三道疑惑语法(gwd-12-20, 32, 34) - ChaseDream

In an attempt to guarantee the security of its innovative water purification method, the company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreement prohibiting that its water purification methods be disclosed to companies using an analogous purification process.

GWD-12-Q32

Prospecting for gold during the California gold rush was a relatively easy task, because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach for anybody with a pan or shovel.

Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the

United States

to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established the Library of Congress.

B. prohibiting them from the disclosing of its water purification methods to any company

D. that would prohibit them from disclosure of its water purification methods to companies

E. that would prohibit its water purification methods to be disclosed to a company

但是疑惑：ABCDE选项都用了methods，为什么前文用的却是its innovative water purification method。

后面companies (复数）using an analogous purification process（单数）???

看着C不爽，排除了，说不出理由。现在想道了，A中companies using a method 不对，而C 改成了单数，any company using a method。所以好？ LES NN对不对？

雪落无声 mm看题真仔细啊！这里所有选项都是methods，所以只能不管它了。

偶刚刚外出回来，发现偶们选A绝对是错的。prohibit that的用法是错的！咳，脑子象浆糊。

偶现在选C。其实是prohibit sth. 的用法，后面to 是disclosure to的用法。

第一题：them排除B和D，prohibit that后面不用虚拟，排除A，E中的would是虚拟，排除，此外a company没有any company意思来的确切

第三题：B中的which was不好（虽然不错，但比A罗嗦），making 作为分词修饰the act但是和which was...不平行

D是我犹豫了的答案，但是看到making，比较A的that made，我觉得还是that made确切

第一题里面：LES NN，那么那个company的单复数可以作为排除的理由么？

kingsoft，为什么说 any company比a company确切呢？不要笑啊，那么白痴的问题～～：P

这里偶觉得any company这种强烈语气表达最符号句意。“公司要求其员工签一份协议不许将......的秘密泄漏给任何一家......的公司。”

Choice A cannot be true for Q20, because the restrictive clause in A implies that there was an act of congress than didn't make provision....

原文说the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C.,

我觉得限定性定语才对，的确存在the act of congress that didn't make provision for the removal of the government to the new federal city

如果用非限定性定语，就是认为所有的the act of congress都是make provision for the removal of the government to the new federal city，怎么可能？？？

(A)Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established不可能成立没有谓语了只有从句的2个谓语这样不对

我看这个题目就只关心了分词和定语从句的区别，（顺便问一句：D的分词在句首，是不是作定语？？？），从这个角度考虑选择了A。根本没想到限定性从句的问题

请教斑竹，如何能注意到A，D之间限定性从句的区别？？？有什么方法吗？？

Q20: Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the

United States

to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established the Library of Congress.

反对选D，这里that引导的定语从句是起到限定the act的作用的，而Approved April 24, 1800是非限定修饰成分。

A的句子结构如下：
Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress （主语）that made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established （谓语）

注意：also是副词，不同于and，不可以连接两个动词的，只有当它同and连用时可以，但这时发挥连接作用的还是and。

Q20: Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the

United States

to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established the Library of Congress.

Q20(D)中的Approved April 24, 1800距离要修饰的主语the act of Congress太远

另外, the act of Congress的中心主语是act, 所以that可以跳跃修饰act

另外....主句的also也是因为这个made provision的 the act of Congress, 所以用来加强established的这动作......

同意robertchu：“In Q20, A, "the act of Congress that ..." is actually correct, because "the act of Congress" is not name of a specific law, but a generic term referring to law(s) enacted by the Congress. It's quite possible that within that one day the Congress enacted several laws, and only one of them approved the moving of the capital to DC and the establishing the Library of Congresss.”

first, squint modifier refers to a modifier that can either govern something before or behind it. However, in this sentence, the two modifiers can only be related to act of congress.

Sure, it is possible that several acts were approved, but unless you can actually approve so, a non-restrictive clause is preferable.

Don't forget that the whole sentence mentions only one act of congress. Are you sure enough that there are actually more than one acts approved and you have the absolute need to use a restrictive clause to make the above-mentioned act distinguished from others that didn't make provision.. bla bla?

highlight部分是插入语，－>非限定修饰成分，－>拿走不影响句意，－>
Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress also established...... 这样的话，also 在这里会使人产生不解的。

1，这个“the act of Congress”是不是一个法案的名称？是不是一个独一无二的东东？是不是一个专有名词，像the earth一样？是不是the act of Congress就是指这个1800年的法案？我觉得应该不是的，

2，那么，the act of Congress 中的the要有所指，A里的the指向that从句，D里的the无指向。所以D肯定是错的。

Hehe, I absolutely do not want to refer "the act of congress" to the name of the very act, nor I intend to regard it as an unique act of congress without precedents or successors. I'm simply wondering whether it is necessay to imply, via a restrictive clause, that on a single day there was actually more than one act approved.

Furthermore, I don't understand why the article "the" should be followed by sth, as you say. For example, "The little girl, who just lost her grand-parents, is in deep sorrow" it's a quite common way to say "the+ sb/something" followed by a non-restrictive clause, isn't it?

I'm very confused for the time being. Anyway, thanks for all of you for the time you have taken to talk about the question with me. Maybe I need some time to think about it. I hope when I look back, I will suddenly understand what you mean.

"The little girl, who just lost her grand-parents, is in deep sorrow"是一个context里的，所以有个预先的假定，大家知道这个the指的是哪个girl。

如果不是在一个context里，没有大家的共识，as is often the situation in GMAT SC, 不强调，或者不接最高级，一般情况下，the要有所指。一种情况时有不定冠词a/an或零冠词接的该名词事先出现过，或者是有限制性修饰语指出。

我的理解不是the用作特指用法的全部，最好你查一下《新编英语语法》章振邦 P228-P233，the还可以用作类指，有兴趣的话也可以研究一下。

first, squint modifier refers to a modifier that can either govern something before or behind it. However, in this sentence, the two modifiers can only be related to act of congress.

Prospecting for gold during the California gold rush was a relatively easy task, because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach for anybody with a pan or shovel.

hehe, Weiyu GG, I would have kept silence if you hadn't ask me to make a further comment, because I really think myself pretty confused at this time.

However, I don't really understand what you mean by saying that the phrae "making..." can actually govern "Approved April 24". In my opinion, the latter element cannot be governed by a present participle. In other words, in this case, the present participle can only be related to a noun, the act of congress.

For the article "the", if you really want to know my opinion, I would tell you that I am still not convinced. If in the little girl sentence, it may be assumed that the little girl is somebody that readers already know while nothing in the sentence explicitly indicates so. Why in the act of congress sentence, the act of congress, which was already approved on a specifically indicated date,(attention, not in a certain year, I never say so) cannot be an act of congress already known by the readers? Furthermore, can't we say " Lanced on Sept 1st, the electronic portal, which provided ordinary customer with enormous detailed information about XX products, gave some professional clients great opportunities to do sth..."? Nobody can insure that on the specific day, there is only one portal opened, can he? Nor can anybody assume that the very portal is the only one in the world or the word portal is actually the name. But we still need such a structure to demonstrate that the electronic portal gave professional clients opportunities to do sth, and if you wanna know, the very portal is also beneficial to ordinary customer, since it provided...

However for the time being, I didn't succeed to find enough written materials to be cited as theoretic support. What I can do is to strongly suggest openning the discussion to he who wants to participate in it. Meanwhile, don't be too hasty to try to make a conclusion. Sometimes, if you have the patience to let a question unresolved, you will find it's easier to get a clearer mind when one day you look back.

By the way, in regard to the question No.258, the approach is a littile bit different. First of all, nothing is already mentioned about the elephant, so you absolutely need a restrictive clause to define it, as do choice A. (while, I'm obliged to reiterate, the act of congress is already defined as sth approved on a specific day) Besides, the first approach to eliminate choice B immediately is the inappropriate verb tense.

哈哈，大家讨论的好激烈啊！偶本来不想再参和了，不过想到pumpkin mm的号召“知无不言，言无不尽”，再讲两句。

偶这里要斗胆说一句，看到类似D的选项，永远第一个将它排除，两条简单的理由：

1.不符合就近修饰原则：多个修饰成分修饰同一个中心词时，为明确修饰对象及平衡句子结构，尽量将修饰成分分布于被修饰对象的两侧；

2. 不符合简洁原则：若一个主语很简单，而修饰成分很长，请问大家通常是怎么处理的？是不是应该把冗长的修饰成分放到后面去，既简洁又平衡句子？哪有将所有修饰成分通通放在前面的？

再豁出去说一句，大家要是在大全里（因为目前只有大全的答案是公认的）找到类似D的答案为正确选项，来找偶好啦！

呵呵,lesMM,言论自由,这里又没有高压统治,用不着"斗胆说一句"吧,搞得我都不太好意思了....正是要大家踊跃参加讨论,讨论才有意义啊

不过,要是你不介意的话,你说的第二点我好像不能同意,如果主语很简单,主语修饰成分又很长,怎么能够把成分放在主语后面,让它和谓语宾语隔得老远呢,这种情况下,正是应该把主语修饰语放在主语前面啊, Sorry, I am even more confused, do correct me if i were wrong.

再者,我对你的第一条完全同意,不过这并不是一条公理,只要违背这一点就是错误选项.那样SC就好对付多了. 问题的关键是选项是比出来的.而我对A的限定性定语从句一直解不开心结,总是看了就觉得用which等非限定行的好些,而tianwanGG又跟我说了the的问题,以及是不是唯一,或者这个act是不是名字,我的脑子彻底糊涂了.

所以我说要来点时间想一想,因为我自己的经验,我搞不懂的东西往往搁几天再回头看看,突然就明白了.

要不是weiyuGG给我发了短信,我确实就贯彻我放几天的想法了.不过既然回复WeiyuGG,所以就把我的想法又说了一遍.希望没有冒犯大家,否则那就是我所不欲了.

Approved April 24, 1800, making provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., the act of Congress also established

根据上下文any companies 显然最好，排除A, D, E，B中the disclosing of 不佳，因为disclose有名词disclosure。

E。解法：还是看头看屁股，within reach "of"，排除A, D。B, C中"and putting"不正确。

第三题比较麻烦，先看approved April 24, 1800，结果各个选项都没有发现"on"，郁闷。

从句子含义上看，不是the act of congress去establish那个library，也就是说，the act of congress不是establish的主语，establish应该和provision发生关系，现在简单了，回到题目，一旦the act of congress和establish构成主谓结构马上排除。

选E，但是E，也不是最佳，因为establishing有名词形式establishment。如果我来写，这句话，就是：

Approved "on" April 24, 1800, the act of Congress made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C. "and the establishment" of the Library of Congress.

虽然我没有见过三个分词作修饰，但我见过两个分词作修饰却没有and。即便如此，我还是认为and是应该有的，至少，两个彼此在意思上独立句子之间不应该仅仅用逗号连接。

Q32:
Prospecting for gold during the California gold rush was a relatively easy task,
because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing
riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within
reach for anybody with a pan or shovel.

A.    because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing
riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within
reach for
B.    because of erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that
thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, and putting gold
literally within reach of
C.    owing to erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that
had thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, and putting gold
literally within reach of
D.    since erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and volcanic activity that
thrust ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds to the surface, putting gold literally
within reach for
E.    since erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing
riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within
reach of

A为什么不对? 是reach for的错误吗? 还有, because of 和since有什么区别?

20题是一个经典的考察从句修饰前置词的题目，首先我们要明确是act而不是congress发出这些动作，根据原则修饰act的从句应该尽量靠近act，所以“the act of Congress that made provision ”或者“the act of congress , which...”这种形式有岐义，然而如果其它选项都错的情况下也可以选；只要D，可以明确这些动作都是由act发出的,既然有D这盏明灯存在，其它或明或暗的选项都应该排出

Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established the Library of Congress.

A选项有一个致命错误：that从句指代不清，语法上可以指代Congress，但是从句义上看，这个从句是修饰主语的核心词act。这一条理由足以排除A

C.The act of Congress approved April 24, 1800, which made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., and established

E.Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also establishing

E的错误在于改变了句子的合理中心，我们可以想一下，ETS的题目大多是从一些文献资料中截取的，原句的上下文的核心意思一定和建立图书馆有关，E却把核心意思改成了政府搬家，显然不合理。

D.Approved April 24, 1800, making provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., the act of Congress also established

B,D这两个选项从语法上面找不到任何歧异的，但是从句子结构分析，D将两个分词短语放在句首，这两个短语的功能就与其他几个选项不同，不再是做定语，而是做状语，因为在英语中将这么长的修饰成分放在被修诗词的前面，我好像没有看到过。但是如果做状语，这种“状语，状语，主句”的形式又是不大好的结构。所以比较起来B选项会好一些。

B.The act of Congress, which was approved April 24, 1800, making provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established

B里面的分词短语和非限定性定语从句的逻辑主语都是主句主语核心词act，谓语动词established，其中分词短语对主语的修饰是限定性的，有了这个限定性的修饰，act就是唯一确定的了，时间的修饰成分就可以使非限定性的了。

我做这道题时，选了D，排除A是用"the act of Congress that made "这里的that从句的修饰Congress。看了大家的讨论我偶总一下：

A比D优势：1）限定性修饰明确指出了the act of Congress ，与后面的also遥相呼应；D中的the act of Congress also estabished ...中的also显得有些突兀；关于the的用法我还是同意tianwanGG的看法：例如the one of girls who are beautiful....这后面的who从句修饰girls那么句意，那么the就无下落了，这句话是有问题滴；再例：the one of these beautiful girls who is wearing red suit... 就很清楚了。

A比D劣势：1）"the act of Congress that made "这里的that从句的为什么不能修饰Congress，而会跳跃修饰act？难道是因为Congress不能被修饰了，就像God一样？只有一个Congress?

D答案如果要错，不在两个状语上，这样的表达是可以的，而是在逻辑意思上确实有些问题。偶读了好多遍渐渐发现出：还是修饰的问题。

因為這是imperative語氣的一種，照ETS的邏輯來看，我猜它的用法跟require, order類似

我總覺得C雖然沒什麼大問題，但就是看上去不太順眼；我以為它用了太多Ving的用法，弄得句意都不清楚了....

看一下選了C之後的句子：In an attempt to guarantee the security of its innovative water purification method, the company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreement prohibiting disclosure of its water purification methods to any company using an analogous purification process.

看上去，我會覺得最後那段"using an analogous purification process"會變得不太清楚，究竟是修飾"any company "，還是修飾更前面的"sign a confidentiality agreement"這個動作?

总觉得 A that verb...., also verb....这个结构一看就奇怪。D结构上是没有任何问题的

相比之下A OF B结构是否修饰B我觉得就更难作为排除的理由,因为例外情况实在太多,就不枚举

Seldom more that 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, but it ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected the Hudson River at Albany to the Great Lakes at Buffalo, providing the port of New York City with a direct water link to the heartland of the North American continent.

这题应该是选A, D里面的主句放在后面造成了头重脚轻, OG27E中很明确的指出这种结构是confusing的.

同意A，因为A没有原则性错误。只想问一句，E除了改变了句意，还有错吗？这个句意的改变即便脱离事实，但不违反逻辑吧？这就算错了？如果ETS出个很变态（这里的A还不算太变态）的A选项，不是错定了？请指教，谢谢。

Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.

看到了同一套的GWD-12-31，觉得有必要和GWD-12-20比较一下，因为两道题目的考点如出一辙，看来这种叙事句子ETS是有倾向于正确选项的这种句式的。

以上的讨论中，nn门是有除句子重心外其他的理由来排除选项A的，但是12-20中就没有其他的理由排除E了吗？

不好意思，看了其他的帖子，有点儿想通了：不管怎么用establishing这个形式在本句中，实在是不如定于从句+过去一般时。

D. Approved ATE Year="1800" Day="24" Month="4">April 24, 1800ATE>, making provision for the removal of the government of the LACE>United LACE>States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., the act of Congress also established

1. D的 making provision...有修饰歧义.除了可以修饰后面的the act of Congress also established 外,还可以看作是approved的伴随状语.

你可能会反驳,approved是分词短语而不是句子,能这么修饰么?答案是确定的.从理论上,既然是状语,当然可以修饰任何动词性的词或词语啦.OG也有例子作证哦.请看OG154

154. In 1791 Robert Carter III, one of the wealthiest plantation owners in Virginia, stunned his family, friends, and neighbors by filing a deed of emancipation, setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered his property.

This sentence requires that the participial phrase setting free ... connect to the gerund construction by filing a deed ...;it was the filing of a deed that made possible the setting free ....

也就是说,现在分词表伴随状语时是可以修饰前面的动名词短语和分词短语的,不仅仅是一完整句子.

179. During the early years of European settlement on a continent that was viewed as "wilderness" by the newcomers. Native Americans, intimately knowing the ecology of the land. were a help in the rescuing of many Pilgrims and pioneers from hardship, or even death.

其实本题A，B之争不应该体现在the act of Congress和making...之间的距离。[因为B的which ..approved..可以理解为插入在the act... making....的非限定成分。而且rules doing是比较好的表达]

本题关键是the act of Congress不是the Act 而是那个that ...的，使用限定性从句是本题关键。因此A是正确的。

我觉得选E才对，单从A怎么知道作者意图是想重点说establish？E的语法没什么错误，逻辑上也讲得通

以下是引用seekmydream在2005-10-7 4:20:00的发言：

Q20: Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established the Library of Congress.

Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established

D. Approved April 24, 1800, making provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., the act of Congress also established

D为什么错?我的看法是:

1. D的 making provision...有修饰歧义.除了可以修饰后面的the act of Congress also established 外,还可以看作是approved的伴随状语.

也就是说,现在分词表伴随状语时是可以修饰前面的动名词短语和分词短语的,不仅仅是一完整句子.

再看OG179

(A) Native Americans, intimately knowing the ecology of the land, were a help in the rescuing of

(B) Native Americans knew the ecology and the land intimately and this enabled them to help in the rescue of

(D) having intimate knowledge of the ecology of the land. Native Americans helped the rescue of

(E) knowing intimately the ecology of the land, Native Americans helped to rescue

Choice A suffers from the wordy and indirect expression were a help in the rescuing of. B creates an awkward, redundant, fused sentence in which the first clause has to be repeated in the vague this of the second clause; furthermore, the comma required before and in larger compound sentences is omitted. D and E are confusingly worded because they begin with present participles (having and knowing) that appear at first to refer to the immediately preceding noun, newcomers, rather than to Native Americans. D also has the wordy and unidiomatic helped the rescue of. Clear, direct, and economical, choice C is best.

D和E的现在分词短语有修饰前面newcomers而不是Native Americans之误.也就是说,现在分词放在句子中间还可能作定语修饰前面的名词.

所以...ing 短语放在句子中间要小心啦!

2.即使将making看作修饰后面主句, 其意思是迁都条款的制订是在建图书馆之前,其实原句逻辑意思是:1800年通过的the act of Congress中(可能有若干个),制订了迁都条款的那个act,还established the Library of Congress. made provision 与established 都是the act of Congress 的内容. OG也有例子为证(261和44).

OG 44.Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

(A)Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy

(B)Fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy, using a Doppler ultrasound device.

(C)Detecting fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy, a physician can use a Doppler ultrasound device.

(D)By the twelfth week of pregnancy, fetal heartbeats can be detected using a Doppler ultrasound device by a physican

(E)Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

...Contrary to intent, the wording in Choice C suggests that physicians can use a Doppler ultrasound device after they detect fetal heartbeats.

------所以,怎么也不能选D啦!!

A很好啊,approved 作定语修饰the act of Congress, that made provision 作限定修饰, 除了made provision 之外, also establish blahblah... that 从句优先修饰中心词act,没错. 而且, act of Congress 关系密切可当作一个整体看待, that 也可以说是修饰the act of Congress, 何来修饰歧义? 如果硬说that made provision有修饰歧义,这话就没法说了,这种修饰太多了, 难道要把act 和of Congress 分开不成?这在OG就更错了, 参考美国文盲造成经济损失那道题(是大全里的吧?),这样分开不可行.

有感而发,一家之言,欢迎拍砖.

(A) Native Americans, intimately knowing the ecology of the land, were a help in the rescuing of

(B) Native Americans knew the ecology and the land intimately and this enabled them to help in the rescue of

(D) having intimate knowledge of the ecology of the land. Native Americans helped the rescue of

(E) knowing intimately the ecology of the land, Native Americans helped to rescue

D和E的现在分词短语有修饰前面newcomers而不是Native Americans之误.也就是说,现在分词放在句子中间还可能作定语修饰前面的名词.

所以...ing 短语放在句子中间要小心啦!

OG 44.Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

(A)Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy

(B)Fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy, using a Doppler ultrasound device.

(C)Detecting fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy, a physician can use a Doppler ultrasound device.

(D)By the twelfth week of pregnancy, fetal heartbeats can be detected using a Doppler ultrasound device by a physican

(E)Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

...Contrary to intent, the wording in Choice C suggests that physicians can use a Doppler ultrasound device after they detect fetal heartbeats.

------所以,怎么也不能选D啦!!

有感而发,一家之言,欢迎拍砖.

Q20: Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the

United States

to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established the Library of Congress.