ChaseDream
标题: SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（六）Weaken [打印本页]
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-6-19 12:42
标题: SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（六）Weaken
By now, I hope you have already had a better understanding of the way to identify premises and conclusions and the roles played by each sentence in an argument. In essence, main point, role, and proceed by are Must-Be-True types of questions, which do NOT allow NEW evidence. In the following posts I will talk about a few question types which allow NEW evidence.
Weaken
Common Prompts for Weakening questions:
- Which one of thefollowing, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
- Similar verbs: attack,call into question, cast doubt on, challenge, contradict, counter, damage,rebut, refute, undermine.
Before you look at the answers:
1. Pinpoint the main conclusionin thepassage. (Read my previous MainPoint post.)
2. Separate the premises from everything else. After you find the main point, don’t assume that all the other statements are premises; they might include opposing viewpoints, background information, and concessions.
3. Ask yourself, “Do the premises (exactlyas they are stated in the passage) support the conclusion (exactlyas it is stated in the passage)?” In other words, once discard everything else,how well do the premises support the conclusion? The reason you want to focuson exactly what the premises and the conclusion state is that you do not want to subconsciously make the argument better than it actually is. Do not help the author. Look at what he actually said and then decide whether his evidence stacks up:
? Does the authormake any unreasonable assumptions? For example, read the following statements: “We should support the proposed law, which requires government officials to disclose their annual incomes, because it will give ordinary citizens a fairchance to keep an eye on and more control over when and how elected officials receive gifts and benefits from lobbyists.” Watch out for should, moral ethical and other loaded conclusions. The test makers like to play off commonly held assumptions about what is right or wrong in our heads. This argument unreasonably assumes that “giving ordinary citizens a fair chance to keep an eye on and more control” is good. If this is the case, the author must clearly point out this premise in his argument.
- Does the authorrely on an unrepresentative survey/samples? For example, read the following statement: “Mr Xi will likely become the next President because over two-thirds of students in Fudan University said that they would vote for him.” Do these students represent fairly of the voters in the political process? Do these students even have the right to elect the next President?
- Does the authorrely on a questionable analogy or comparison? For example, read the following statement: “A terrorist caught by police in Xinjiang with explosives in his backpack should first be given a warning just like a vendor without license caught by urban management officers in Beijing. First offense is not a big deal.” My God. This cannot be happening!
? Does the author’s conclusion overstate the premises? For example, read the following statements: “Acupuncture has been shown to reduce the risk of stroke. Therefore, anyone who undergoes acupuncture treatment will not experience a stroke when they are older.” Do these words sound like a TV commercial? If you are good at CR, you can have a lot of funs to pick apart commercials in Chinese or English.
Then look for the answer that exploits one of those weaknesses:
- The correct answerusually offers new evidence that makes you doubt the conclusion without directly contradicting the original evidence in the passage.“Mr. Zhang will be a good addition to our finance department because he has worked in banks in Wall Street.” New evidence: “Mr. Zhang worked as a computer programmer in Wall Street.” This new evidence does not contradict the original premise, but it does cast doubt on the original conclusion. Another possible answer: “Mr. Zhang worked in Wall Street for a total of two weeks before beinglet go.” Still another: “Mr. Zhang recently had a big fight with our current finance VP during an M&A discussion.” Notice, this evidence is unrelated to the original premises; it has nothing to do with Wall Street. So do not skip ananswer choice because it does not address the points raised in the original argument. Focus on the new unfavorable light shining on the conclusion.
- Some arguments will tell you that two events are correlated (happened together) and thenconclude that one event causes the other. The problem with this kind of causal argument is that it relies on many questionable assumptions. If the conclusion states that A causes B (If reading my posts, a reader’s understanding of CR is increased), look for evidence that says
- B causes A (Areader with good understanding of CR tends to read my posts).
- C causes B or A or both (CDer whose English is superb are more likely to read my posts and have better understanding of CR).
-A and B are not actually correlated(The survey overestimated the increased understanding of CR for most readers after reading my posts).
Any evidence that supports one of these three possibilities will weaken the conclusion that A causes B. However, I do hope by reading my posts, you can improve your understanding of CR eventually.
SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（五）Proceed by
SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（七) Strengthen and Paradox
作者: steven 时间: 2011-6-19 12:47
果断沙发
作者: 米样 时间: 2011-6-19 13:54
看到楼主的帖子，感动地泪奔~~o(>_<)o ~~
太及时了！认真拜读~~
作者: zhangyina 时间: 2011-6-19 14:48
拜一下~
作者: 灭绝湿太 时间: 2011-6-19 16:27
马克！！！
作者: jameshzd 时间: 2011-6-19 18:18
楼主~考不好逻辑都没脸见你！对你的指导我深深的表示感谢！！！
作者: mrtimekiller 时间: 2011-6-21 09:41
这是最后一个了吗？我真的觉得写的好好啊。这是我看逻辑最有启发的帖子。再次谢谢楼主啊。。。。还有吗？
作者: jianaozhonghua 时间: 2011-6-28 08:27
NN讲的超级好 请问NN 我看了很多你写的东西 好像都是讲要先看完题干再去看题型。 以前上课还有别的地方学的很多东西都说先看题型 我实在找不出这样做的好处，我没觉得知道这个题目是weaken对自己读题会有什么帮助，求NN指点办法。
究竟应不应该先判断题目类型呢？
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-6-28 09:27
NN讲的超级好 请问NN 我看了很多你写的东西 好像都是讲要先看完题干再去看题型。 以前上课还有别的地方学的很多东西都说先看题型 我实在找不出这样做的好处，我没觉得知道这个题目是weaken对自己读题会有什么帮助，求NN指点办法。
究竟应不应该先判断题目类型呢？
-- by 会员 jianaozhonghua (2011/6/28 8:27:36)
It depends. I would read the stimulus/passage first, find out the premise and conclusion, then read the prompt, followed by the answer choices.
Some people prefer to read the prompt first to "train" their eyes first before reading the stimulus/passage.
Both could be used and it's a personal choice.
作者: jianaozhonghua 时间: 2011-6-28 17:50
Thank you, I have to say that your series are the best articles about CR I have ever read in CD.
Before I read them I even don't know that the CR is about argument and argument is consist of so many elements. Whenever I am facing an CR question, I rely on my so called "sense", and it turns out to be wrong in most cases.
But I am much better now, I trained myself to define every sentence when I read them, divide them into certain categories and try to find the connection before I look the question. This really works! thank you!
and another question:
totally how many parts included in your series? when will it ended? I wish I could read through them all before the test...
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-6-28 19:51
Parts I would like to cover in the future:
Flaw (part 2)
Inference
Parallel Reasoning
作者: perain 时间: 2011-6-30 11:16
Hi SDCAR,
Here is a weakening question at which I found in the forum:
Twelve years ago and again five years ago, there were extended periods when the Darfir Republic's currency, the pundra, was weak:its value was unusually low relative to the world's most stable currencies.Both times a weak pundra made Darfir's manufactured products a bargain on world markets, and Darfir's exports were up substantially.Now some politicians are saying that, in order to cause another similarly sized increase in exports, the government should allow the pundra to become weak again.
Which of the following, if true, provides the government with the strongest grounds to doubt that the politicians' recommendation, if followed, will achieve its aim?
(A) Several of the politicians now recommending that the pundra be allowed to become weak made that same recommendation before each of the last two periods of currency weakness.
(B) After several decades of operating well below peak capacity, Darfir's manufacturing sector is now operating at near-peak levels.
(C) The economy of a country experiencing a rise in exports will become healthier only if the country's currency is strong or the rise in exports is significant.
(D) Those countries whose manufactured products compete with Darfir's on the world market all currently have stable currencies.
(E) A sharp improvement in the efficiency of Darfir's manufacturing plants would make Darfir's products a bargain on world markets even without any weakening of the pundra relative to other currencies.
My doubt is that B and E both can be used to refute the politicians, but how to choose a better one as the anwser? Thanks~~~
作者: jianaozhonghua 时间: 2011-7-1 20:03
plus one thing here:
if you don't know how to seperate the premise and conclusion from anything else. just watch the answer of each OG CR question. the "situation" in the answer is exactly the "premise -- main conclusion" link.
作者: horsecc 时间: 2011-7-1 23:22
(E) A sharp improvement in the efficiency of Darfir's manufacturing plants would make Darfir's products a bargain on world markets even without any weakening of the pundra relative to other currencies.
Maybe a weakening could make the products more attractive
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-7-2 09:43
Hi SDCAR,
Here is a weakening question at which I found in the forum:
Twelve years ago and again five years ago, there were extended periods when the Darfir Republic's currency, the pundra, was weak:its value was unusually low relative to the world's most stable currencies.Both times a weak pundra made Darfir's manufactured products a bargain on world markets, and Darfir's exports were up substantially.Now some politicians are saying that, in order to cause another similarly sized increase in exports, the government should allow the pundra to become weak again.
Which of the following, if true, provides the government with the strongest grounds to doubt that the politicians' recommendation, if followed, will achieve its aim?
(A) Several of the politicians now recommending that the pundra be allowed to become weak made that same recommendation before each of the last two periods of currency weakness.
(B) After several decades of operating well below peak capacity, Darfir's manufacturing sector is now operating at near-peak levels.
(C) The economy of a country experiencing a rise in exports will become healthier only if the country's currency is strong or the rise in exports is significant.
(D) Those countries whose manufactured products compete with Darfir's on the world market all currently have stable currencies.
(E) A sharp improvement in the efficiency of Darfir's manufacturing plants would make Darfir's products a bargain on world markets even without any weakening of the pundra relative to other currencies.
My doubt is that B and E both can be used to refute the politicians, but how to choose a better one as the anwser? Thanks~~~
-- by 会员 perain (2011/6/30 11:16:38)
This is a tough CR question. The key is analyzing the two possible choices in the backdrops of the question prompt.
B) says that even if the currency is weakened, the export will not increase because the manufacture industry reaches its top. So B) efinitely weakens the politician's argument.
E) points out an alternative way of increasing export. But it does not refute the politician's argument that devalue the currency will increase export. The politician's argument still holds.
作者: rikkyqin 时间: 2011-7-3 03:43
好厉害啊楼主真是佩服了
很有用的分析谢谢
作者: perain 时间: 2011-7-4 11:39
Thanks SDCAR! MY CR has improved a lot since reading your post.
作者: qiushuan 时间: 2011-7-4 14:33
"Still another: “Mr. Zhang recently had a big fight with our current finance VP during a M&A discussion.” Notice, this evidence is unrelated to the original premises; it has nothing to do with Wall Street. So do not skip an answer choice because it does not address the points raised in the original argument. Focus on the new unfavorable light shining on the conclusion."
is that mean this is not a right answer to choose? sorry...i have difficulty in understand this part. could u explain it more?
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-7-4 21:15
"Still another: “Mr. Zhang recently had a big fight with our current finance VP during a M&A discussion.” Notice, this evidence is unrelated to the original premises; it has nothing to do with Wall Street. So do not skip an answer choice because it does not address the points raised in the original argument. Focus on the new unfavorable light shining on the conclusion."
is that mean this is not a right answer to choose? sorry...i have difficulty in understand this part. could u explain it more?
-- by 会员 qiushuan (2011/7/4 14:33:15)
This is still a correct answer to weaken the argument since it sheds unfavorable light thereon.
作者: Vicky90 时间: 2011-7-6 09:10
So do not skip an answer choice because it does not address the points raised in the original argument. Focus on the new unfavorable light shining on the conclusion.
求解释呀~~ OTL
万分感谢。。
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-7-6 10:29
Original conclusion: “Mr. Zhang will be a good addition to our finance department because he has worked in banks in Wall Street.”
New evidence: “Mr. Zhang recently had a big fight with our current finance VP during a M&A discussion.”
Notice, this evidence is unrelated to the original premises; it has nothing to do with Mr. Zhang's experience on Wall Street. But the new evidence make the conclusion that Mr. Zhang will fit in his role in the finance department less likely.
So do not skip an answer choice SIMPLY because it does not address the points raised in the original argument (such as a premise). Focus on the new unfavorable light shining on the conclusion (by the new evidence).
作者: kingarthur00 时间: 2011-7-11 14:28
? The correct answer usually offers new evidence that makes you doubt the conclusion without directly contradicting the original evidence
in the passage. “Mr. Zhang will be a good addition to our finance department because he has worked in banks in Wall Street.”
New evidence: “Mr. Zhang worked as a computer programmer in Wall Street.” This new evidence does not contradict the original
premise, but it does cast doubt on the original conclusion. Another possible answer: “Mr. Zhang worked in Wall Street for a total of
two weeks before being let go.” Still another: “Mr. Zhang recently had a big fight with our current finance VP during a M&A discussion.”
Notice, this evidence is unrelated to the original premises; it has nothing to do with Wall Street. So do not skip an answer choice
because it does not address the points raised in the original argument. Focus on the new unfavorable light shining on the conclusion.
Dear sdcar2010,
it seems that sometimes we may come across the options including both
“Mr. Zhang worked as a computer programmer in Wall Street.”---------sort of Wall Street stuff, which is not only effect on the premise but also weaken the conclusion
and
“Mr. Zhang recently had a big fight with our current finance VP during a M&A discussion.”-------------the option could weaken the conclusion , but does not appear any relation with the premise--Wall Street
shall we still choose “Mr. Zhang worked as a computer programmer in Wall Street.”?
becuase Wall Street option is better than another option
-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/6/19 12:42:55)
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-7-11 21:59
The fact that "Mr. Zhang worked as a computer programmer in Wall Street" will NOT strengthen the conclusion that he will be a good addition to the FINANCE department because the assumption is that if one works in Wall Street, one knows very well about stocks and financial transactions; therefore, a nice addition to the financial department.
But I doubt you have to choose the better between two devils during the real exams. I chose these two examples to show different ways to weaken the conclusion, not to strengthen it.
作者: MarsTOF 时间: 2011-7-12 00:24
继续跟。。
作者: rikihsu 时间: 2011-7-12 16:01
辛苦楼主，看的好清晰～～～
作者: dualtunnal 时间: 2011-7-14 12:42
多谢sdcar2010，讲得真的很好
作者: doublesophia 时间: 2011-7-19 22:15
觉得你思路太清晰了，谢谢了
作者: srosalita 时间: 2011-7-20 21:56
LZ请允许我亲吻你的左脚！！你太棒了！！！AWESOME!!!
作者: Kb24 时间: 2011-7-22 09:47
为啥是左脚
作者: mia113 时间: 2011-7-27 10:33
感觉思路更清晰··真的很感谢LZ
作者: jeffxu 时间: 2011-8-7 20:49
Excellent series! Thank you very much!
作者: wupenghui2000 时间: 2011-8-7 23:46
阅过~
作者: 红果果的花菜 时间: 2011-8-8 18:04
sorry but why not C?
Thanks.
Hi SDCAR,
Here is a weakening question at which I found in the forum:
Twelve years ago and again five years ago, there were extended periods when the Darfir Republic's currency, the pundra, was weak:its value was unusually low relative to the world's most stable currencies.Both times a weak pundra made Darfir's manufactured products a bargain on world markets, and Darfir's exports were up substantially.Now some politicians are saying that, in order to cause another similarly sized increase in exports, the government should allow the pundra to become weak again.
Which of the following, if true, provides the government with the strongest grounds to doubt that the politicians' recommendation, if followed, will achieve its aim?
(A) Several of the politicians now recommending that the pundra be allowed to become weak made that same recommendation before each of the last two periods of currency weakness.
(B) After several decades of operating well below peak capacity, Darfir's manufacturing sector is now operating at near-peak levels.
(C) The economy of a country experiencing a rise in exports will become healthier only if the country's currency is strong or the rise in exports is significant.
(D) Those countries whose manufactured products compete with Darfir's on the world market all currently have stable currencies.
(E) A sharp improvement in the efficiency of Darfir's manufacturing plants would make Darfir's products a bargain on world markets even without any weakening of the pundra relative to other currencies.
My doubt is that B and E both can be used to refute the politicians, but how to choose a better one as the anwser? Thanks~~~
-- by 会员 perain (2011/6/30 11:16:38)
This is a tough CR question. The key is analyzing the two possible choices in the backdrops of the question prompt.
B) says that even if the currency is weakened, the export will not increase because the manufacture industry reaches its top. So B) efinitely weakens the politician's argument.
E) points out an alternative way of increasing export. But it does not refute the politician's argument that devalue the currency will increase export. The politician's argument still holds.
-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/7/2 9:43:53)
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-8-8 21:30
The passage talks about currency and export, with no mention of economy.
C) talks about economy, which is out of scope. Therefore, C) is wrong.
sorry but why not C?
Thanks.
Hi SDCAR,
Here is a weakening question at which I found in the forum:
Twelve years ago and again five years ago, there were extended periods when the Darfir Republic's currency, the pundra, was weak:its value was unusually low relative to the world's most stable currencies.Both times a weak pundra made Darfir's manufactured products a bargain on world markets, and Darfir's exports were up substantially.Now some politicians are saying that, in order to cause another similarly sized increase in exports, the government should allow the pundra to become weak again.
Which of the following, if true, provides the government with the strongest grounds to doubt that the politicians' recommendation, if followed, will achieve its aim?
(A) Several of the politicians now recommending that the pundra be allowed to become weak made that same recommendation before each of the last two periods of currency weakness.
(B) After several decades of operating well below peak capacity, Darfir's manufacturing sector is now operating at near-peak levels.
(C) The economy of a country experiencing a rise in exports will become healthier only if the country's currency is strong or the rise in exports is significant.
(D) Those countries whose manufactured products compete with Darfir's on the world market all currently have stable currencies.
(E) A sharp improvement in the efficiency of Darfir's manufacturing plants would make Darfir's products a bargain on world markets even without any weakening of the pundra relative to other currencies.
My doubt is that B and E both can be used to refute the politicians, but how to choose a better one as the anwser? Thanks~~~
-- by 会员 perain (2011/6/30 11:16:38)
This is a tough CR question. The key is analyzing the two possible choices in the backdrops of the question prompt.
B) says that even if the currency is weakened, the export will not increase because the manufacture industry reaches its top. So B) efinitely weakens the politician's argument.
E) points out an alternative way of increasing export. But it does not refute the politician's argument that devalue the currency will increase export. The politician's argument still holds.
-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/7/2 9:43:53)
-- by 会员 红果果的花菜 (2011/8/8 18:04:08)
作者: zx19890626 时间: 2011-8-11 22:18
lz好牛~膜拜一下~~
作者: 用户名已注册 时间: 2011-8-31 16:52
Parts I would like to cover in the future:
Flaw (part 2)
Inference
Parallel Reasoning
-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/6/28 19:51:37)
your previous posts benefit me a lot.
looking forward to your new posts!
作者: shallowshade 时间: 2011-9-14 21:50
Hi SDCAR,
Here is a weakening question at which I found in the forum:
Twelve years ago and again five years ago, there were extended periods when the Darfir Republic's currency, the pundra, was weak:its value was unusually low relative to the world's most stable currencies.Both times a weak pundra made Darfir's manufactured products a bargain on world markets, and Darfir's exports were up substantially.Now some politicians are saying that, in order to cause another similarly sized increase in exports, the government should allow the pundra to become weak again.
Which of the following, if true, provides the government with the strongest grounds to doubt that the politicians' recommendation, if followed, will achieve its aim?
(A) Several of the politicians now recommending that the pundra be allowed to become weak made that same recommendation before each of the last two periods of currency weakness.
(B) After several decades of operating well below peak capacity, Darfir's manufacturing sector is now operating at near-peak levels.
(C) The economy of a country experiencing a rise in exports will become healthier only if the country's currency is strong or the rise in exports is significant.
(D) Those countries whose manufactured products compete with Darfir's on the world market all currently have stable currencies.
(E) A sharp improvement in the efficiency of Darfir's manufacturing plants would make Darfir's products a bargain on world markets even without any weakening of the pundra relative to other currencies.
My doubt is that B and E both can be used to refute the politicians, but how to choose a better one as the anwser? Thanks~~~
-- by 会员 perain (2011/6/30 11:16:38)
This is a tough CR question. The key is analyzing the two possible choices in the backdrops of the question prompt.
B) says that even if the currency is weakened, the export will not increase because the manufacture industry reaches its top. So B) efinitely weakens the politician's argument.
E) points out an alternative way of increasing export. But it does not refute the politician's argument that devalue the currency will increase export. The politician's argument still holds.
-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/7/2 9:43:53)
SDCAR，you are so excellent! After reading your explaination, I wonna say that the most important thing of CR is to exactly recognise premises and conclusions. As in this CR question, we should keep in mind that we need to find some thing that lead to a failue of the politician to increase the export through devalue of pundra (the other side of the conclusion ), not to find some alternative for the politician to reach their goal. Am I right ?
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-9-16 21:16
LS, you are right.
作者: Roberta2011 时间: 2011-10-12 21:02
看完NN的帖子有恍然大悟的感觉 Thank you so much for sharing your thoughts with us!!!!!!
作者: Crystaljoy 时间: 2011-10-13 20:43
请教一个~~
unreasonable assumptions中的例子
“We should support the proposed law, which requires government officials to disclose their annual incomes, because it will give ordinary citizens a fair chance to keep an eye on and more control over when and how elected officials receive gifts and benefits from lobbyists.”
我的想法：
premise：because it will give ordinary citizens a fair chance to keep an eye on and more control over when and how elected officials receive gifts and benefits from lobbyists
conclusion：We should support the proposed law, which requires government officials to disclose their annual incomes
因为这项法律能让公民监督监管官员受贿，所以要支持通过。我怎么没觉得不对劲呢？
你说This argument unreasonably assumes that “giving ordinary citizens a fair chance to keep an eye on and more control” is good. 我没看明白呢，作者给的假设有误？
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-10-14 00:12
Again, we are talking about logic, not the consequence of the proposal.
If you look at the argument, it says:
Because the proposal give the voter more control over what government officials get from lobbyists, we should support the proposal.
Is this reason good enough for and beneficial to voters? A common assumption is that anything that MONITORS or CONTROLS what the officials are doing are GOOD for the voters. If this is the case, the above argument is sound. If not, then the above argument is flawed. For example, maybe lobbyists have better understanding about certain projects for the nation as a whole and the officials need inputs from the lobbyists, and such interactions are better kept private.
请教一个~~
unreasonable assumptions中的例子
“We should support the proposed law, which requires government officials to disclose their annual incomes, because it will give ordinary citizens a fair chance to keep an eye on and more control over when and how elected officials receive gifts and benefits from lobbyists.”
我的想法：
premise：because it will give ordinary citizens a fair chance to keep an eye on and more control over when and how elected officials receive gifts and benefits from lobbyists
conclusion：We should support the proposed law, which requires government officials to disclose their annual incomes
因为这项法律能让公民监督监管官员受贿，所以要支持通过。我怎么没觉得不对劲呢？
你说This argument unreasonably assumes that “giving ordinary citizens a fair chance to keep an eye on and more control” is good. 我没看明白呢，作者给的假设有误？
-- by 会员 Crystaljoy (2011/10/13 20:43:58)
作者: Crystaljoy 时间: 2011-10-14 23:07
OIC！！！
还是自己视野尚窄，才没搞懂。
Thx Sdcar~
作者: 月照琳琅 时间: 2011-10-30 11:44
Big hug
Thx for your effort to illustrate the patterns of logic. I have improved a lot.
作者: bonfin 时间: 2011-10-31 09:28
小柏。？
作者: 小cvv 时间: 2011-11-2 21:32
小柏。？
-- by 会员 bonfin (2011/10/31 9:28:56)
作者: vampire10 时间: 2011-12-8 19:55
看了NN的讲解，觉得很不错。我能在题目里找到Main conclusion, opinion, premise等等你让找的，而且大部分找到的都很准确。但是怎么从premise推到Main conclusion,而opinion又怎样影响M.C.这样的推理过程，解决的不好。总觉得想的，和看到答案讲解的推理过程不一样。就是跟GMAC出题人员思路不在一条路上。像这样怎么解决啊？求讲解。先谢谢了。
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-12-8 20:59
The short answer is that you need more practice.
The long answer would involve analyzing why your thinking was wrong. Could you give an example of your 推理过程 vs that of GMAT?
看了NN的讲解，觉得很不错。我能在题目里找到Main conclusion, opinion, premise等等你让找的，而且大部分找到的都很准确。但是怎么从premise推到Main conclusion,而opinion又怎样影响M.C.这样的推理过程，解决的不好。总觉得想的，和看到答案讲解的推理过程不一样。就是跟GMAC出题人员思路不在一条路上。像这样怎么解决啊？求讲解。先谢谢了。
-- by 会员 vampire10 (2011/12/8 19:55:15)
作者: wildmantomba 时间: 2011-12-31 15:50
However, I do hope by reading my posts, you can improve your understanding of CR eventually.
-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/6/19 12:42:55)
They do help. Thanks a lot.
作者: GTpower 时间: 2012-1-8 23:06
Thanks. Your posts is really helpful.
作者: 桃夭靥 时间: 2012-1-14 20:36
能不能问个很傻的问题，具体什么叫做Must-Be-True type of question？
谢谢
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2012-1-14 22:18
能不能问个很傻的问题，具体什么叫做Must-Be-True type of question？
谢谢
-- by 会员 桃夭靥 (2012/1/14 20:36:54)
Given a simulus or passage, without ANY outside or extra information, the correct answer choice must be true according to the simulus or passage. It includes: must be true; assumption; main point; point at issue; method of reasoning; and flaw in the reasoning.
The wrong answer choice includes: could be true, not true according to the stimulus/passage.
作者: 桃夭靥 时间: 2012-1-15 20:05
(⊙v⊙)嗯，谢谢你，您就是传说中的神吧。。。。。。。。。
作者: xiaoliupao 时间: 2012-1-27 14:47
This is a tough CR question. The key is analyzing the two possible choices in the backdrops of the question prompt.
B) says that even if the currency is weakened, the export will not increase because the manufacture industry reaches its top. So B) efinitely weakens the politician's argument.
E) points out an alternative way of increasing export. But it does not refute the politician's argument that devalue the currency will increase export. The politician's argument still holds.-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/7/2 9:43:53)
[/quote]
When I was analyzing the choice E, I thought it fit the situation, which you mentioned in the main body, that C causes B. Is it because the word STRONGEST in prompt? if so, what should I do when I encounter this kind of question again? thanks!
作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-2-1 01:15
先顶出来饭饭好一边学一遍笔记哇~~
sdcar你好嘛？？最近想饭饭没哇？？？O(∩_∩)O哈哈~~~~
开玩笑哇~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-2-1 02:31
标题: 笔记粥着学滴会快点吧~~~~~~O(∩_∩)O~~~~
weaken~
常见削弱题提示语：weaken, attack, call into question, cast doubt on, challenge, contradict, counter, damage, rebut, refute, undermine.
选择答案之前准备：
1、准确找出结论。
2、找出题中前提假设。不要妄自添加假设前提。
3、寻找逻辑链条薄弱处。
（1）不合理假设
例子：
premise: The proposed law will give ordinary citizens a fair chance to keep an eye on and more control over when and how elected officials receive gifts and benefits from lobbyists.
conclusion: We should support it.
prephrase: Some statements undermine the unreasonable premise that “giving ordinary citizens a fair chance to keep an eye on and more control” is good.
（2）采纳样本不具代表性
例子：
亮了~
premise: Over two-thirds of students in Fudan University said that they would vote for him.
conclusion:Mr Xi will likely become the next President.
prephrase: These students cannot represent fairly of the voters in the political process. These students don't have the right to elect the next President.
（3）比较关系不合理（类比or对比）
例子：
饭饭不会找了捏...........囧......................
（4）结论不合理夸大前提假设
例子：
premise:Acupuncture has been shown to reduce the risk of stroke.
conclusion: Anyone who undergoes acupuncture treatment will not experience a stroke when they are older.
prephrase: 
又亮啦~~~O(∩_∩)O哈哈~Do these words sound like a TV commercial? If you are good at CR, you can have a lot of funs to pick apart commercials in Chinese or English. 饭饭这里就不发挥啦~~
作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-2-1 02:33
标题: 来了~
削弱题正确选项：
（1）提供新信息以削弱结论。
栗子：
premise: Mr. Zhang has worked in banks in Wall Street.
conclusion:Mr. Zhang will be a good addition to our finance department.
（2）强加因果。。。。。。。因果倒置也算在内咯~~
作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-2-2 01:24
介个学完了也要顶一下~~~
作者: 水风空落眼前花 时间: 2012-2-27 13:01
好！
作者: littleyya 时间: 2012-3-10 22:25
做weaken分类去了~
作者: 812966141 时间: 2012-4-11 15:13
牛人
作者: liukatrina 时间: 2012-5-1 17:37
SDcar, could you explain D for me?
The original argument try to establish that” A caused B” , in which A=disease X, B= larger nuclei
If an evidence substantiates that “ without A, B happened” , can not it break the causal logical relationship between A and B, and thus weaken the argument?
Thanks!
24. The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain’s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats. A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.05 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats. Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X.
Which one of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. No female cats have been known to contract disease X, which is a subtype of disease Y.
B. Many male cats that contract disease X also contract disease Z, the cause of which is unknown.
C. the interstitial nuclei of female cats who contact disease X are larger than those of female cats who do not contract disease X.
D. Of 1,000 autopsies on male cats that did not contract disease X, 5 revealed interstitial nuclei larger than those of the average male cat.
E. The hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2012-5-2 10:02
LS, see the following explanation, which is correct:
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_CR/thread-537390-1-1.html
A --> B
weaken: A itself does not cause B; or when no B, there is still A.
If you say there no A, but there is still B, that is not weakening. Because something other than A can still cause B.
作者: athenawujj 时间: 2012-5-11 00:32
Dear SDCARi use the series to analyse OG
Could you help me see whether i analyse the structure well?
5. A company is considering changing its policy concerning daily working hours. （Background Information)Currently, this company requires all employees to arrive at work at 8 a.m. （premises)The proposed policy would permit each employee to decide when to arrive—from as early as 6 a.m. to as late as 11 a.m.（Main Conclusion)
10. Cable-television spokesperson:Subscriptions to cable television are a bargain in comparison to"free" television. Remember that "free" television is not really free.Main Conclusion) It is consumers, in the end, who pay for the costly advertising that supports "free" television.（Premises)
15. A conservation group in the UnitedStates is trying to change the long-standing image of bats as frightening creatures.（Background Information) The group contends that bats are fearedand persecuted solely （Main conclusion)because they are shy animals that are active only at night.（Premises)
30. Robot satellites relay importantcommunications and identify weather patterns.（Background Information) Because the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, （Premises)astronauts are needed to repair them（Intermediate Conclusion). Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction（Premises). Therefore, space flights carrying astronauts must continue.（Main Conclusion)
35. Last year the rate of inflation was1.2 percent, but for the current year it has been 4 percent.（Premises) We can conclude that inflation is on an upward trend and the rate will be still higher next year.（Main Conclusion)
No,35 is it a question about analogy? Questionable?
60. Red blood cells in which themalarial-fever parasiteresides are eliminated from a person's body after 120 days(Intermediate Conclusion). Because the parasite cannot travel to a new generation of red blood cells（Premises), any fever that develops in a person more than 120 days after that personhas moved to a malaria-free region is not due to the malarial parasite.（Main Conclusion)
Thank you so much!!
作者: kylelewis 时间: 2012-5-20 18:00
Hi there sdcar2010,
One question here:
how could “Mr. Zhang recently had a big fight with our current finance VP during a M&A discussion.” be a possible answer to weaken “Mr. Zhang will be a good addition to our finance department because he has worked in banks in Wall Street.” ? I think what included in this answer is irrelevant to what is stated in the stimulus.
What is the logic?
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2012-5-20 20:35
Weakening question is not Must be true type. Therefore, outside information are allowed to be the correct answer.
If one fights with his or her colleague, he is not a team player. In U.S. corporations, teamwork is a requirement for leadership.
作者: athenawujj 时间: 2012-5-22 15:10
86. (24835-!-item-!-188;#058&001244)
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Concerned about the financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65. Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians. Nevertheless, many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase, in large part(Paradox) because __________.
A. they rely entirely on the government pension for their income
B. Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check
C. they buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation
D. the pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high(Still there are some people are better-off)
E. in Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living
为什么选E不选C？物价的上涨不是也会影响生活水平吗？？
When a new restaurant, Martin's Cafe, opened in Riverville last year, many people predicted that business at the Wildflower Inn, Riverville's only other restaurant, would suffer from the competition. Surprisingly, however, in the year since Martin's Cafe opened, the average number of meals per night served at the Wildflower Inn has increased significantly.(矛盾点）
Cafe店的new open应该会对wildflower造成冲击，但反而有提升）
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase?（Paradox)
A. Unlike the Wildflower Inn, Martin's Cafe serves considerably more meals on weekends than it does on weekdays.
B. Most of the customers of Martin's Cafe had never dined in Riverville before this restaurant opened, and on most days Martin's Cafe attracts more customers than it can seat.
C. The profit per meal is higher, on average, for meals served at Martin's Cafe than for those served at the Wildflower Inn.
D. The Wildflower Inn is not open on Sundays, and therefore Riverville residents who choose to dine out on that day must either eat at Martin's Cafe or go to neighboring towns to eat.
E. A significant proportion of the staff at Martin's Cafe are people who formerly worked at the Wildflower Inn and were hired away by the owner of Martin's Cafe.（Weaken)
A选项是不是相比b项没有太大说服力？
In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently have a much higher rate of traffic accidents per mile driven than other vehicles do. （Opinion?) However, the very largest trucks—those with three trailers—had less than a third of the accident rate of single- and double-trailer trucks. (Premise)Clearly, therefore, one way for Partoria to reduce the number of traffic accidents would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.(Conclusion)
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?（削弱题）
A. Partorian trucking companies currently use triple-trailer trucks only for long trips using major highways, which is the safest kind of trip for large trucks.
B. No matter what changes Partoria makes in the regulation of trucking, it will have to keep some smaller roads off-limits to all large trucks.
C. Increased use of triple-trailer trucks would mean that large trucks would account for a smaller proportion of all miles driven on Partoria’s roads than they currently do.
D. In Partoria, the safety record of the trucking industry as a whole has improved slightly over the past ten years.
E. The volume of truck traffic on Partoria’s highways could be reduced by encouraging shippers to use rail transport whenever possible.
In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently have a much higher rate of traffic accidents per mile driven than other vehicles do. （Opinion?or Background INFO?
Dear SDCAR, i don't understand the above question, and i made an analysis, is there any fault?
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2012-5-22 22:45
1) C) uses words such as "tend to", "fast", which are red herrings. But the key the background info in the passage: Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible. There is NO inflation, period! C) is out of scope.
2) For paradox questions, the correct answer should be able to fit with both seemily controdictory phenomena disclosed in the passage. A) provides no explanation for Wildflower's success of increasing night meals. Thus A) is not a correct answer.
3) Background. Opinion is a statement or judgement offered by a person, not a presentation of a fact or phenomenon.
作者: athenawujj 时间: 2012-5-26 19:10
Dear SDCAR,thanks for reply.
Questions again.Please help me.
i made some analysis,could you help me to see whether i analysed well?
Brochure: Help conserve our city’s water supply. By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conserving landscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use. A water-conserving landscape is natural and attractive, and it also saves you money.
Criticism: For most people with yards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowner’s yearly water bills.（前提）
Which of the following, if true, provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism?削弱题
A. Even homeowners whose yards do not have water-conserving landscapes can conserve water by installing water-saving devices in their homes.有点support的味道？？
B. A conventional landscape generally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide than does a water-conserving landscape.说出Conventional landscape的缺点
C. A significant proportion of the residents of the city live in buildings that do not have yards.对象范围超出
D. It costs no more to put in water-conserving landscaping than it does to put in conventional landscaping.（这个不知道怎么解释好）
E. Some homeowners use more water to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined.
D项不知道怎么分析好～～
112. (32826-!-item-!-188;#058&006832) (GWD 8-Q38)
Unless tiger hunting decreases, tigers will soon be extinct in the wild. The countries in which the tigers' habitats are located are currently debating joint legislation that would ban tiger hunting. Thus, if these countries can successfully enforce this legislation（Premise), the survival of tigers in the wild will be ensured.（Conclusion)
The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument（削弱题）
A. assumes without sufficient warrant that a ban on tiger hunting could be successfully enforced（Legislation已出现？）
B. considers the effects of hunting on tigers without also considering the effects of hunting on other endangered animal species
C. fails to take into account how often tiger hunters are unsuccessful in their attempts to kill tigers
D. neglects to consider the results of governmental attempts in the past to limit tiger hunting
E. takes the removal of an impediment to the tigers' survival as a guarantee of their survival
A项是因为ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ出现了吗？？黑体是我的分析点？？对吗？？
Thank you!
作者: athenawujj 时间: 2012-5-28 22:54
标题: SDCAR，i have some questions.Please help me,thank you so much!
103. (31044-!-item-!-188;#058&005684) (GWD 6-Q28)求解释！！
Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?
According to promotional material published by the city of Springfield, more tourists stay in hotels in Springfield than stay in the neighboring city of Harristown. A brochure from the largest hotel in Harristown claims that more tourists stay in that hotel than stay in the Royal Arms Hotel in Springfield. If both of these sources are accurate, however, the “Report on Tourism” for the region must be in error in stating that __________.（Flaw)
A. the average length of stay is longer at the largest hotel in Harristown than it is at the Royal Arms Hotel（逗留时间长度无关）
B. there is only one hotel in Harristown that is larger than the Royal Arms Hotel
C. more tourists stay in hotels in Harristown than stay in the Royal Arms Hotel（原文重述）
D. the Royal Arms Hotel is the largest hotel in Springfield
E. the Royal Arms Hotel is the only hotel in Springfield
The key is E,but I don't know how to analyze B.D. Is there any fault in my analysis?
121. (32730-!-item-!-188;#058&006786) (GWD 23-Q40)
Political advocacy groups have begun to use information services to disseminate information that is then accessed by the public via personal computer.（Back Info) Since many groups are thus able to bypass traditional news sources, whose reporting is selective, and to present their political views directly to the public,(前提） information services present a more balanced picture of the complexities of political issues than any traditional news source presents.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument above depends?（Necessary Assumption)
A. Information services are accessible to enough people to ensure that political advocacy groups can use these services to reach as large a percentage of the public as they could through traditional news sources.（结论的关键是a more balanced picture of the complexities…)
B. People could get a thorough understanding of a particular political issue by sorting through information provided by several traditional news sources, each with differing editorial biases.
C. Information on political issues disseminated through information services does not come almost entirely from advocacy groups that share a single bias.
D. Traditional news sources seldom report the views of political advocacy groups accurately.
E. Most people who get information on political issues from newspapers and other traditional news sources can readily identify the editorial biases of those sources.（逆否支持了）
D项如何解释？？难道是accurately??
Dear SDCAR, please forgive me for asking you so many questions.
作者: alisayangyang 时间: 2012-10-8 22:38
能读到大牛的这个逻辑入门系列真是拯救了我这个逻辑超差的小女子啊！每晚都来逐一拜读，认真体会其中的精髓。再次拜谢sdcar!
作者: Amber1991 时间: 2012-10-9 22:22
赞一个 ！
作者: flonacui 时间: 2012-11-24 13:25
有收获！
作者: cuteyaoyao 时间: 2013-3-9 17:01
Thanks for sharing. Hope you could give us more sample questions to help us understand better!
THANK YOU!
作者: 晓野的野 时间: 2013-3-25 21:03
再次加强了下对削弱题的思考，吼吼，加油
作者: 郭郭果果5090 时间: 2013-3-27 01:01
Can I ask what stimulus are?THANK YOU SDCAR!!
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2013-3-28 20:36
郭郭果果5090 发表于 2013-3-27 01:01 
Can I ask what stimulus are?THANK YOU SDCAR!!
"Stimulus" refers to the short paragraph that starts each Critical Reasoning (CR) question in GMAT or LR in LSAT. It is typically anywhere from 4-13 lines long and usually contains an argument. Then there are five answer choices.
作者: 郭郭果果5090 时间: 2013-3-28 23:35
sdcar2010 发表于 2013-3-28 20:36
"Stimulus" refers to the short paragraph that starts each Critical Reasoning (CR) question in GMAT ...
Thank you so much .I got it. Wish you have a good day.
作者: Feelalive 时间: 2013-6-24 21:31
谢谢谢谢谢谢
作者: bejamin1111 时间: 2013-7-22 20:06
mark every page
作者: ENGRAVEU 时间: 2013-7-23 11:17
刚从（一）看到（六）这部分，不得不说这贴太好了。。。简单易懂而且实用
作者: 小胖熊1016 时间: 2013-7-24 18:22
~~~~~~~~~~~
作者: Stacydream 时间: 2013-8-22 14:49
Thank you so much for your help.I learned a lot
作者: 达小哒 时间: 2013-10-10 23:26
upupupupupupu
作者: maggiemyang 时间: 2013-10-15 22:25
读楼主的帖子到目前，觉得非常非常有帮助，特此感谢！
作者: 潘萌达 时间: 2013-11-10 13:53
为什么C causes A也算正确答案呢？求解
作者: sulegend 时间: 2013-12-24 19:31
awesome！very impressive
作者: mkiciy 时间: 2014-2-6 17:59
楼主的例子so fun,都看笑了。不过挺有用的。继续看。
作者: 大浪狂风 时间: 2014-2-8 20:23
太好了·········································
作者: 椰蓉面包 时间: 2014-2-12 20:10
再膜拜
作者: zhangyanlele 时间: 2014-4-2 15:48
This Question is really a good example! THX!!!
作者: carnelian_li 时间: 2014-7-25 17:03
深受启发···
作者: 邹醒醒 时间: 2014-7-26 12:16
Some anthropologists study modern-day societies offoragers in an effort to learn about our ancientancestors who were also foragers. A flaw in thisstrategy is that forager societies are extremely varied.Indeed, any forager society with which anthropologistsare familiar has had considerable contact withmodern, non-forager societies.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken thecriticism made above of the anthropologists’ strategy?
(A) All forager societies throughout history have hada number of important features in common thatare absent from other types of societies.
(B) Most ancient forager societies either dissolvedor made a transition to another way of life.
(C) All anthropologists study one kind or another ofmodern-day society.
(D) Many anthropologists who study modern-dayforager societies do not draw inferences aboutancient societies on the basis of their studies.
(E) Even those modern-day forager societies thathave not had significant contact with modernsocieties are importantly different from ancientforager societies.
答案是a，sdcar大神可不可以把每个选项都分析一下～。特别是BDE. 为什么选项e strength了argument？？ 为什么选项b support了结论。 w为什么选项d 不对？？？ og解释看的好绕～感谢！！
作者: InfiniteAlex 时间: 2014-9-13 20:02
mark一记~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
作者: _12321 时间: 2014-9-20 10:39
楼主大赞！！！你太棒啦
作者: isecant 时间: 2014-10-7 20:13
到题型了！！XDFCR老师直接从这开始讲然后拿简单题糊弄糊弄我就算拿钱办事了
作者: echogmj 时间: 2015-1-16 21:25
thanks for sharing ~~~~
作者: cindyyii 时间: 2015-3-20 11:27
太厉害了
作者: ffang008 时间: 2015-7-17 03:45
顶楼主！
作者: IAMJOHN 时间: 2015-8-22 11:22
感谢楼主
作者: IAMJOHN 时间: 2015-8-22 11:27
thank you for your posts ,before i read you posts ,i will never know there are so many different element in this kind of question ,when see some poeple say :weaken stength and so on ,i just can not understand the meaning of them .thank you for you help ,i finally overcome this obstale.
| 欢迎光临 ChaseDream (https://forum.chasedream.com/) |
Powered by Discuz! X3.3 |