Q32
At the annual stockholders meeting, investors heard a presentation on the numerous challenges facing the company, including among them the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar paten-infringement suit and the declining sales for the company’s powerful microprocessor chip.
A. including among them the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar paten-infringement suit and the declining sales for
B. which includes the threats of a rival’s multibillion-dollar paten-infringement suit and declining sales of
C. included among these the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar paten-infringement suit as well as a decline in sales for
D. among them the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar paten-infringement suit and the decline in sales of
E. among these the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar paten-infringement suit as well as the decline in sales of
虽然通过排除，选择D。但是感觉D的用法还是有点怪怪的。
challenges..., 介词(among) + 代词（them）＋两项列举
这属于什么结构呀？
不解中，请指点！多谢！
D中among them是作同位修饰作用的，them指代challenges；among them A and B可以理解为：A and B among them；
A错在including无论是修饰主句(语法上应该修饰主句)还是就近名词company都不合理，而且include / among语义重复；
B错在定从指代company错；
C错同A，且these不能单独指代；
E错在these不能单独指代；
此外，the declining sale是不精确的表达，通常被the decline in sale取代；其他的小错误，如：threat from不复合习惯，and/as well as的区别，还有C中a decline in中的a使用不当。
Storener, you are such an expert!! You really have gotten very sharp eyes!!!
I agree 介词(among) + 代词（them）＋两项列举 同位Yu
In addtion, I would like to add: among them, not among these
我觉得这里A中的among them A and B不是同位语，是独立主格----among them A and B相当于A and B among them（因为A，B太长了，所以移到后面去），是名词+介词形式的独立主格。
请指正。
"谢谢stoneren解惑，记下了。不过我还是不很明白：如果是challenges的同位语，就应该等同于challenges，而不应该是sth among challeges."
这里就是等同于challenges, 只是challenges中的2中，所以among them.
此外，the declining sale是不精确的表达，通常被the decline in sale取代；其他的小错误，如：threat from不复合习惯，and/as well as的区别
石兄：LONGMAN的例句
threat from
According to the Secretary of State, the Russians face no threat from an expanded NATO.
He says his family received phone threats from the group.
另外，我觉得the sales for 应该是错的。
请指教。
among them + n.+n. and nothing after that, feel so odd
The idiomatic way is "among whom are the threart from ... + ...." or "among them are the threat from..." but it has to be used after a semicolon
石兄：LONGMAN的例句
threat from
According to the Secretary of State, the Russians face no threat from an expanded NATO.
He says his family received phone threats from the group.
应该是received.....from....
Q32
At the annual stockholders meeting, investors heard a presentation on the numerous challenges facing the company, including among them the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar paten-infringement suit and the declining sales for the company’s powerful microprocessor chip.
A. including among them the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar paten-infringement suit and the declining sales for
B. which includes the threats of a rival’s multibillion-dollar paten-infringement suit and declining sales of
C. included among these the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar paten-infringement suit as well as a decline in sales for
D. among them the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar paten-infringement suit and the decline in sales of
E. among these the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar paten-infringement suit as well as the decline in sales of
楼上的，蓝字是你加上去的吗？
1、including 前面有逗号，有两个作用，一方面作逗号前面的修饰语；另一方面，可以作为状语。stoneren是对的。
2、which如果可以修饰中心词，那么它的谓语为什么还用单数形式？
thank you. I agree with your first opinon but I still think that "which" represents Challenges, instead of company. so that is to say, "Challenges" includes threats, and declines, otherwise, "company" could not include threats and declines. there are a lot of examps found in OG and gwd.
有个疑惑：
指示代词不能单独指代，为什么在比较结构中，我们通常用that或those来指代前述事物？
本题d选项them觉得不爽，指代无生命物；用those呢，是否正确？
盼解！
我认为among them the threat of .... and the decline in sales of .....是倒装后的独立主格，而独立主格是可以还原为正常的句子的，还原后即是 (and) the threat of .... and the decline in sales of.... are among them.
而同位语则是起解释说明主语/宾语的，翻译过来就是“宾语，which is XXX（同位语）”--“什么东东是什么东东”。那么这句话如果要按同位语来解释的话，就是：“numerous challenges which are among them the threat of .... and the decline in sales of .....”而后面两项东东实际是包含在challenges中，逻辑意思上说不通。
一起讨论。
答案没问题,这题我想请教关于A,
分词修饰问题 (撇开其他错误不谈)
including在这里,是否能作状语修饰前面的challenges facing company这个结构?
还是只能作为整句话的伴随或结果?
谢谢
偶觉的是修饰investors heard....这个主句的
在主谓宾结构中，S+V+O，doing........doing优先修饰主句主语
希望对上楼所帮助
GWD-8-Q32:
At the annual stockholders meeting, investors heard a presentation on the numerous challenges facing the company, including among them the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the declining sales for the company’s powerful microprocessor chip.
A. including among them the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patentinfringement suit and the declining sales for
B. which includes the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and declining sales of
C. included among these the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patentinfringement suit as well as a decline in sales for
D. among them the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the decline in sales of
E. among these the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit as well as the decline in sales for
这题有几个疑问, 请NN解答:
1. facing the company 是什么意思? 如果是challenges的定语,应该是the company faces the challenges, 怎么是the challenges face the company?
2. them 的指代是否有歧义?虽然逻辑上指代challenges, 但语法上可是优先指代主语investors啊?
谢谢!
对啊,为什么不能指代investors呢
我就是读上去觉得很象是指代investors的就排除了D
E these真的不能单独使用么?
顶一下这个问题，我也困惑：them会不会产生修饰歧义呢？
如果D是among these chanllenges 会不会更好呢？
这里如果指代investors逻辑上很荒谬的，所以只能是challenge，那么ETS就认为没有歧义。因为从逻辑意思上只能指代challenges。
否则，岂不是后面一个them,前面只要有超过一个名词复数就都有歧义了么？要根据逻辑意思来判断的。
我们不上天堂谁上天堂？
梦精灵MM的签名改了？
霸气全无了
改回来吧
B的问题是includes而不是include，不然明显比D清楚
D省略了are
答案没问题,这题我想请教关于A,
分词修饰问题 (撇开其他错误不谈)
including在这里,是否能作状语修饰前面的challenges facing company这个结构?
还是只能作为整句话的伴随或结果?
谢谢
我认为可以，虽然SVO,doing中doing一般修饰前面的句子不修饰O
大家记不记得这道题：
a study by the ocean wildlife campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, including establishing size limits for shark catches, closing...........balabala
我只达出正确选项了。including在这里可以修饰a number of remedies ，ETS这时候怎么不说including修饰the shark population有歧义了？！
但是本题则不然，本题考的是独立主格。大家不觉得including among them很别扭吗？如果是including the threat ...and the decline....我想A就很可能是正确选项了。
还是那句话，GMAT语法真是比出来的。
这道题我想其实后面是独立主格结构，只是为了避免头重脚轻的原则而把顺序换了下，其实还原后应该是：the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar paten-infringement suit and the decline in sales of the company’s powerful microprocessor chip among them 就是名词+ 介词短语的独立主格结构
其他项明显不对：
A: sales for 应该是sales of；且根据平行原则，应该是：the threat of and the deline of两个都要是名词；including在这里反而是多余了；不太同意说A的错误主要在于including的修饰逻辑错误，逗号+ 现在分词主语肯定是句子的主语，这没问题，而经常分词出现逻辑错误的原因在于本来应该修饰其他的内容，结构却修饰了错误的对象：句子主语
B: which肯定不对
C: investors heard...., included从逻辑上讲不对，而且heard 与included缺少连词
E: these不能单独指代，
支持独立主格的说法
我觉得如果是同位语，则语序上不能颠倒，大家觉得呢？
转一个某N的总结+tony的总结
同位语与独立主格：
同位语是它前面一个词（紧跟）的补充、说明；可以是名词短语、动词短语(-ing/to do)
独立主格修饰全句，通常被视为插入语，用逗号或破折号与全句隔开。只能是(with/without) + N/代词/each + -ing/-ed/adj/n/prep。
我要问的是：“these不能单独指代”这是什么意思啊？
我觉得中心词不是company也不是challenges,而是presentation,所以用includes
请问一下，D中的them 指代什么呢？因为chllenges 并不是中心词，用一个代词拐弯抹角的去知道一个修饰成分不是很奇怪吗？我刚开始看的时候还以为them指代investors呢。
不知道大家是否同意，which优先指代中心词，而不是离它最近的名词
我开始选了E，原因是D中的them指代不清，可以指challenges也可以指investors。而E的these不可能指代investors，所以D错。
现在知道these不可以单独指代。。。
想知道these不能单独指代，是绝对的错误吗？
顶一下这个问题，我也困惑：them会不会产生修饰歧义呢？
如果D是among these chanllenges 会不会更好呢？
同问!puzzling
独立主格。。长见识了！果然大家都是NN，崇拜ing
XDF说these,those,this,that都不能单独使用（应该省略也不行）
顶一下这个问题，我也困惑：them会不会产生修饰歧义呢？
我到觉得是：
among them介词短语提前，修饰threat and the decline in sales, 原因是并列的名词短语太长。
对these不能单独指代的问题还是搞不明白，下面这句话里的these是不是单独指代？
Prominent among these was the Kenwood-Hyde Park Property Owner’s Improvement Association, as well as the Park Manor Improvement Association.
Prominent among these was the Kenwood-Hyde Park Property Owner’s Improvement Association, as well as the Park Manor Improvement Association.
我同问题.. 请指教!.
……，investors heard a presentation on the numerous challenges facing the company, including among them the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the declining sales for the company’s powerful microprocessor chip.
其中的facing the company到底是修饰哪个词？怎么翻译呢？？？
Please refer to explanation of OG79.
因为these, this有指代歧义。
Please refer to explanation of OG79.
因为these, this有指代歧义。
问个小问题，关于threat用法
longman里threat of/from都有，如10楼tony的例子。不过总觉得意思上应该有微妙差别的，但又说不清。有没有谁能帮忙解释下？
43. Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer,
bringing to 34
the number of
wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975.
在定一下这个题，确认了these不能单独直待吗？下面是我在阅读里面找的句子，这些these都是什么用法哪？多谢指教！
Prostaglandins are chemicals produced in and released from virtually all mammalian cells when they are injured: these are the only pain signals that do not originate in the nervous system.
One of these was a compound called 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), which bound very well but actually depressed mouse locomotion.
The documentation of these and other epidemics is slight and frequently unreliable.
Even professors who are experts in the field find it difficult to decide which of these to assign to students.
哪本书里说来着？
还真不能拿阅读和逻辑里面的语法使用
来证明 sc中的某个选项是正确的
好题，囊括：
词义重复，代词指代歧义，平行是否完美
等主要考点，看完帖收获很大！
these,those,this,that不能单独做主语，也不能单独用在介词后，比如，without /by(these,those,this,that)都是错的
3楼很精辟了，只是唯一不同意就是threat,我认为threat of/from都是对的哈！
D中among them是作同位修饰作用的，them指代challenges；among them A and B可以理解为：A and B among them；
A错在including无论是修饰主句(语法上应该修饰主句)还是就近名词company都不合理，而且include / among语义重复；
B错在定从指代company错；
C错同A，且these不能单独指代；
E错在these不能单独指代；
此外，the declining sale是不精确的表达，通常被the decline in sale取代；其他的小错误，如：threat from不复合习惯，and/as well as的区别，还有C中a decline in中的a使用不当。
D中的among them 的them不是指代歧义么？也可以指investors 啊？
请大家指教
these,those,this,that不能单独做主语，也不能单独用在介词后，比如，without /by(these,those,this,that)都是错的
3楼很精辟了，只是唯一不同意就是threat,我认为threat of/from都是对的哈！
还是没有搞清楚these，them 的区别。
these 不能用于指代前文吗？
还是没搞清楚treat of 和treat from有什么区别啊?
在LZM 的语法书GMAT公理中提到"决不可以单独使用this, these来指代前面出现的单数或复数名词, 而绝对要通过换用其他人称代词, 或重复前面出现的名词.........来避免这样非正式且模糊的指代."
D中among them是作同位修饰作用的，them指代challenges；among them A and B可以理解为：A and B among them；
A错在including无论是修饰主句(语法上应该修饰主句)还是就近名词company都不合理，而且include / among语义重复；
B错在定从指代company错；
C错同A，且these不能单独指代；
E错在these不能单独指代；
----------------------------------------------
弱弱地请问“E错在these不能单独指代；”什么意思啊？？
在LZM 的语法书GMAT公理中提到"决不可以单独使用this, these来指代前面出现的单数或复数名词, 而绝对要通过换用其他人称代词, 或重复前面出现的名词.........来避免这样非正式且模糊的指代."
具体一点儿？？ 大姐！
我觉得D选项中，them有指待不清的嫌疑，因为前面复数名词有
At the annual stockholders meeting, investors heard a presentation on the numerous challenges facing the company, including among them the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the declining sales for the company’s powerful microprocessor chip.
D. among them the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the decline in sales of
= including the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the decline in sales of
所以D中，among them (are) = including
相信如果原题去掉among them就对了
open to discussion...
116. Those who come to church with a
predisposition to religious belief will be happy in an auditorium or even a
storefront, and there is no doubt that religion is sometimes better served by adapted
spaces of this kind instead of by some of the buildings actually designed for
it.
(A) adapted spaces of this kind instead of by some of
the buildings actually designed for it
(B) adapted spaces like these rather than some of the buildings
actually designed for them
(C) these adapted spaces
instead of by some of the buildings actually designed for it
(D) such adapted spaces rather than by some of the buildings actually
designed for them
(E) such adapted spaces than by some of the buildings actually
designed for it
Choice
E, the best answer, correctly uses the construction is better served by x
than by y and supplies the proper singular pronoun, it, to refer to religion.
Choices A and B complete the construction beginning better served by x...
unidiomatically, with instead of by y and rather than y. Also in
B, them does not agree with its logical referent, religion.
Choice C repeats the unidiomatic instead construction; in addition, such
is preferable to these for presenting examples or instances. Choice
D repeats the errors with rather than and them.
还是没人能回答：them指代模糊这个问题
this ，these不能指代，that和those是否可以呢
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