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标题: 急急急！！！which的修饰问题！！要考试了！！！请NN帮忙！！ [打印本页]

作者: cgzjessieli 时间: 2011-5-14 23:28
标题: 急急急！！！which的修饰问题！！要考试了！！！请NN帮忙！！
无论是在xdf上课时，还是之后的一些复习书籍中都说which是就近指代（我对这句话的理解是只修饰紧贴着which前面的n）。但是做到以下几道题时，我就彻底茫然了~~~

在prep模考2中有一道关于california的语法题
For the first time in the modern era, non-Hispanic Whites are officially a minority in
California, which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from
nearly there-quarters only a decade ago.
A. which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from
nearly three-quarters only a decade ago
B. which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from a
decade ago, when it was nearly three-quarters
C. and that amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from a
decade ago, when they were nearly three-quarters
D. amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly
three-quarters a decade ago
E. amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from what it
was a decade ago by nearly three-quarters
这里可以因为which就近指代california，所以就直接排除选项么？但之前遇到过好多N+in ~~~，which~~~这种形式的题，但当时有一道就是which可以跳跃介词词组指代前面的N，所以不知道考试的时候要是遇到这种类型题的话，是直接排除，还是遵循跳跃指代的原则？
PS:这道题还有一个小问题，就是amounting是就近指代minority么？逗号+Ving在句尾到底是修饰整个句子还是修饰紧贴着的前面那个n？

还有一道就是prep2中的29. (26032-!-item-!-188;#058&002964)
Unlike many United States cities, where a river is no longer the focal point of urban life, the river inSan Antonio winds through the middle of the business district, and the River Walk, or Paseo del Rio,is the city's most popular attraction.
(A) Unlike many United States cities, where a river is no longer the focal point of urban life, theriver in San Antonio
(B) Unlike the river in many cities in the United States, which is no longer the focal point of urban life, in San Antonio the river
(C) Today the river in many cities in the United States is no longer the focal point of urban life, unlike San Antonio, where it
(D) In few United States cities today, a river is the focal point of urban life, but the river in San Antonio(E) No longer do many cities in the United States have a river as the focal point of urban life, but in San Antonio the river

其中，排除B选项的原因是不是因为which就近修饰US，所以错了，那这条原则可不可以用来排除第1个题中california的选项（就是说因为which就近修饰california所以错）？

总之，就是到底which什么时候跳跃指代，什么时候就近指代！！！？？？
要考试了，反而发现原来挺明白的知识点反而晕了~~谢谢NN啦~，感激不尽！！！~~（可一定得有人帮晚辈解释一下啊~~之前发帖都没人搭理~~呜呜）

作者: cgzjessieli 时间: 2011-5-14 23:29
自己先顶一下啊！！！！！

作者: cgzjessieli 时间: 2011-5-15 08:12
怎么没人来呢？

作者: huangyouhuifei 时间: 2011-5-15 08:55

在prep模考2中有一道关于california的语法题
For the first time in the modern era, non-Hispanic Whites are officially a minority in
California, which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from
nearly there-quarters only a decade ago.
A. which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from
nearly three-quarters only a decade ago
B. which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from a
decade ago, when it was nearly three-quarters
C. and that amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from a
decade ago, when they were nearly three-quarters
D. amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly
three-quarters a decade ago
E. amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from what it
was a decade ago by nearly three-quarters

-- by 会员 cgzjessieli (2011/5/14 23:28:24)

<1>先说COMMA+VERBing
这个结构修饰前面整句话，并作于主语。一般来说有两种情况：一是表示同时发生，二是表示前一句的结果。
比如：
The book is well written, making the author famous.-->结果
The little boy ran away from a big snake, crying aloud for help.-->同时发生
<2>第一题中主句是non-Hispanic Whites are officially a minority in California，amounting之后的部分修饰前面整句话，并作用于主语（non-Hispanic Whites ）。
<3>which就近修饰正确。which修饰名词，不修饰句子。
比如：I love this book, which is well-known among Chinese. 此处修饰book。
<4>X+介词+Y, which-->which有可能修饰X，也有可能修饰Y
比如：
(1) There are many apples in the bag, which are imported from Australia.-->修饰apples
(2) There are many apples in the bag, which is black.-->修饰bag
对于“X+介词+Y, which” 结构，一般来说X和Y的单复数不一样，这时关注一下which后面动词的单复数就行了，匹配就对了。
<5>若是X, Y单复数相同，并且每个选项都是这样的，那就根据其他知识点来做题了。
<6>第一题可以直接通过which就排除A/B选项
<7>第二题B选项就是因为which就可以排除了。which本应修饰river，而B中的which却修饰United States，不符合逻辑。
<8>第二题B的另外一个错误是不平行，把in San Antonio放到了the river之前。

作者: cgzjessieli 时间: 2011-5-15 09:42
[/quote]
<1>先说COMMA+VERBing
这个结构修饰前面整句话，并作于主语。一般来说有两种情况：一是表示同时发生，二是表示前一句的结果。
比如：
The book is well written, making the author famous.-->结果
The little boy ran away from a big snake, crying aloud for help.-->同时发生
<2>第一题中主句是non-Hispanic Whites are officially a minority in California，amounting之后的部分修饰前面整句话，并作用于主语（non-Hispanic Whites ）。
<3>which就近修饰正确。which修饰名词，不修饰句子。
比如：I love this book, which is well-known among Chinese. 此处修饰book。
<4>X+介词+Y, which-->which有可能修饰X，也有可能修饰Y
比如：
(1) There are many apples in the bag, which are imported from Australia.-->修饰apples
(2) There are many apples in the bag, which is black.-->修饰bag
对于“X+介词+Y, which” 结构，一般来说X和Y的单复数不一样，这时关注一下which后面动词的单复数就行了，匹配就对了。
<5>若是X, Y单复数相同，并且每个选项都是这样的，那就根据其他知识点来做题了。
<6>第一题可以直接通过which就排除A/B选项
<7>第二题B选项就是因为which就可以排除了。which本应修饰river，而B中的which却修饰United States，不符合逻辑。
<8>第二题B的另外一个错误是不平行，把in San Antonio放到了the river之前。

-- by 会员 huangyouhuifei (2011/5/15 8:55:16)

[/quote]
谢谢NN啦~你讲得好明白~~~不过还有一点不太明白，就是在这道题中就像 There are many apples in the bag, which are imported from Australia一样，跳过california修饰a minority不行么？~~菜鸟啦~~~谢谢！！

作者: cgzjessieli 时间: 2011-5-15 10:02
which指代的2种情况：
1、紧邻修饰
一般情况下，“名词，which”中的which是就近修饰紧邻的名词的。这种例子多的不胜枚举。
一般例子就不用举了，只举个比较特别例子“A of B, which”（注：这里的of表示从属关系）
但是需要注意的是，在“SVO,which”句型中，which就近修饰o,如果Which指代S一定错误，which如果指代主语，这样使用:s+verb,which，此时
2、跳跃修饰
在前有“核心词+介词、分词等修饰结构”或者插入语的情况下，which跳跃修饰前面的核心词，不能修饰紧邻的名词。（例如：England passed the Woolens Act of 1698, which prohibited the export of woolen cloth beyond a colony's borders. 此时Which 修饰act 因为of 1698表时间概念，而不是从属关系。）

以上是刚才在CD的一篇贴子里看到的~~也说可以跳跃修饰，要是这样的话，就不能根据‘which就近指代california所以错’的原则来轻易排除选项了，就必须根据其他语法点排除~~~是这样么？

作者: huangyouhuifei 时间: 2011-5-15 17:24

which指代的2种情况：
1、紧邻修饰
一般情况下，“名词，which”中的which是就近修饰紧邻的名词的。这种例子多的不胜枚举。
一般例子就不用举了，只举个比较特别例子“A of B, which”（注：这里的of表示从属关系）
但是需要注意的是，在“SVO,which”句型中，which就近修饰o,如果Which指代S一定错误，which如果指代主语，这样使用:s+verb,which，此时
2、跳跃修饰
在前有“核心词+介词、分词等修饰结构”或者插入语的情况下，which跳跃修饰前面的核心词，不能修饰紧邻的名词。（例如：England passed the Woolens Act of 1698, which prohibited the export of woolen cloth beyond a colony's borders. 此时Which 修饰act 因为of 1698表时间概念，而不是从属关系。）

以上是刚才在CD的一篇贴子里看到的~~也说可以跳跃修饰，要是这样的话，就不能根据‘which就近指代california所以错’的原则来轻易排除选项了，就必须根据其他语法点排除~~~是这样么？

-- by 会员 cgzjessieli (2011/5/15 10:02:26)

一、是可以通过which直接排除的。
一般来说，对于“X+介词+Y, which”结构，主要看which后的动词单复跟X还是Y匹配。
总原则是：MODIFY THE NEAREST LEGITIMATE NOUN. 最近的合理名词。
一是Nearest-->离which最近的名词
二是Legitimate-->合理、合法的（即单复数要一致）
有几种情况：
（1）which后的动词与Y单复数一致，与X不一致-->which修饰Y
比如：There are many apples in the bag, which is black.
bag是离which最近的名词，正好也是合理的（单复数一致），就是它了。
（2）which后的动词与X单复数一致，与Y不一致-->which修饰X
比如：There are many apples in the bag, which are imported from Australia.
bag是离which最近的名词，但不是合理的（单复数不一致）。于是再往前寻找，找到apples，就是最近的合理名词（the nearest legitimate noun）。“跳跃修饰”之所以能跳，就是因为apples与are之间的bag不是合理的名词。但“跳跃修饰”仍然满足上面所说的总原则。
（3）which后的动词与X单复数不一致，与Y也不一致-->句子错误
（4）X和Y单复数一致，并且都与which后的动词一致-->which修饰Y
这时，which很难跳过Y去修饰X，因为Y是最近的名词，也是合理的名词，即便从语义上面是修饰X的，这样写的话也会显得ambiguous、awkward、wordy。
比如：
There is an apple in the bag, which is imported from Australia.
这个句子是正确的，其中which就是修饰bag的，不是修饰apple的。因为bag是the nearest legitimate noun.
I don't like the car from Japan, which is expensive.
这个句子是错的，即使不错，也是有歧义的。本来这句话想表达的是车很贵，但若是这样写，会被误认为日本很贵，因为Japan是最近的合理名词。
二、本题就是第四种情况，a minority in California，a minority和California都是单数，所以which修饰California，而这是不符合逻辑的。

作者: weiyibin139 时间: 2011-5-20 14:31
牛

作者: cgzjessieli 时间: 2011-5-20 19:22
彻底明白啦！！！！！！NN就是牛！！！！超级感谢啊！！！

作者: 秋叶蠖 时间: 2011-9-1 21:03

-- by 会员 cgzjessieli (2011/5/15 10:02:26)

-- by 会员 huangyouhuifei (2011/5/15 17:24:31)

我想说明一下的是这里

“I don't like the car from Japan, which is expensive.
这个句子是错的，即使不错，也是有歧义的。本来这句话想表达的是车很贵，但若是这样写，会被误认为日本很贵，因为Japan是最近的合理名词。”

这个句子的问题在于from Japan的Japan是宾语，而which is expensive中的which承担了主语的成分，所以which指代Japan会redundant and confusing，这个说法来自OG12 63题：

The yield of natural gas from Norway’s Troll gas fi eld is
expected to increase annually until the year 2005 and
then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, which
will allow such an extraction rate at least for 50 years’
production.
(A) 2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic
feet a day, which will allow such an extraction
rate at least for
(B) 2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic
feet a day, an extraction rate that will allow at
least
(C) 2005 and then stabilizing at six billion cubic feet
a day, with such an extraction rate at the least
allowing
(D) 2005, then stabilizing at six billion cubic feet a
day, allowing such an extraction rate for at least
(E) 2005, then stabilizing at six billion cubic feet a
day, which will allow such an extraction rate for
at least

OG的解释：
The sentence is about predictions that Troll gas
field’s yield would increase until it stabilized at a
particular extraction rate in 2005. The term
extraction rate refers to six billion cubic feet a day, so
it is redundant and confusingly circular to rename
six billion cubic feet with the relative pronounwhich
in the subject position and then reintroduce
extraction rateas the object.

作者: cgzjessieli 时间: 2011-9-1 21:29
虽然好久前就已经考完gmat了，但是还是很谢谢你的解答~~

作者: shiqimaggie 时间: 2011-9-2 15:41
感谢

作者: shiqimaggie 时间: 2011-9-2 15:42

虽然好久前就已经考完gmat了，但是还是很谢谢你的解答~~

-- by 会员 cgzjessieli (2011/9/1 21:29:01)

考的怎么样啊LZ？

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