ChaseDream
标题: SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（五）Proceed by [打印本页]
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-6-15 11:34
标题: SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（五）Proceed by
Common prompts for Proceed by:
- The argument proceeds by . . .
- The professor derives her conclusion by . . .
- The method of reasoning the argument employs is to . . .
- The response to the director’s argumentation is . . .
Before you look at the answer:
1. Pinpoint the main conclusion in the passage. (Read my previous Main Point post.)
2. Separate the premises from everything else. After you find the main point, don’t assume that all the other statements are premises; they might include opposing viewpoints, background information, and concessions.
3. Then, in your own words, describe how the argument unfolds: “the author presents a recent study and then refutes the same study by showing that its sample is unrepresentative.” Avoid looking att he answers until you have forced yourself to describe the overall structure of the argument.
Now look for the answer that most accurately describes what you just described.
1. Focus on the active clause of each answer to help yourself move through the maze of the answer choices quickly.
2. The correct answer must describe exactly what’s happening in the passage. Make sure every word of that answer correlates with some part of the passage. In other words, translate the abstract terms into concrete terms from the passage.
If you pay attention to my previous posts, you might have a feeling of Déjà vu. That means you did pay attention to my discussions. Congratulations.The above steps are almost a verbatim copy of the “Role/Boldface” post. Why? Because all arguments are the same and both posts deal with the ways to present an argument. Once you know what is the premise, what is the main conclusion, and how to get from the premise to the conclusion, you pretty much understand the whole argument. GMAT CR questions are walk in the park once you figure out the logical path therein using your brain power and laser-sharp eyes.
The following are some sample questions which you might want to take a look at:
1) Whittaker: There can be no such thing as the number of medical school students who drop out before their second year, because if they drop out, they never have a second year.
Hudson: By your reasoning I cannot help but become rich, because there is similarly no such thing as my dying before my first million dollars is in the bank.
Hudson responds to Whittaker by
(A) showing that a relevantly analogous argument leads to an untenable conclusion
(B) citing a specific example to counter Whittaker’s general claim
(C) pointing out that Whittaker mistakes a necessary situation for a possible situation
(D) claiming that what Whittaker says cannot be true because Whittaker acts as if it were false
(E) showing that Whittaker’s argument relies on analyzing an extreme and unrepresentative case
2) Some people have been promoting a new herbal mixture as a remedy for the common cold. The mixture contains, among other things, extracts of the plants purple cone-flower and goldenseal. A cold sufferer, skeptical of the claim that the mixture is an effective cold remedy, argued, “Suppose that the mixture were an effective cold remedy. Since most people with colds wish to recover quickly, it follows that almost everybody with a cold would be using it. Therefore, since there are many people who have colds but do not use the mixture, it is obviously not effective.”
Which one of the following most accurately describes the method of reasoning the cold sufferer uses to reach the conclusion of the argument?
(A) finding a claim to be false on the grounds that it would, if true, have consequences that are false
(B) accepting a claim on the basis of public opinion of the claim
(C) showing that conditions necessary to establish the truth of a claim are met
(D) basing a generalization on a representative group of instances
(E) showing that a measure claimed to be effective in achieving a certain effect would actually make achieving the effect more difficult
3) Many plant varieties used in industrially developed nations to improve cultivated crops come from less developed nations. No compensation is paid on the grounds that the plants used are "the common heritage of humanity." Such reasoning is, however, flawed. After all, no one suggests that coal, oil, and ores should be extracted without payment.
Which of the following best describes an aspect of the method used by the author in the argument above？
(A) The author proceeds from a number of specific observations to a tentative generalization.
(B) The author applies to the case under discussion facts about phenomena assumed to be similar in some relevant respect.
(C) A position is strengthened by showing that the opposite of that position would have logically absurd consequences.
(D) A line of reasoning is called into question on the grounds that it confuses cause and effect in a causal relation.
(E) An argument is analyzed by separating statements of fact from individual value judgments.
4) Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be collected until Thursday this week. Garbage is usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable. However, Monday was a public holiday, and after a public holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage throughout the city is supposed to be collected one day later than usual.
The argument proceeds by
(A) treating several pieces of irrelevant evidence as though they provide support for the conclusion.
(B) indirectly establishing that one thing is likely to occur by directly ruling out all of the alternative possibilities
(C) providing information that allows application of a general rule to a specific case.
(D) generalizing about all actions of a certain kind on the basis of a description of one such action
(E) treating something that is probable as though it were inevitable
5) Recently discovered fossil evidence casts doubt on the evolutionary theory that dinosaurs are more closely related to reptiles than to other classes of animals. Fossils show that some dinosaurs had hollow bones-a feature found today only in warm blooded creatures, such as birds, that have a high metabolic rates. Dinosaurs had well-developed senses of sight and hearing, which is not true of present-day cold blooded creatures like reptiles. The highly arched mouth roof of some dinosaurs would have permitted them to breathe while eating, as fast as breathing animals, such as birds, need to do.Today all fast-breathing animals are warm blooded. Finally, fossils reveal that many dinosaurs had a pattern of growth typical of warm-blooded animals.
The argument in the passage proceeds by
(A) Attempting to justify one position by demonstrating that an opposition is based on erroneous information.
(B)Establishing a general principle that it then uses to draw a conclusion about a particular case
(C)Dismissing a claim made about the present on the basis of historical evidence
(D Assuming that if all members of a category have a certain property then all things with that property belong to the category
(E)Presenting evidence that a past phenomenon is more similar to one than the other of two present day phenomena
It is beneficial for you to become familiar with the following indicators commenly used in arguments:
Opinion:
Many scholars believe that . . .
A few committee members argue that . . .
The defendant claimed that . . .
The classical theory holds that . . .
Hui’s recent research found that. . .
Most CDers voted [the posts by Zeros as their favorites]
It is commonly assumed that . . .
It is very documented that . . .
It is widely agreed that . . .
Conclusion:
Accordingly
As a result
Consequently
For that reason
Hence
It follows that
So
Then
Therefore
This is evidence that
This shows that
Thus
Premise:
As indicated by
Because
Due to
For
For example
For instance
For the reason that
From the fact that
Given that
Owing to
Since
Such as
This can be seen from
We know this by
More Premises:
Additionally
After all
Also
Besides
Further
Furthermore
In addition
In fact
Indeed
Moreover
Nor
What's more
Concession:
Admittedly
Although
But
Despite
Despite the fact that
Even though
However
In contrast
In spite of
That said
While
Yet
Common structures for arguments:
Opinion. However, conclusion. Premise.
Opinion. Although concession, conclusion. Premise.
SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（四）Role (Boldface)
SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（六）Weaken
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-6-15 12:03
It is beneficial for you to become familiar with the following indicators commenly used in arguments:
Opinion:
Many scholars believe that . . .
A few committee members argue that . . .
The defendant claimed that . . .
The classical theory holds that . . .
Hui’s recent research found that. . .
Most CDers voted [the posts by Zeros as their favorites]
It is commonly assumed that . . .
It is very documented that . . .
It is widely agreed that . . .
Conclusion
Accordingly
As a result
Consequently
For that reason
Hence
It follows that
So
Then
Therefore
This is evidence that
This shows that
Thus
Premise
As indicated by
Because
Due to
For
For example
For instance
For the reason that
From the fact that
Given that
Owing to
Since
Such as
This can be seen from
We know this by
More Premises
Additionally
After all
Also
Besides
Further
Furthermore
In addition
In fact
Indeed
Moreover
Nor
What's more
Concession
Admittedly
Although
But
Despite
Despite the fact that
Even though
However
In contrast
In spite of
That said
While
Yet
Common structures for arguments:
Opinion. However, conclusion. Premise.
Opinion. Although concession, conclusion. Premise.
SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（四）Role (Boldface)
SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（六）Weaken
作者: zhangyina 时间: 2011-6-15 13:21
哇，好多要记的，怕记不住呢。 考场上就全都想不起来了。。。
作者: 灭绝湿太 时间: 2011-6-15 16:11
马克~
作者: fangsigaoa 时间: 2011-6-16 10:25
A A B C D
请牛牛指点！
还有，这2个选项看不太明白：
(A) finding a claim to be false on the grounds that it would, if true, have consequences that are false
(E) showing that a measure claimed to be effective in achieving a certain effect would actually make achieving the effect more difficult
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-6-16 21:24
1) Whittaker: There can be no such thing as the number of medical school students who drop out before their second year, becauseif they drop out, they never have a second year.
Hudson: By your reasoning I cannot help but become rich, becausethere is similarly no such thing as my dying before my first million dollars is in the bank.
Hudson responds to Whittaker by
(A) showing that a relevantly analogous argument leads to an untenable conclusion (A)
(B) citing a specific example to counter Whittaker’s general claim
(C) pointing out that Whittaker mistakes a necessary situation for a possible situation
(D) claiming that what Whittaker says cannot be true because Whittaker acts as if it were false
(E) showing that Whittaker’s argument relies on analyzing an extreme and unrepresentative case
2) Some people have been promoting a new herbal mixture as a remedy for the common cold. The mixture contains, among other things, extracts of the plants purple cone-flower and goldenseal. A cold sufferer, skeptical of the claim that the mixture is an effective cold remedy, argued, “Suppose that the mixture were an effective cold remedy. Since most people with colds wish to recover quickly, it follows that almost everybody with a cold would be using it. Therefore, since there are many people who have colds but do not use the mixture, it is obviously not effective.”
Which one of the following most accurately describes the method of reasoning the cold sufferer uses to reach the conclusion of the argument?
(A) finding a claim to be false on the grounds that it would, if true, have consequences that are false (A)
(B) accepting a claim on the basis of public opinion of the claim
(C) showing that conditions necessary to establish the truth of a claim are met
(D) basing a generalization on a representative group of instances
(E) showing that a measure claimed to be effective in achieving a certain effect would actually make achieving the effect more difficult
The argument goes like the following:
Premise:
1) If the mixture were an effective cold remedy (the claim); people who have cold would have used the mixture (the consequence).
2) But there are many people who have colds but do not use the mixture (the consequence is false).
Conclusion:
The mixture is obviously not effective (the claim is false).
3) Many plant varieties used in industrially developed nations to improve cultivated crops come from less developed nations. No compensation is paid on the grounds that the plants used are "the common heritage of humanity."Such reasoning is, however, flawed. After all, no one suggests that coal, oil, and ores should be extracted without payment.
Which of the following best describes an aspect of the method used by the author in the argument above？
(A) The author proceeds from a number of specific observations to a tentative generalization.
(B) The author applies to the case under discussion facts about phenomena assumed to be similar in some relevant respect. (B)
(C) A position is strengthened by showing that the opposite of that position would have logically absurd consequences.
(D) A line of reasoning is called into question on the grounds that it confuses cause and effect in a causal relation.
(E) An argument is analyzed by separating statements of fact from individual value judgments.
4) Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be collected until Thursday this week. Garbage is usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable. However, Monday was a public holiday, and after a public holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage throughout the city is supposed to be collected one day later than usual.
The argument proceeds by
(A) treating several pieces of irrelevant evidence as though they provide support for the conclusion.
(B) indirectly establishing that one thing is likely to occur by directly ruling out all of the alternative possibilities
(C) providing information that allows application of a general rule to a specific case. (C)
(D) generalizing about all actions of a certain kind on the basis of a description of one such action
(E) treating something that is probable as though it were inevitable
5) Recently discovered fossil evidence casts doubt on the evolutionary theory that dinosaurs are more closely related to reptiles than to other classes of animals. Fossils show that some dinosaurs had hollow bones-a feature found today only in warm blooded creatures, such as birds, that have a high metabolic rates. Dinosaurs had well-developed senses of sight and hearing, which is not true of present-day cold blooded creatures like reptiles. The highly arched mouth roof of some dinosaurs would have permitted them to breathe while eating, as fast as breathing animals, such as birds, need to do.Today all fast-breathing animals are warm blooded. Finally, fossils reveal that many dinosaurs had a pattern of growth typical of warm-blooded animals.
The argument in the passage proceeds by
(A) Attempting to justify one position by demonstrating that an opposition is based on erroneous information.
(B) Establishing a general principle that it then uses to draw a conclusion about a particular case
(C) Dismissing a claim made about the present on the basis of historical evidence
(D Assuming that if all members of a category have a certain property then all things with that property belong to the category
(E) Presenting evidence that a past phenomenon is more similar to one than the other of two present day phenomena (E)
Notice the author says "cast doubt on." And the way he supports his conclusion is by comparing the features of a dinosaur against that of cold-blooded animals and warm-blooded animals.
作者: Aviva0307 时间: 2011-6-17 16:35
5)
Recently discovered fossil evidence casts doubt on the evolutionary theory that dinosaurs are more closely related to reptiles than to other classes of animals. Fossils show that some dinosaurs had hollow bones-a feature found today only in warm blooded creatures, such as birds, that have a high metabolic rates. Dinosaurs had well-developed senses of sight and hearing, which is not true of present-day cold blooded creatures like reptiles. The highly arched mouth roof of some dinosaurs would have permitted them to breathe while eating, as fast as breathing animals, such as birds, need to do.Today all fast-breathing animals are warm blooded. Finally, fossils reveal that many dinosaurs had a pattern of growth typical of warm-blooded animals.
The argument in the passage proceeds by
(A) Attempting to justify one position by demonstrating that an opposition is based on erroneous information.
(B) Establishing a general principle that it then uses to draw a conclusion about a particular case
(C) Dismissing a claim made about the present on the basis of historical evidence
(D Assuming that if all members of a category have a certain property then all things with that property belong to the category
(E) Presenting evidence that a past phenomenon is more
similar to onethan the other of two present day phenomena
(E)
Notice the author says "cast doubt on." And the way he supports his conclusion is by comparing the features of a dinosaur against that of cold-blooded animals and warm-blooded animals.-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/6/16 21:24:56)
According to the passage,
similar features(two ):high metabolic rates、highly arched mouth roof
dissimilar feature(one): developed senses of sight and heaving
Thus, (E) should be like this: Presenting evidence that a past phenomenon is more similar to twothan the other one present day phenomena
That puzzle baffles me, please help me.
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-6-18 00:30
. . . more similar to one than the other of two present day phenomena
Here the phenomena refers to ANIMALS.
one: warm-blooded animals
the other: cold-blooded animals.
Both are present day animals
作者: jaze 时间: 2011-6-19 15:25
How do you figure out that phenomena refers to ANIMALS, since, from my viewpoint, test takers are so easy to fall into the confuse that #6 said.
作者: jameshzd 时间: 2011-6-19 19:05
UP ！
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-6-19 21:09
How do you figure out that phenomena refers to ANIMALS, since, from my viewpoint, test takers are so easy to fall into the confuse that #6 said.
-- by 会员 jaze (2011/6/19 15:25:11)
In terms of grammar, "more similar to one than the other of two phenomena" simply compares ONE of two phenomena with THE OTHER of two phenomena.
作者: qiushuan 时间: 2011-7-4 13:19
sdcar,
I can figure out the the conclusion and premise. but i have problem in understanding the questions. Do u have any suggestions in improving this?
thxs!
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-7-4 13:26
sdcar,
I can figure out the the conclusion and premise. but i have problem in understanding the questions. Do u have any suggestions in improving this?
thxs!
-- by 会员 qiushuan (2011/7/4 13:19:30)
That's reading comprehension. The more you read and analyze English articles, the better you understand RC and CR questions.
作者: MarsTOF 时间: 2011-7-12 00:50
我想问一下 5题D选项错是不是因为答非所问。。有点不理解了。。晕。。。虽然我选了E。。。
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-7-12 03:13
我想问一下 5题D选项错是不是因为答非所问。。有点不理解了。。晕。。。虽然我选了E。。。
-- by 会员 MarsTOF (2011/7/12 0:50:34)
The author does not do what D) says. You are right.
作者: jeanblanc 时间: 2011-7-31 09:25
请教几个问题：
第一题，D错在哪里呢？
第二题A选项on the ground that后面的意思理解得不是很透彻，能不能麻烦解释一下？感觉这里特别绕，如果是if true,it would have opposed consequences 能够理解，但是说这个consequences are false不能理解。另外，claim和opinion有什么区别呢？
还有第五题，真的如上面同学提问所说，真的很难一下把a past phenomenon，one phenomenon, the other phenomenon 和dinosaur，warm-blooded animals，cold-blooded animals一下联系起来，而直观想到的肯定是他们的特性。所以觉得这样联系有点牵强。
多谢了！
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-7-31 10:08
D) claiming that what Whittaker says cannot be true because Whittaker acts as if it were false.
I do not which part "Whittaker acts as if it were false."
A) finding a claim to be false on the grounds that it would, if true, have consequences that are false
If the claim is true, it would have consequeces that are false. Hence, the claim is false.
请教几个问题：
第一题，D错在哪里呢？
第二题A选项on the ground that后面的意思理解得不是很透彻，能不能麻烦解释一下？感觉这里特别绕，如果是if true,it would have opposed consequences 能够理解，但是说这个consequences are false不能理解。另外，claim和opinion有什么区别呢？
还有第五题，真的如上面同学提问所说，真的很难一下把a past phenomenon，one phenomenon, the other phenomenon 和dinosaur，warm-blooded animals，cold-blooded animals一下联系起来，而直观想到的肯定是他们的特性。所以觉得这样联系有点牵强。
多谢了！
-- by 会员 jeanblanc (2011/7/31 9:25:30)
作者: courtdancer 时间: 2011-9-29 23:48
sdcar2010, would u plz kindly explain question 1 for me?
i can't understand what the stimulus means
thanks so much!
作者: suntree846 时间: 2011-10-3 16:39
hello SDCAR2010
for Q2:
2) Some people have been promoting a new herbal mixture as a remedy for the common cold. The mixture contains, among other things, extracts of the plants purple cone-flower and goldenseal. A cold sufferer, skeptical of the claim that the mixture is an effective cold remedy, argued, “Suppose that the mixture were an effective cold remedy. Since most people with colds wish to recover quickly, it follows that almost everybody with a cold would be using it. Therefore, since there are many people who have colds but do not use the mixture, it is obviously not effective.”
Which one of the following most accurately describes the method of reasoning the cold sufferer uses to reach the conclusion of the argument?
(A) finding a claim to be false on the grounds that it would, if true, have consequences that are false
(B) accepting a claim on the basis of public opinion of the claim
(C) showing that conditions necessary to establish the truth of a claim are met
(D) basing a generalization on a representative group of instances
(E) showing that a measure claimed to be effective in achieving a certain effect would actually make achieving the effect more difficult
Although I knew that (a) is the correct answer
(c) puzzles me for I think that there are many people who have colds but do not use the mixture is necessary for the conclusion that it is not effective and I can't understand what the are met means at the end of (C), look forward to your reply.
thanks !
作者: QUARTZ7 时间: 2011-10-3 20:52
hello SDCAR2010
for Q2:
2) Some people have been promoting a new herbal mixture as a remedy for the common cold. The mixture contains, among other things, extracts of the plants purple cone-flower and goldenseal. A cold sufferer, skeptical of the claim that the mixture is an effective cold remedy, argued, “Suppose that the mixture were an effective cold remedy. Since most people with colds wish to recover quickly, it follows that almost everybody with a cold would be using it. Therefore, since there are many people who have colds but do not use the mixture, it is obviously not effective.”
Which one of the following most accurately describes the method of reasoning the cold sufferer uses to reach the conclusion of the argument?
(A) finding a claim to be false on the grounds that it would, if true, have consequences that are false
(B) accepting a claim on the basis of public opinion of the claim
(C) showing that conditions necessary to establish the truth of a claim are met
(D) basing a generalization on a representative group of instances
(E) showing that a measure claimed to be effective in achieving a certain effect would actually make achieving the effect more difficult
Although I knew that (a) is the correct answer
(c) puzzles me for I think
that there are many people who have colds but do not use the mixture is necessary for the conclusion that
it is not effective and I can't understand what the
are met means at the end of (C), look forward to your reply.
thanks !
-- by 会员 suntree846 (2011/10/3 16:39:57)
我也选的C 但后来我想原文premise是if a mixture is an effective remedy, so many people will use it. 但conclusion说Beacuse many people don't use it, so the remedy is not effective.正好是premise的逆否，是等价的。
但还是不是很清楚C怎么解释。请求大牛指导！
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-10-3 21:28
1) Whittaker: There can be no such thing as the number of medical school students who drop out before their second year, because if they drop out, they never have a second year.
Hudson: By your reasoning I cannot help but become rich, because there is similarly no such thing as my dying before my first million dollars is in the bank.
Hudson responds to Whittaker by
(A) showing that a relevantly analogous argument leads to an untenable conclusion (A)
(B) citing a specific example to counter Whittaker’s general claim
(C) pointing out that Whittaker mistakes a necessary situation for a possible situation
(D) claiming that what Whittaker says cannot be true because Whittaker acts as if it were false
(E) showing that Whittaker’s argument relies on analyzing an extreme and unrepresentative case
Whittaker's reasoning is as follows:
Premise: If people do A before having B; then they do not have B. (A = drop out; B = second year.)
Conclusion: No people do A before having B.
Hudson's similar reasoning:
Premise (not shown): If people die before having a million dollars in the bank, then they do not have a million dollars in the bank. (A = die; B = a million dollars in the bank.)
Conclusion (shown): No people die before having a millon dollars in the bank.
But we know that most people die before becoming a millionair. So Hudson just used an analogy of Whittaker's logic to show the absurdity of the resulting conclusion in an attempt to refute the latter's logic.
sdcar2010, would u plz kindly explain question 1 for me?
i can't understand what the stimulus means
thanks so much!
-- by 会员 courtdancer (2011/9/29 23:48:55)
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-10-3 21:40
In the main conlcusion: "since there are many people who have colds but do not use the mixture, it is obviously not effective"; there are many people who have colds but do not use the mixture is NOT a necessary condition, but a sufficient condition.
In all reasonings, ONLY a sufficient condtion can correctly lead to the resulting conclusion, but not vice versa. And the cold suffer did not indicate what is the necessary condition for his conclusion to follow.
hello SDCAR2010
for Q2:
2) Some people have been promoting a new herbal mixture as a remedy for the common cold. The mixture contains, among other things, extracts of the plants purple cone-flower and goldenseal. A cold sufferer, skeptical of the claim that the mixture is an effective cold remedy, argued, “Suppose that the mixture were an effective cold remedy. Since most people with colds wish to recover quickly, it follows that almost everybody with a cold would be using it. Therefore, since there are many people who have colds but do not use the mixture, it is obviously not effective.”
Which one of the following most accurately describes the method of reasoning the cold sufferer uses to reach the conclusion of the argument?
(A) finding a claim to be false on the grounds that it would, if true, have consequences that are false
(B) accepting a claim on the basis of public opinion of the claim
(C) showing that conditions necessary to establish the truth of a claim are met
(D) basing a generalization on a representative group of instances
(E) showing that a measure claimed to be effective in achieving a certain effect would actually make achieving the effect more difficult
Although I knew that (a) is the correct answer
(c) puzzles me for I think that there are many people who have colds but do not use the mixture is necessary for the conclusion that it is not effective and I can't understand what the are met means at the end of (C), look forward to your reply.
thanks !-- by 会员 suntree846 (2011/10/3 16:39:57)
作者: QUARTZ7 时间: 2011-10-3 21:59
Dear SDCAR2010, I'm not good at analyzing the "sufficient and necessary" questions. Would you please give some more illustrations, or state it with an example?
Thank you very much!
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-10-3 22:32
Sufficient and necessary are mostly used in assumption questions and formal logic questions. You can read my posts on these two subjects and, hopefully get a better understanding.
sufficient = enabling; necessary = required.
作者: QUARTZ7 时间: 2011-10-4 22:47
Sufficient and necessary are mostly used in assumption questions and formal logic questions. You can read my posts on these two subjects and, hopefully get a better understanding.
sufficient = enabling; necessary = required.
-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/10/3 22:32:44)
Yes, when I ask the question, I haven't read your post No.8. Now I know it more clearly with your help. Thanks a lot! Regards!
作者: bonfin 时间: 2011-10-31 09:20
up~
作者: UlysessHope 时间: 2011-11-2 17:08
啊啊啊~~~我非常气愤 在一个留学中介网站发现有抄袭的！气愤啊！http://www.meiqinedu.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=244&id=13445
作者: xqxqzym 时间: 2011-11-10 04:19
必顶~
作者: Ellen影子 时间: 2011-11-17 13:09
555
多谢牛牛
恕我愚昧
我实在没理解到这一章是在讲哪个类型的题
也不懂这个类型的题到底是在问什么！
求牛牛指点！
作者: Ellen影子 时间: 2011-11-17 14:10
还有个问题
第二题
牛牛说
Conclusion:
The mixture is obviously not effective
Premise：
Suppose that the mixture were an effective cold remedy
premise 要support conclusion
但是我在这里看不出来这个premise support了conclusion啊？
我认为 Therefore, since there are many people who have colds but do not use the mixture 才是support了 conclusion啊 这句话能看做是premise么？
求牛牛指点！
谢谢！
作者: belindacqy 时间: 2011-12-2 02:39
3) Many plant varieties used in industrially developed nations to improve cultivated crops come from less developed nations. No compensation is paid on the grounds that the plants used are "the common heritage of humanity."Such reasoning is, however, flawed. After all, no one suggests that coal, oil, and ores should be extracted without payment.
Which of the following best describes an aspect of the method used by the author in the argument above？
(A) The author proceeds from a number of specific observations to a tentative generalization.
(B) The author applies to the case under discussion facts about phenomena assumed to be similar in some relevant respect. (B)
(C) A position is strengthened by showing that the opposite of that position would have logically absurd consequences.
(D) A line of reasoning is called into question on the grounds that it confuses cause and effect in a causal relation.
(E) An argument is analyzed by separating statements of fact from individual value judgments
Hi,sdcar. I chosed E.
I think i didn't understand E.I chosed it because i thought that the former part of the stimulus can be the facts;the last sentence seems to be the different individual value judgments. My mistake may be seperating the answer choice instead of considering it as a whole part to understand?
Or you could tell me the right method for this question.
Many thanks in advance.
Cheers.
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-12-2 02:58
(Background) Many plant varieties used in industrially developed nations to improve cultivated crops come from less developed nations. (Opposing opinion)No compensation is paid on the grounds that the plants used are "the common heritage of humanity." Such reasoning is, however, flawed. After all, no one suggests that coal, oil, and ores should be extracted without payment.
The author, in essence, uses an analogy between plant and coal, oil and ores to drive home the message that compensation should be paid for plants removed from less developed nations.
作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-1-22 23:30
thx sdcar~
I'm still trying to wrap my mind around it.......
I will try again, tomorrow！
作者: 米米时代007 时间: 2012-2-7 11:07
(Background) Many plant varieties used in industrially developed nations to improve cultivated crops come from less developed nations. (Opposing opinion)No compensation is paid on the grounds that the plants used are "the common heritage of humanity."
Such reasoning is, however, flawed.
After all, no one suggests that coal, oil, and ores should be extracted without payment.
The author, in essence, uses an analogy between plant and coal, oil and ores to drive home the message that compensation should be paid for plants removed from less developed nations.
-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/12/2 2:58:18)
I still can't understand the reasoning in it, maybe simply because I am slow. I definitely need more practice. Thanks!
作者: wanganning123 时间: 2012-3-8 13:37
终于有点明白第五题最后选项了
Presenting evidence that a past phenomenon is more similar to one(warm-blooded animals) than the other（cold-blooded animals） of two present day phenomena。
换成这样说
Presenting evidence of two present day phenomena that a past phenomenon is more similar to one(warm-blooded animals) than the other（cold-blooded animals） 。
作者: lm5054 时间: 2012-3-19 15:37
sdcar2010 纯大神啊！！！！！！！！！！！！！！
作者: miffyhui 时间: 2012-4-5 20:51
这章的题目实在是不明白,分清楚premise和conclusion以后也没办法和答案联系起来
作者: eejqchen 时间: 2012-4-27 23:46
UP!!
作者: athenawujj 时间: 2012-5-9 23:11
Dear SDCAR, thanks for your workI don't understand No.4,why not choose E?
4) Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be collected until Thursday this week.（Main conclusion) Garbage is usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable.(is it an opinion or premises?i am not quiet sure)However, Monday was a public holiday, and after a public holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage throughout the city is supposed to be collected one day later than usual.
The argument proceeds by
(A) treating several pieces of irrelevant evidence as though they provide support for the conclusion.
(B) indirectly establishing that one thing is likely to occur by directly ruling out all of the alternative possibilities
(C) providing information that allows application of a general rule to a specific case.
(D) generalizing about all actions of a certain kind on the basis of a description of one such action
(E) treating something that is probable as though it were inevitable
作者: athenawujj 时间: 2012-5-9 23:22
dear SDCAR, i want to ask you how to improve the reading comprehension,could you give me some ideas?like reading what kind of the newspaper? Thank you!
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2012-5-10 00:59
Dear SDCAR, thanks for your workI don't understand No.4,why not choose E?4) Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be collected until Thursday this week.（Main conclusion) Garbage is usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable.(is it an opinion or premises?i am not quiet sure)However, Monday was a public holiday, and after a public holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage throughout the city is supposed to be collected one day later than usual.
The argument proceeds by
(A) treating several pieces of irrelevant evidence as though they provide support for the conclusion.
(B) indirectly establishing that one thing is likely to occur by directly ruling out all of the alternative possibilities
(C) providing information that allows application of a general rule to a specific case.
(D) generalizing about all actions of a certain kind on the basis of a description of one such action
(E) treating something that is probable as though it were inevitable-- by 会员 athenawujj (2012/5/9 23:11:29)
Main conclusion: Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be collected until Thursday this week
And the whole passage sets up the logic chain which supports the above conclusion. There is no somthing probable involved here. If . . . then ... statements are clearcut, not probable, but inevitable if the trigger is present.
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2012-5-10 01:00
As to how to enhance your English skills, I have posted quite a few posts at the TOEFL forum if you care to know:
http://forum.chasedream.com/TOEFL_iBT/thread-498831-1-1.html#14502670
http://forum.chasedream.com/TOEFL_iBT/thread-499074-1-1.html#14505666
http://forum.chasedream.com/TOEFL_iBT/thread-499539-1-1.html#14511213
http://forum.chasedream.com/TOEFL_iBT/thread-504343-1-1.html#14577795
作者: athenawujj 时间: 2012-5-10 23:24
Dear SDCARGarbage is usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable.(is it an opinion or premises?
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2012-5-11 00:59
Premise.
作者: athenawujj 时间: 2012-5-17 00:24
Hello,SDCAR
today i did some exercises.But i don't know how to do "Must be true".Can you give me some ideas?
And what is the difference between 'principle' and'back info'?
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2012-5-17 02:55
Principle is a theory, which is kind of abstract in words and meaning and which can help solve some practical or real problems.
Back info is similar to background information.
Must-be-true is the easiest among all problems, because the correct answer MUST be true according to the passage. Anything which is not mentioned in or derived from the passage IS wrong.
作者: Cylia 时间: 2012-6-1 11:40
thx!!! this series is really helpful
作者: LuckyYolandaLi 时间: 2012-6-2 16:23
顶！有帮助 谢谢~~
作者: wqfgmat 时间: 2012-6-5 11:35
想问一下第三题 p和c的意思不明白 p是怎么推出c的 opposing与p和c怎么联系起来
作者: cathyruby 时间: 2012-8-25 10:52
能不能翻译成英文阿 看得云里雾里的
作者: cathyruby 时间: 2012-8-25 10:52
中文
作者: flonacui 时间: 2012-11-24 11:07
up!!!!!very useful
作者: 专家冯 时间: 2012-12-12 10:26
哈哈！全对！I Got it.
作者: alanhe1002 时间: 2013-1-28 05:03
I can find the main conclusions and premises correctly, but I can't get right answers. Can you give me some suggestions? THX!!!!!
作者: cuteyaoyao 时间: 2013-3-8 15:30
3) Many plant varieties used in industrially developed nations to improve cultivated crops come from less developed nations. No compensation is paid on the grounds that the plants used are "the common heritage of humanity."Such reasoning is, however, flawed. After all, no one suggests that coal, oil, and ores should be extracted without payment.
Which of the following best describes an aspect of the method used by the author in the argument above？
(B) The author applies to the case under discussion facts about phenomena assumed to be similar in some relevant respect.
Hi Sd, I have one question here. Does the "assumed" this word in B mean that this is an assumption instead of the description of the method used? Because I thought it was an assumption, I regarded B as irrelevant choice. Thus, I chose other answer...
Thanks! 
作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2013-3-8 22:45
3) Many plant varieties used in industrially developed nations to improve cultivated crops come from less developed nations. No compensation is paid on the grounds that the plants used are "the common heritage of humanity."Such reasoning is, however, flawed. After all, no one suggests that coal, oil, and ores should be extracted without payment.
Which of the following best describes an aspect of the method used by the author in the argument above？
(B) The author applies to the case under discussion facts about phenomena assumed to be similar in some relevant respect.
Hi Sd, I have one question here. Does the "assumed" this word in B mean that this is an assumption instead of the description of the method used? Because I thought it was an assumption, I regarded B as irrelevant choice. Thus, I chose other answer...
Thanks!
-- by 会员 cuteyaoyao (2013/3/8 15:30:14)
作者: 晓野的野 时间: 2013-3-25 20:54
For Q5, I choose D. I think dinosaurs have certain properties of a category(warm-blooded animals)
So dinosaurs belong to this category.
What's wrong with D?
作者: 郭郭果果5090 时间: 2013-3-26 21:49
请教sdcar2010，active clause是什么呢？查了好久都查不到
谢谢sdcar2010
作者: 瓶中的雨燕 时间: 2013-7-13 18:23
sdcar2010 发表于 2012-5-10 00:59 
Dear SDCAR, thanks for your workI don't understand No.4,why not choose E?4) Garbage in this neigh ...
不好意思。。看了英文解释后，还是没懂。。。把E选项翻译成中文后，感觉更对了。。。。
作者: yi_unk 时间: 2013-7-18 09:05
thx a lot!!!
作者: qwer121qwer 时间: 2013-7-19 12:05
laser-sharp eyes.····楼主你赢了···
作者: bejamin1111 时间: 2013-7-22 19:24
sdcar2010 发表于 2011-6-18 00:30
. . . more similar to one than the other of two present day phenomenaHere the phenomena refers to AN ...
sure thing!
作者: bejamin1111 时间: 2013-7-22 19:34
反应迟钝，我mark一下第四题及我的一些理解；
4) Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be collected until Thursday this week. Garbage is usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable. However, Monday was a public holiday, and after a public holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage throughout the city is supposed to be collected one day later than usual.
The argument proceeds by
(A) treating several pieces of irrelevant evidence as though they provide support for the conclusion.
irrelevant evidence不正确；
(B) indirectly establishing that one thing is likely to occur by directly ruling out all of the alternative possibilities
从侧面的不正确来推出正面的正确，不对
(C) providing information that allows application of a general rule to a specific case.
将通则应用到一个具体的个例；yes
(D) generalizing about all actions of a certain kind on the basis of a description of one such action
generalize...不对
(E) treating something that is probable as though it were inevitable
将可能发生的事情认为一定会发生,no
作者: lordyz 时间: 2013-10-2 16:36
darn its hard!...
作者: sulegend 时间: 2013-12-23 15:52
it is so awesome that i can not stop reading it
作者: 椰蓉面包 时间: 2014-2-11 20:17
膜拜大神
作者: emiliejiang 时间: 2014-3-1 12:04
Actually, I'm confused by the choice E.
作者: 醒醒Shine 时间: 2014-4-1 22:08
wanganning123 发表于 2012-3-8 13:37
终于有点明白第五题最后选项了Presenting evidence that a past phenomenon is more similar to one(warm-b ...
原来后面的of结构是修饰the other，泪啊。。。难怪我一直觉得这个选项不对！！
谢谢解释。看来是RC缺课。。。
作者: zhangyanlele 时间: 2014-4-2 11:16
谢谢SDCAR2010，连着看了5篇，对比之前我已经复习的CR笔记，更加补充了充实了，有了自己的思路！谢谢！争取今天把这个逻辑入门系列看完！
作者: 刚劲小职员 时间: 2014-5-21 09:23
MARK. It's the third day that I learn this guide. And from the replies I have an another amazing finding, the similar guide about TOFEL. THX a lot.
作者: zincgirl 时间: 2014-8-15 19:35
谢谢谢谢！！！！！
作者: 翠花饿了 时间: 2014-9-25 22:50
为什么只到boldface题，有没有其他的分析啊
作者: isecant 时间: 2014-10-7 19:08
最后一个题我还看了半天。。。原来是语法不过关
作者: 玉米先生 时间: 2014-12-17 16:09
sdcar2010 发表于 2011-7-12 03:13
我想问一下 5题D选项错是不是因为答非所问。。有点不理解了。。晕。。。虽然我选了E。。。-- by 会员 Ma ...
5题D选项并没有所答非所问啊，热血动物有的一些特点，恐龙也有，那么恐龙是属于热血动物，作者的思路却是是这样的啊
作者: 玉米先生 时间: 2014-12-17 19:25
sdcar2010 发表于 2011-6-16 21:24
1) Whittaker: There can be no such thing as the number of medical school students who drop out befor ...
sdcar 你好，请教一下Assuming that if all members of a category have a certain property then all things with that property belong to the category这个选项怎么错了？
作者: echogmj 时间: 2015-1-16 20:04
thanks for sharing ~~~
作者: zjhuruoxi567 时间: 2015-3-24 10:56
4) Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be collected until Thursday this week. Garbage is usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable. However, Monday was a public holiday, and after a public holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage throughout the city is supposed to be collected one day later than usual.
The argument proceeds by
(A) treating several pieces of irrelevant evidence as though they provide support for the conclusion.
(B) indirectly establishing that one thing is likely to occur by directly ruling out all of the alternative possibilities
(C) providing information that allows application of a general rule to a specific case. (C)
(D) generalizing about all actions of a certain kind on the basis of a description of one such action
(E) treating something that is probable as though it were inevitable
thanks a lot for ur guide!but I still have a question that why A is wrong? by that I mean why these evidences are relevant?
作者: zoooey_xu 时间: 2015-7-19 22:08
sdcar2010 发表于 2011-6-15 12:03
It is beneficial for you to become familiar with the following indicators commenly used in arguments ...
Mark一下！
作者: is456 时间: 2016-3-3 16:58
Thank you very much!
作者: sa0314 时间: 2018-6-9 13:21
Mark一下！
作者: 曹元成 时间: 2018-12-24 20:06
If you pay attention to my previous posts, you might have a feeling of Déjà vu.
2018了看到这个 逮虾户 有点想笑啊哈哈哈哈哈哈
作者: nauyyd 时间: 2019-10-7 23:25
Thx SDCAR! Really appreciate your wonderful explanations!
作者: 我爱吃香菜 时间: 2020-7-24 17:07
感谢分享！
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