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标题: SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（二）More about Argument Components [打印本页]

作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-6-11 02:59
标题: SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（二）More about Argument Components
Intermediate Conclusions

Sometimes an argument has more than one conclusion. The following is an example:

Because Ming Li went to PekingUniversity, he is smart. Therefore, he is likely to get a high score in GMAT.

The first thing you would notice is that there are two indicators in the above argument – because and therefore. The former leads to a premise and the latter, a conclusion. Secondly, the first sentence is an argument by itself since it contains both a premise (Because Ming Li went to Peking University) and a conclusion (he is smart). Thirdly, the conclusion (he is smart) of the first argument is used to support the second sentence, which is the main conclusion. To put it another way, the clause “he is smart” is both a conclusion (in the 1st sentence) and a premise (in the overall argument.)

In CR tests, a dual-role clause like this is called an “intermediate” or “subsidiary” conclusion. It is not the main point of the overall argument, but it is still a conclusion.

Keep in mind that you have to find the main conclusion of an argument in CR test. Do not be fooled by an intermediate conclusion along the way. Use the “because” test if in doubt.

Background Information

Some CR questions are not pure arguments. They might also include background information, which, by definition, helps you understand the flow of the argument, but does not contain a premise or a conclusion.

For example, an opinion of a critic or a committee is common in background information:

Editor: Many graduates from Peking University believe they can easily land a white-collar job after graduation. But they are wrong. A survey between 2000 and 2010 shows that more than 10% of Peking University Graduates during the last decade have no job offers within 6 months of their graduation.

The first sentence is neither a premise nor a conclusion. It is the opinion of “many graduates from Peking University.” The editor gives us this opinion to help us understand what he is trying to establish in his own conclusion (in the 2nd sentence) – that these graduates are wrong. In other words, he is arguing that a graduate from Peking University is NOT getting a job offer easily. The editor then buttresses his conclusion by citing a survey as the premise for his main conclusion.

A common pattern for such an argument is:
1) Opinion of someone else
2) The author’s conclusion (usually introduced with words such as but or however to highlight the contrast)
3) Premise(s) to support the author’s conclusion

As to examples of such opinions:

Many scholars believe that . . .

A few committee members argue that . . .

The defendant claimed that . . .

The classical theory holds that . . .

Hui’s recent research found that. . .

Most CDers voted [the posts by Zeros as their favorites]

All the above phrases telegraph to you that someone or some groups or some theories have such opinions or predictions. These phrases often end with the word that, but they do not have to. More often than not, they also start with some qualifiers, such as some, many, most, or all.

After the 1st sentence stating an opinion, the author is probably going to follow up with his or her own conclusion. And the author’s conclusion will usually contradict the opinion stated in the 1st sentence. Accordingly, we can call the 1st opinion “opposing viewpoint.”

Other phrases which introduce opinions of people other than the author are:

It is commonly assumed that . . .

It is very documented that . . .

It is widely agreed that . . .

These phrases are kind of hard to pick up since they do not mention any one person.

Hidden Premises

In certain arguments, one of the premises might be hidden in unusual places of the argument. Look at the following example:
Ming Li is smarter than Ying Zhang. Therefore, because smarter people earn more money, Ming earns more money than Ying.

The first sentence is a premise. The second sentence put two signal words therefore and because together. As a result, the second premise (smarter people earn more money) is hidden because test takers often treat everything after the indicator therefore as a conclusion.

Whenever the test makers put a premise in the middle of a sentence, they offset it with commas. Everything between the two commas is a premise. Examples are:

Therefore, because premise X, conclusion Y.

Thus, since premise X, conclusion Y.

So, due to premise X, conclusion Y.

Accordingly, given that premise X, conclusion Y.

In all of the above examples, the conclusion introduce by the signal words comes at the very end of the sentence.

Concessions

To make an argument stronger, a good advocate or debater or writer would concede a weakness of his or her viewpoints to show that they understand the big picture and to preempt a counterargument, if any, from their critics. For example:

Although a very high GPA might not guarantee an offer from a top MBA program, you should aim to get a GPA as high as possible in college if you want to enroll in a MBA program. A high GPA in college is something an admission committee advisor would like to see in the incoming MBA students.

The conclusion (you should aim to get a GPA as high as possible in college) is supported by the premise (A high GPA in college is something an admission committee advisor would like to see in the incoming MBA students.) But as you might have noticed, the first clause (very high GPA might not guarantee an offer from a top MBA program) actually hurts the argument. It is one reason you should NOT aim to get a high GPA in college. The author concedes this point to preempt one objection a critic might raise, such as “a high GPA only indicates book-smart” or “many candidates with high GPA get rejections from top MBA programs.” He is saying “I know high GPA is not sufficient, but it might be necessary. So I still think you should get a high GPA.” This evidence, in his mind, still outweighs the counter evidence a critic might proclaim.

Concessions are often introduced by although, even though, but, however, yet and despite.

SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（一）Arguments
SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（三）Main Point

作者: camelo777 时间: 2011-6-11 08:47
支持一下，慢慢看，谢谢SDCAR2010

要是能写份中文的就更好了，看了你前一个帖子知道为什么不用中文了。：）

作者: zhangyina 时间: 2011-6-11 13:20
恩一开始特别不适应，尤其是sdcar解答数学题时，就想第一时间弄明白题，一看英文就会烦。不过现在慢慢适应了，要逼着自己用英文的思维去想。。。

作者: 灭绝湿太 时间: 2011-6-11 15:27
顶！~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

作者: 脚板儿 时间: 2011-6-11 18:28
强大的贴！理解中~~

作者: rylstar01 时间: 2011-6-12 15:12
sdcar2010很强大。太受用了，系统得可以与Manhattan堪比

作者: Aviva0307 时间: 2011-6-12 17:31

跟~~

几种结构，常来读！

作者: fangsigaoa 时间: 2011-6-13 11:38
英文的很好啊！看SD牛牛写英文也是一种学习啊~~赞！思路好棒！

作者: jameshzd 时间: 2011-6-18 15:50
用英文的真的很好~出国不就是天天要对着英文来看吗？现在要逼着自己适应！

作者: jaze 时间: 2011-6-19 08:52
i am learning

作者: 于小笨 时间: 2011-6-19 16:31
见到了好多Gmat里的高频词汇……LZ威武！

作者: 米样 时间: 2011-6-22 15:13
超级崇拜SCDAR2010！
对hidden premise 不是很透彻。。。
是不是说，看到therefore，so等，不能想当然地以为后面的一团都是结论，而是可能隐藏着一些premise？
这样的hidden premise，是不是经常会以assumption的形式出题呢？如果不是的话，有什么区别呢？（思路比较乱，因为当我看到hidden premise这个标题的时候，就想到的是assumption这类的题目，没想到你说的和我预想的不同）
求解！

作者: 米样 时间: 2011-6-22 15:21
对concession的解释太精辟了！赞！

作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-6-22 22:06

超级崇拜SCDAR2010！
对hidden premise 不是很透彻。。。
是不是说，看到therefore，so等，不能想当然地以为后面的一团都是结论，而是可能隐藏着一些premise？
这样的hidden premise，是不是经常会以assumption的形式出题呢？如果不是的话，有什么区别呢？（思路比较乱，因为当我看到hidden premise这个标题的时候，就想到的是assumption这类的题目，没想到你说的和我预想的不同）
求解！

-- by 会员米样 (2011/6/22 15:13:02)

是不是说，看到therefore，so等，不能想当然地以为后面的一团都是结论，而是可能隐藏着一些premise？

Yes.

这样的hidden premise，是不是经常会以assumption的形式出题呢？

No.

Assumption is never in the stimulus while hidden premise is always in.

作者: 米样 时间: 2011-6-23 13:03

-- by 会员米样 (2011/6/22 15:13:02)

-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/6/22 22:06:39)

可不可以弱弱地问一句，怎么理解stimulus？

作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-6-23 21:08

可不可以弱弱地问一句，怎么理解stimulus？

-- by 会员米样 (2011/6/23 13:03:11)

stimulus: 题干

作者: Fellhound 时间: 2011-6-29 04:51
Thanks!
Ding!

作者: horsecc 时间: 2011-6-30 11:47
超级大牛

作者: 草木染湘 时间: 2011-6-30 14:59
I like it in English...thank you very much for your contribution....

作者: jianaozhonghua 时间: 2011-7-2 02:10
good!

作者: fox0923 时间: 2011-7-2 03:45
Very well written in English, It's especially good for solving problems such as bold face type. I love the middle part of your post - The hidden Premise!
Ding!

作者: qiushuan 时间: 2011-7-2 12:22
u r awesome!!!

作者: Vicky90 时间: 2011-7-2 15:27
LZ还是某日出个中文版吧………… 要是理解错了可咋办= =+

作者: MarsTOF 时间: 2011-7-9 23:05
一战看过一遍。。2战再看一遍！！

作者: wtylys 时间: 2011-7-10 13:24
fantactic!!!

作者: 抓抓sandra 时间: 2011-7-10 22:05
thx! it's really helpful~~~

作者: srosalita 时间: 2011-7-17 22:37
LZ出本书来卖钱吧～～你太强了！

作者: helenlife 时间: 2011-7-26 05:16
Keep in mind that you have to find the main conclusion of an argument in CR test. Do not be fooled by an intermediate conclusion along the way. Use the “because” test if in doubt.

---------------------------
sdcar2010, what do you mean of use the "because" to test if in doubt?

Do you mean to test out the "main conclusion" or "intermediate conclusion" by this method?

I am a little bit confused and have no idea how it can be done.

Look forward to your explanation, thanks!

作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-7-26 06:17

Keep in mind that you have to find the main conclusion of an argument in CR test. Do not be fooled by an intermediate conclusion along the way. Use the “because” test if in doubt.

---------------------------
sdcar2010, what do you mean of use the "because" to test if in doubt?

Do you mean to test out the "main conclusion" or "intermediate conclusion" by this method?

I am a little bit confused and have no idea how it can be done.

Look forward to your explanation, thanks!

-- by 会员 helenlife (2011/7/26 5:16:06)

What if there is no indicator in the argument?

In case you cannot find an indicator for premise/conclusion, you have to understand what the aruthor is trying to say and ask yourself which part is the conclusion and which part is the premise to support the conclusion. Consider the following example:
Every milk product from Three Deers must be recalled. These products contains melamine which could lead to renal failure.

Which one is the conclusion? Which one is the premise? Most likely you would say that the 1st sentence is the conclusion and the 2nd sentence is the premise.
Every milk product from Three Deers must be recalled. These products contains melamine which could lead to renal failure.

If in doubt, 1) simply connect the two sentences using the word because; and 2) see which one of the resulting arguments makes more sense:
1) Every milk product from Three Deers must be recalled because these products contains melamine which could lead to renal failure.
2) Becasue every milk product from Three Deers must be recalled, these products contains melamine which could lead to renal failure.

In CR test, if you can locate the premise and the conclusion of an argument, you have 50% chance of getting the right answer in the end. Train your eyes and brains to identify the conclusion of an argument quickly and precisely. Make sure your first step of a long march to the victory gets off on the right foot.

作者: qiuhua01234567 时间: 2011-7-27 19:39
都是强人！！

作者: houhaibo528 时间: 2011-8-8 18:58
CR入门，好痛苦啊

作者: zx19890626 时间: 2011-8-9 16:15
lz好强大！向lz好好学习~~~

作者: DavidWZ 时间: 2011-8-10 16:08
sdcar兄的英文太赞了，惭愧ing，向你学习~

作者: lirunzhe 时间: 2011-8-18 12:06
显然英文的要比XDF中文的CR书解释的更透彻，更容易明白啊。。太强大了！

作者: 小花呱 时间: 2011-8-21 23:32
writing all conclusions of cr is wonderful. i admire you! it is the first day that i begin to study cr, even though only 32 days left. but i can find an earier way to study cr through this article. thank you~

作者: 帕尔梅拉斯 时间: 2011-8-26 21:36
感觉比曼哈顿更容易理解曼哈顿漏了很多简单其实不易懂得概念

作者: christ900624 时间: 2011-8-30 20:20
bravo！用英语也能写的这么好~sdcar你也太牛了

作者: phoebe0624 时间: 2011-9-7 09:11
Thanks for sharing！！ That's wonderful！！

作者: snake123 时间: 2011-9-17 16:22
尽管通篇是英语解释，但静下心来看并不是很难懂，谢谢贡献O(∩_∩)O~

作者: yanrichard 时间: 2011-9-18 22:25
很有系统。很好的整理。

作者: susliks 时间: 2011-9-28 07:43
upupup@!!!!!!!!!!!!

作者: flyfish0702 时间: 2011-10-6 22:01
好东西，慢慢跟

~LZ很强大啊，看写的东西条理很清晰，一点都不难懂，膜拜

作者: bonfin 时间: 2011-10-22 22:52
up

作者: ascent2 时间: 2011-10-23 13:51
看完后很有收获，楼主能用英文写煞费苦心，赞

作者: UlysessHope 时间: 2011-10-23 15:25
谢谢大牛！
mark
这章收获：隐含假设，中间结论，背景信息，让步

作者: 月照琳琅 时间: 2011-10-27 21:10
学习很多，真心感激楼主。太有条理也有道理了~

作者: beatmygmat 时间: 2011-10-30 17:32
感谢分享

作者: athena1117 时间: 2011-10-30 21:50
这个好像事Bible，但是用了简单的例子啊不过能写出来也不错了

作者: monalisa0421 时间: 2011-11-7 13:15
挖
超爱楼主MM好厉害的

作者: viola芊 时间: 2011-11-16 14:22
thx LZ

作者: tracyxuyang 时间: 2011-11-16 20:00

支持一下，慢慢看，谢谢SDCAR2010

要是能写份中文的就更好了，看了你前一个帖子知道为什么不用中文了。：）

-- by 会员 camelo777 (2011/6/11 8:47:13)

为什么不用中文啊

作者: chensong211 时间: 2011-11-19 20:09
read in english is very slow, but it is useful. 很受用。

作者: 187167055 时间: 2011-12-2 13:32
清晰了很多，明天看3讲~

作者: shaoling 时间: 2011-12-8 00:11
绝对的好贴！明天继续看下一讲~

作者: 瓦利哥 时间: 2011-12-14 20:39
lz的帖是我学习的榜样！我的目标就是要能写出这样的帖！哈哈

作者: cherryjyt 时间: 2012-1-11 16:28
标题: 顶
太受用了~

作者: crystal522 时间: 2012-1-18 16:31
觉得argument相对于weaken来说还是挺容易做的～

作者: 泾渭不凡 时间: 2012-1-20 20:08
thx~~~again~~~
最后concessions是不是类似于阅读中的“预期反对”，只是CR后面没有具体对预期反对进行驳斥？

作者: 水风空落眼前花 时间: 2012-2-25 11:33
顶~

作者: lelezhang1 时间: 2012-3-6 10:56
英文表达如此顺畅！！叫我情何以堪==膜拜中，都可以用来写作了~~~

作者: 坚强小鸭 时间: 2012-3-7 15:16
我想问一下，隐藏前提和假设条件有什么不一样吗？

作者: littleyya 时间: 2012-3-8 21:40
思路很好，学习了！谢谢大牛！

作者: smilerongrong 时间: 2012-3-17 14:13
简直是指明灯啊～～！

作者: ravenout 时间: 2012-7-8 23:32
只想说读了SDCAR讲解的CR很受用，这些逻辑思路贯穿了整个GMAT考试。

作者: 郑璐34精精 时间: 2012-7-12 23:10
好贴！！必看～～

作者: 静夜怡然 时间: 2012-7-23 23:19
this analysis benefit the quesion type of boldface. meanwhile, a clear recognition of the structure of the short passage as well as the relationship between the sentences is necessary to grasp the mian idea of the passage in short time.

作者: 阿丫丫丫 时间: 2012-8-9 20:15
强推，看完一篇顶一个，否则对不起楼主

作者: garfieldlove 时间: 2012-8-19 23:45
这个真的很好！虽然才看了一和二，我觉得太受用了！虽然我之前一点点逻辑底子都没有，但是这个真的非常受用，感谢SD大神！by the way，其实根据您的说法，我觉得有的时候because用法也会迷惑滴说...如何找到重点很重要啊！多谢您哇！！！太感激了！！！

作者: 亮亮dmx123 时间: 2012-8-21 23:40

作者: djlinda001 时间: 2012-9-4 16:17
CR 的曼哈顿

作者: Amber1991 时间: 2012-9-9 20:45
大牛啊！~太赞鸟~只有学到最后全都吸收才不辜负sdcar这么辛苦的！~

作者: iamsarah 时间: 2012-9-13 11:34
写得太好了

作者: Frostbite 时间: 2012-9-17 15:49
总觉得逻辑无从入手现在终于找到切入点了

作者: 魔法潇灵 时间: 2012-9-17 16:56
THX，dear LZ

作者: connieporpoise 时间: 2012-10-12 17:10
好贴，Mark

作者: caiyinyin 时间: 2012-10-20 05:24
thanks a lot

作者: sunnengott 时间: 2012-11-5 13:35
最近刚开始做CR，感觉自己做的很顺手，错误率低，还幸灾乐祸呢。今天看了这个帖子，才知道还是要夯实基础啊，杜绝侥幸心理。

作者: bfeng 时间: 2012-11-9 08:58

作者: xuyuanwai 时间: 2012-11-17 16:15
大牛牛

作者: roro001 时间: 2012-11-26 15:07
昨天一问才知道 Argument 还算是简单的了
漫漫长路啊。。。。

作者: berlin20 时间: 2013-1-24 23:53
太好了强大

作者: 晓野的野 时间: 2013-3-25 19:22
学习！真的是强大的思维逻辑....
开始看大大你解答的时候很不适应，多看多看的就习惯了

作者: rui5811 时间: 2013-4-27 22:50
必须支持

作者: zhaixuting 时间: 2013-5-1 00:16
MARK 好东西

作者: AceJ 时间: 2013-5-1 15:24
思路整理中，继续~

作者: beryl13 时间: 2013-6-10 17:29
多谢咯，很有帮助！

作者: wjtwenzi 时间: 2013-7-24 18:09
Fantastic English writing!
Learning~

作者: geyh163 时间: 2013-8-8 09:53
LZ写的清晰易懂，有条理！！赞！

作者: f0070515 时间: 2013-9-6 15:52
thank you very much

作者: pennyz 时间: 2013-9-26 23:42
everything between the two comma is a premise
advocate may make a concession using although/though/even though,to preempt the counterpart ideas
although fluent in foreign languages may not land your a good job,but it is better for you to acquire an foreign language.and
many coporations would prefer to hire someone with second languages.

background information
it is known that peolple got ...are more likely to....,but they were wrong.the study shows that...

作者: foxhester 时间: 2013-10-1 04:08
挺好的比较入门

作者: huge5299 时间: 2013-10-1 15:56
好贴马克之

作者: foreverqueen11 时间: 2013-10-16 09:45
理解中，谢谢楼主！！

作者: 熙西恬甜 时间: 2013-10-21 13:07
10月20已阅

作者: christina886 时间: 2013-11-9 20:02
very good, thx!!!!

作者: sulegend 时间: 2013-12-22 16:53
好东西啊，Everything will be OK in the end.If it is not Ok today, it is not the end!超洗一下。。。楼上莫怪

作者: 椰蓉面包 时间: 2014-2-10 20:52
写的超好！谢谢

作者: xy123kk 时间: 2014-2-24 05:03
I can understand this. But I find that I 'm still confused when do CR, even sometimes I get the right answers.

作者: zhangyanlele 时间: 2014-4-1 17:00
concession这个讲的好！

作者: 醒醒Shine 时间: 2014-4-1 17:47
THx so much！
In the middle of my poor CR review， this is awesome！

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