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标题: SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（一）Arguments [打印本页]

作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-6-10 01:13
标题: SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（一）Arguments
【前言】

各位网友：
如果 CR 是你的弱项，如果你对 CR 发怵，那就请你关注我这个【逻辑入门】系列。无论你是考 GMAT 还是 LSAT，CR 都是关键一项。攻克 CR 是你考试成功的一个必要条件。而且掌握了 CR，你的英文写作也会变得条理分明，论据充分，结论恰到好处。但我这个系列有个前提：大部分只用英文。因为我的体会是：如果 CR 想考高分，你就得 Read, think, and analyze in English.
祝大家心想事成，求学顺利。
SDCAR2010

【逻辑入门】（一）Arguments

What is an argument?
An argument in logic is a set of one or more meaningful declarative sentences (or "propositions") known as the premises with another sentence known as the conclusion. Therefore, each argument has at least two components: 1) a piece of evidence orproposition, officially called a “premise,” and 2) a conclusion.

Consider the following two statements:
1)Ming Li is smart.
2)Ming Li went to Peking University.

Each statement by itself is simply a claim or an assertion. Can you combine them together to form an argument?

One answer might be:
Ming Li is smart because he went to Peking University.

The red part of the answer is the conclusion;the blue part of the answer is the premise.These color codes will be the convention I use to label premise and conclusion throughout the series.

A premise supports a conclusion. Most argument are not bullet-proof. That is: the evidence provided does not PROVE the conclusion reached beyond a shadow of a doubt. A premise is just an evidence, one reasonto shed some positive light on the conclusion, one piece of information which makes the conclusion more likely. In CR, all premises given in the stimulus are considered true. In the above example, we should not doubt whether Ming went to Peking University or not. However, we can analyze the argument by focusing on the logic which connects the premise and the conclusion in an argument.

Indicators

How to tell which statement is a premise or a conclusion in an argument? A quick way is to find indicators such asbecause, since, for, as, considering, whereas, and on the grounds that, which signal to the reader that a premise is coming! In the example above, Ming Li is smart because he went to Peking University, he went to PekingUniversity is the premise since this statement follows the word because.

A second way to form an argument using exactly the same statements is:
Because Ming Li is smart, hewent to Peking University.

This is a totally different argument from the first one in that the premise and the conclusion switch their places. Ming Li is smart is nowthe premise.

These two examples show that the order, in which each statement shows up in anargument, is less important than the logical relationship shown in the argument when deciphering which is the premise and which is the conclusion. Use theindicators to help you march through the puzzle in the beginning. The indicators for a conclusion might include: thus, therefore, accordingly, hence, in this way, consequently, and as a result.

What if there is no indicator in the argument?

In case you cannot find an indicator for premise/conclusion, you have to understand what the aruthor is trying to say and ask yourself which part is the conclusion and which part is the premise to support the conclusion. Considerthe following example:
Every milk product from Three Deers must be recalled. These products contain melamine which could lead to renal failure.

Which one is the conclusion? Which one is the premise? Most likely you wouldsay that the 1st sentence is the conclusion and the 2nd sentence is thepremise.
Every milk product from Three Deers must be recalled. These products contain melamine which could lead to renal failure.

If in doubt, 1) simply connect the two sentences using the word because; and 2) see which one of the resulting arguments makes more sense:
1) Every milk product from Three Deers must be recalled because these products contain melamine which could lead to renal failure.
2) Becasue every milk product from Three Deers must be recalled, these products contain melamine which could lead to renal failure.

In CR test, if you can locate the premise and the conclusion of an argument,you have 50% chance of getting the right answer in the end. Train your eyes and brains to identify the conclusion of an argument quickly and precisely. Makesure your first step of a long march to the victory gets off on the right foot.

SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（二）More about Argument Components

作者: zhangyina 时间: 2011-6-10 13:34
顶！！！这么好的东西怎么没人关注呢

作者: zyzrafa 时间: 2011-6-10 14:14

好东西顶起

作者: 灭绝湿太 时间: 2011-6-10 14:36
好东西！！！！希望lz持续更！~~

作者: MarsTOF 时间: 2011-6-10 15:11
大神开贴啦~顶！！

作者: camelo777 时间: 2011-6-11 08:53
写得真好，顶

作者: jiyou 时间: 2011-6-11 10:07
大牛！
慢慢看，细细体会，Thank you~

作者: 脚板儿 时间: 2011-6-11 18:01
GOOD JOB!
thanks a lot!

作者: rylstar01 时间: 2011-6-12 15:07
太棒了。受用了，谢谢逻辑区的大牛sdcar2010

作者: ccmoom 时间: 2011-6-12 15:15
顶一个。

作者: Aviva0307 时间: 2011-6-12 17:13
正在对CR发怵，神就来了~~~

本节收获：分清premise和conclusion

作者: feifeionly 时间: 2011-6-14 06:33

作者: feifeionly 时间: 2011-6-14 06:41
要继续写下去噢，我觉得姑且不算逻辑的各种题型到底用些什么方法，首先快速的把题干中的前提结论和假设提炼出来，再加上排除法，逻辑就能把握住很大部分，如果再辅佐运用些方法将更好，这是学习逻辑很好的途径。

作者: Rainbeauty 时间: 2011-6-18 14:47
提示: 作者被禁止或删除内容自动屏蔽

作者: jameshzd 时间: 2011-6-18 15:40
顶一个！

作者: ropingmoon 时间: 2011-6-18 21:17
拯救我的大牛来了。。。膜拜一下，赶紧学习之

作者: 于小笨 时间: 2011-6-19 16:15
终于有救了……开始觉得CR有救了……谢谢LZ！

作者: perain 时间: 2011-6-19 16:28
严重支持，现在cr做的一塌糊涂啊

作者: BerniceC 时间: 2011-6-19 21:24
由（一）开始看
大家都加油~！

作者: kevinlaci 时间: 2011-6-22 09:23
谢谢楼主，一直对CR搞不清楚，看了新东方的GMAT逻辑，但是他说的AB与BA，还是搞不明白。仅此看到您写的内容，感觉有些认识了。谢谢！

作者: 米样 时间: 2011-6-22 14:46
CR有救了！边看边做笔记~~

作者: jun383914 时间: 2011-6-23 14:59
好东西，很基础。

作者: briarbaby 时间: 2011-6-23 23:13
顶~

作者: jianaozhonghua 时间: 2011-6-28 00:55
神迹更多的人应该看到

作者: Fellhound 时间: 2011-6-29 04:49
Thanks a lot! <3

作者: horsecc 时间: 2011-6-29 23:16
太好了

作者: frank2314 时间: 2011-6-30 00:37
nice

作者: 草木染湘 时间: 2011-6-30 13:36
good

作者: 爱吃巧克力 时间: 2011-7-1 00:27
激动的眼泪都出来了。。。

作者: 爱吃巧克力 时间: 2011-7-1 00:36
感谢，顶起

作者: 小飞侠Fly 时间: 2011-7-3 00:57
必须顶！

作者: kaka890929 时间: 2011-7-4 17:19
牛牛牛牛，崇拜一个~~

作者: 橘子树的冬天 时间: 2011-7-5 22:59
大牛！！

作者: wtylys 时间: 2011-7-10 13:11
ding

作者: 抓抓sandra 时间: 2011-7-10 21:38
感谢NN~~仰视一会儿~~嘿嘿~~

作者: AlohaDJ 时间: 2011-7-12 22:10
Good job! THKS.

作者: celinachen2236 时间: 2011-7-17 06:40
what is the answers to those sample questions?
Thanks

作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-7-17 10:56

what is the answers to those sample questions?
Thanks

-- by 会员 celinachen2236 (2011/7/17 6:40:59)

I am baffled. What Sample Questions? Where?

作者: srosalita 时间: 2011-7-17 21:54
都是LZ大人自己总结的吗？太厉害了！必须顶起来！！！

作者: Heather_Lau 时间: 2011-7-17 23:53
比manhattan讲得精炼.
不过现在看了manhattan真是觉得一旦找到argument,题目就很简单了.

作者: cireb 时间: 2011-7-20 21:14
It's great to read in English

作者: xiejienan 时间: 2011-7-21 01:29
Appreciate~

作者: 听枫 时间: 2011-7-21 15:41
受教咯~顶一下~thx~

作者: rongyang114 时间: 2011-7-21 22:29
楼主，可以转帖吗？

作者: hehe316 时间: 2011-7-24 22:58
ding

作者: wangyayun717 时间: 2011-7-26 03:49

作者: tuotuo1105 时间: 2011-7-28 08:15
谢谢分享这么宝贵的东西，楼主辛苦了

作者: jasminerocks 时间: 2011-7-29 16:48
慕名前来，受益匪浅啊

作者: paradisenana 时间: 2011-8-3 20:18
这个系列的帖子太好了。我平时看帖几乎不发言，长期潜水不冒泡

，这回还是要顶一下。感谢楼主带给我们好东西。

作者: 玩玩爱丽丝 时间: 2011-8-3 23:37
真的写的很好，顶~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·

作者: maixt 时间: 2011-8-4 16:47
好贴！~

作者: killuaanna 时间: 2011-8-4 17:23
支持支持顶起来好好学习！！！

作者: wupenghui2000 时间: 2011-8-5 00:13
三鹿表示不蛋定了~

作者: zhenltian84 时间: 2011-8-7 12:35
我觉得这个东东比lawyer好，因为我属于那种对逻辑都还没有入门的，必须从根本上去了解逻辑。lawyer的方法可能对那种高级选手是直接受用的，对我这种菜鸟就不怎么奏效了。

作者: 小蓊 时间: 2011-8-7 14:10
For questions, such as "Which of the following can properly be inferred regarding the past above?" or "Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above?", how can we analyse an argument that without a conclusion?

作者: sdcar2010 时间: 2011-8-7 20:28
For the first question, it does not matter if there is a conclusion. More often than not, the passage just lists several facts or statements. Then the question stem (as you pointed out) simply ask for which of the following answer must be true based on the passage.

For the second question, the passage is most likely a few formal logic type of statement. So you have to treat the statements as premise or background info or evidence, then come up with a main conclusion.

For questions, such as "Which of the following can properly be inferred regarding the past above?" or "Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above?", how can we analyse an argument that without a conclusion?

-- by 会员小蓊 (2011/8/7 14:10:43)

作者: 宇翼深蓝 时间: 2011-8-13 16:15
好东西啊。。。对CR我是半点都没办法。。。

作者: maotingting 时间: 2011-8-15 10:44
顶

作者: ivonfyq 时间: 2011-8-18 09:06
太及时了，我现在全考感觉做题，正确率只有一半，希望看完你的文章能让我大受启发，谢谢！

作者: gaoliufu 时间: 2011-8-18 16:13
顶起来，比那些做题技巧管用多了

作者: yylml 时间: 2011-8-20 00:15
有道理。谢谢！！

作者: qd10803 时间: 2011-8-30 15:51
楼主分析的太好了！！

作者: shallowshade 时间: 2011-8-31 21:41
This is perfect!!

作者: fszrx 时间: 2011-9-2 09:07
great stuff! thanks for sharing

作者: tinactt 时间: 2011-9-5 02:39
谢谢楼主~~ 太棒了

作者: cleverboyysg 时间: 2011-9-7 12:04
这么好的帖子没办法不顶

作者: ｒｅｄｄｙ 时间: 2011-9-11 10:39
好帖啊

作者: myyearnings 时间: 2011-9-11 12:31
沉下心来仔细看了,中心思想是: 找出前提和结论, 对选答案已经对了一半.

作者: kaneshaoye 时间: 2011-9-11 16:51
真心很好！

作者: hechaoo 时间: 2011-9-12 01:56
强！！！

作者: 毛豆豆 时间: 2011-9-14 23:04
刚开始复习逻辑，感觉对argument部分清晰了很多，谢谢楼主~！！！

作者: ruoshuidanran 时间: 2011-9-16 22:36
mark

作者: fantasy8824 时间: 2011-9-17 00:38
十分感谢！

作者: snake123 时间: 2011-9-17 15:39
给出的分析很透彻，谢谢啦，支持~支持

作者: Crystaljoy 时间: 2011-9-17 16:02
入门者一定要上的精彩课堂呢~~~

作者: yanrichard 时间: 2011-9-18 22:04
很有用

作者: 熏衣草之梦 时间: 2011-10-11 12:25
thanks so much～

作者: Roberta2011 时间: 2011-10-12 10:34
thanks a lot

作者: ylcas 时间: 2011-10-12 10:56
好文章请楼主继续写

作者: Lambent515 时间: 2011-10-13 23:10
逻辑完全云里雾里，看完（一）觉得还挺好的，希望我能赶紧入门……

作者: 华仔 时间: 2011-10-16 14:23
十分感谢楼主！

作者: zylrt 时间: 2011-10-18 10:31
好贴，一定要顶！！！哈哈

作者: panxxpan 时间: 2011-10-19 14:11

非常实用的学习资料啊！开始学习中。

作者: momo小胖子 时间: 2011-10-19 22:33
支持

作者: bonfin 时间: 2011-10-22 22:21
up

作者: UlysessHope 时间: 2011-10-23 15:23
谢谢大牛！
mark
这章的收获 Indicators， premise conclusion代入辨别法

作者: edwinwos 时间: 2011-10-23 15:58
i love u

作者: gwendoline 时间: 2011-10-27 14:04
有种茅塞顿开的感觉，谢谢

作者: 月照琳琅 时间: 2011-10-27 20:46
好贴，顶起~

作者: beatmygmat 时间: 2011-10-30 17:26
感谢分享

作者: ethanchan 时间: 2011-10-31 10:37
顶起来啊

作者: 无敌西红柿炒蛋 时间: 2011-11-2 16:19
顶起来

作者: tallhermit 时间: 2011-11-2 21:49
argument的因果关联，恩，有点感觉

作者: yy2456 时间: 2011-11-3 10:25
顶顶顶

作者: miss绿光 时间: 2011-11-3 22:11
坚持看下去~~~~
谢谢强大的sdcar2010~~~

作者: q1weruqt 时间: 2011-11-16 10:16
顶

作者: viola芊 时间: 2011-11-16 12:58
谢谢LZ

作者: caijia 时间: 2011-11-17 21:26
我要好好看~ 顶~

作者: chensong211 时间: 2011-11-19 19:37
好东西，看看楼主分析的。

作者: 大三准备留学 时间: 2011-11-20 20:06
好东西就得ding!!!!!!!

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