructions. 晕了，这句话读不懂
首先which is sleeping in these constructions是指last item吧。但sleeping 是列举中的第二项，fatigue才是last item啊？
我觉得这里应该这样理解， 在E选项中，fatigue这里一项已经变成了完整的句子并且用and 隔开，说明前面只有两项平行， sickness and sleeping on the job.而这里和separated, special course 不一样，separated 和speical 都是用来修饰course,相当于两个修饰成份，sickness 和 sleeping on the job 是两个单独的个体，一定要用and连接
不知道这样的解释对不对？
Both D and E fail to use and to
introduce the last item in the list, which is sleeping in these constructions. 晕了，这句话读不懂
首先which is sleeping in these constructions是指last item吧。但sleeping 是列举中的第二项，fatigue才是last item啊？
D中是have reduced,(have) lowered,and (have) raised并列，说明前面只有sickness和sleeping并列，则他们两个之间要加and连接
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