本人在做题中发现自己的基础不太好，独立主格和同位语的区别人是无法分清，还好通过前辈NN的指点（虽仍一头雾水），总算可以把题目作对了。。。。
个人感觉，同位语通常是名词，而且紧跟所同位的名词后面；
相比独立主格好像有更多类型，而且主要是修饰整个句子的（一般起状语，伴随结果/动作，表示原因等的作用）。以下是我收集的ETS题目（我用黄色标注了可能是独立主格或是同位语的部分），请大家看看我的感觉是否正确？？？
因为，这似乎也是ETS的一个非常重要的考点，更有助于提高自己的阅读能力的说
Chinese, the most ancient of living writing systems, consists of tens of thousands of ideographic characters, each character a miniature calligraphic composition inside its own square frame.
A each character a miniature calligraphic composition inside its
B all the characters a miniature calligraphic composition inside their
C all the charaters a miniature calligraphic composition inside its
D every charater a miniature calligraphic composition inside their
E each charater a miniature calligraphic composition inside their
Researchers in Germany have unearthed 400,000-year-old wooden spears from what it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed.
B. it appears had been an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and stunning evidence that human ancestors
C. appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and is stunning evidence that human ancestors
D. appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human ancestors
E. appears that it is an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence of human ancestors who
Child care already a solid part of the employee benefits package at many companies, more businesses are focusing on a newer family benefit known as elder care, servicing for older dependents.
(A) Child care
(B) With child care
(C) Child care as
(D) Being the Child care was
(E) With child care’s being
Tiny quantities of more than thirty rare gases, most of them industrial by-products, threaten to warm the Earth's atmosphere even more rapidly than carbon dioxide during the next fifty years.
(A) to warm the Earth's atmosphere even more rapidly than carbon dioxide during the next fifty years
(B) to warm the Earth's atmosphere even more rapidly over the next fifty years than carbon dioxide will
(C) during the next fifty years to warm the Earth's atmosphere even more rapidly than carbon dioxide
(D) a warming of the Earth's atmosphere during the next fifty years even more rapid than cabon dioxide's
(E) a waming of the Earth's atmosphere even more rapid than carbon dioxide's will be over the next fifty years
A new phenomena, which is visible at
(A) A new phenomena, which is visible at Managua’s major intersections, are waves of vendors and beggars, which include many children and
(B) Visible at Managua’s major intersections are waves of vendors and beggars with many children, new phenomena that
(C) A new phenomenon visible at Managua’s major intersections is waves of vendors and beggars, many of them children, who
(D) Phenomenally new waves of vendors, beggars, and many children are visible at Managua’s major intersections, which
(E) A wave of vendors and beggars, many of whom are children, are visible at Managua’s major intersections, where they are a new phenomenon and
Since 1981, the number of acres overseen by professional farm-management companies has grown from 48 million to 59 million, an acre about the size of
Marcus Garvey advocated that some Blacks return to
Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of
(A)
(B)
(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity
(D) sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area
(E) sediments from the
Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War, Horace Pippin, a Black American painter, worked by holding the brush in his right hand and guiding its movements with his left
(A) Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War
(B) In spite of his right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War
(C) Because there had been a sniper's bullet during the First World War that crippled his right hand and arm
(D) The right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War
(E) His right hand and arm crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War
Neanderthals had a vocal tract that resembled those of the apes and so were probably without language, a shortcoming that may explain why they were supplanted by our own species.
A. Neanderthals had a vocal tract that resembled those of the apes
B. Neanderthals had a vocal tract that resembling an apes'
C. The vocal tracts of Neanderthals resembled an ape's
D. The Neanderthals' vocal tracts resembled the ape's
E. The vocal tracts of the Neanderthals resembled those of the apes
The diet of the ordinary Greek in classical times was largely vegetarian—vegetables, fresh cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes, and meat rarely.
(A) and meat rarely
(B) and meat was rare
(C) with meat as rare
(D) meat a rarity
(E) with meat as a rarity
Please also notice that the absolute phrases themselves do NOT contain verbs, nor are they connected to the main sentence with a conjunction. Finally, please notice that the primary components of most (but not all) of these absolute phrases are a noun + a modifier, although it is possible to use only a modifier.
独立主格结构的形式
（1） 一般独立主格：名词+名词，名词+形容词，名词+分词，名词+介词
（2） 逻辑紧密型独立主格：with+名词+名词/形容词/分词/介词
（3） 强调型独立主格：each+名词+名词/形容词/分词/介词
独立主格本身无谓语，而依附于主句谓语，起状语作用，放在句首或句尾
ETS很喜欢独立主格结构作为正确答案，切记
独立主格结构通俗的说是
两个句子中间没连词（有连词就是从句拉），句子主语又不一样（一样，其中一个句子可以改成分词了）
所以把其中一个句子的谓语变成分词形式
Absolute Phrases
Absolute phrases are made of nouns or pronouns followed by a participle and any modifiers of the noun or pronoun. Absolute phrases contain a subject (unlike participial phrases), and no predicate. They serve to modify an entire sentence.
Joan looked nervous, her fears creeping up on her.
noun/subject: her fears
participle: creeping
modifier: up on her
absolute phrase: her fears creeping up on her
Tom paled when he came home, his mother standing in the doorway.
noun/subject: his mother
participle: standing
modifier: in the doorway
absolute phrase: his mother standing in the doorway
好贴，up 一下！
mariezhu曾转贴过一个非常有意义的贴：
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=23&ID=48096
学习
谢谢楼上
收藏一下好好看
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