ChaseDream

标题: 句尾非限定性成分修饰小结--> 持续更新 [打印本页]

作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2011-4-14 20:49
标题: 句尾非限定性成分修饰小结--> 持续更新
一、句尾形容词短语做伴随状语（adjective的话放在句首句尾都有这个性质，所以把句首的例子也举进来）：
（1）形容词短语做伴随状语时，通常表状态。例如：
1．Full of apologies, the manager approached us．经理向我们走来，嘴里不停地说着抱歉的话。
2．He was too excited, unable to say a word．他太激动了，一句话也说不出来。
3．He stared at the footprint, full of fear．他盯着脚印，满心恐惧。
（2）单个形容词做伴随状语：单个形容词做伴随状语也表示状态，不表动作。例如：
1．He sat there, silent．他一声不响地坐在那儿。
2．Breathless, she rushed in through the back door．穿过后门，他气喘吁吁地冲了进来。
3．He went to bed, cold and hungry．他又冷又饿地上床睡觉了。

二、句尾形容词同时也没有丧失非限定性修饰最近名词的功能（且修饰的是名词词组的核心词），尤其是过去分词(v.-ed)逗号隔开放在句尾。在判断正误时，先看能否做伴随状语修饰主语，如果不能做伴随状语修饰主语，则再要看句尾形容词能否就近修饰名词。二者兼不满足的，就是错句。

三、关于介词短语放在句尾(下面有with短语为例)：
首先，基本上大部分的“介词+noun”放在句尾用逗号隔开都是做状语修饰。
其次，虽然有些介词短语确实能够修饰临近做非限定性修饰，但也是修饰名词短语的核心词。

四、有些形容词叫做appositive modifier，这种形容词用逗号隔开放在句尾，还是习惯于修饰最近的词语。比如different from, (twice) as many/much as
#1. According to a study by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, companies in the United States are providing job training and general education for nearly eight million people, about as many as are enrolled in the nation's four-year colleges and universities.
--> as many as就近修饰eight million people
#2. The army cutworm moth is a critical source of fat for as many as a third of Yellowstone National Park's grizzly bears, which overturn rocks to find the insects, as many as 40,000 per bear in a single day.
--> as many as就近修饰insects
#3. A recent national study of the public schools shows that there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many as there were four years ago.
--> as many as修饰one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils

五、其他
（一）more than放在句尾用逗号隔开的修饰对象：
1. more than可以看做副词，也可以看作是比较结构的连接词：看作副词时，more than如thereby,thus这种并不起实际修饰作用，more than短语修饰对象根据more than后面的词决定；看作比较结构时：可以是修饰邻近的名词，也可以是修饰前面整个分句的比较状语，具体遵循比较的规则。
#1. With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for about four cents an acre, more than doubling its size and bringing its western border within reach of the Pacific Ocean.
than为介词，more than作为副词短语，doubling现在分词作为伴随结果状语，因此more than doubling做前面整个分句的伴随结果状语。
#2. Since the movie was released seventeen UFOs have been sighted in the state, more than had been sighted in the past ten years together.
more than是比较结构引导词，此处是整句属性的比较，所以more than后补出全句概念，than为连词。
#3. It's his manner I dislike, more than anything else.（来自LDOCE）
more than是比较结构引导词，此处是整句属性的比较，但more than后省略I dislike-->主语、谓语都相同。
#4. More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds20 percent of the world's fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.
more than是比较结构引导词，此处是整句属性的比较，more than后补出整句概念，但谓语相同都是holds，因此省略。

（二）with放在句尾可以做非限定性修饰，也可以做状语，但以做状语的情况居多：
#1. Those who have visited the Grand Canyon have typically seen layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, with different colors that mark the passage of time like the rings in a tree trunk.
这个是正确选项，with+ n. 作定语非限定性修饰layers。
#2. From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage yet was so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
此处with短语做状语修饰前面整句，或者可以看作修饰crafted，逻辑主语为the Menomini. 这个句子还要注意的一点是：前分句把状语放到了前面，于是with就更接近主语了。即“with与主语离得太远，中间有太多其他内容的时候，这种结构即使不会引起歧义也不是最好的选项”--铮岚瑗。

作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2011-4-14 21:02
1. 想征集下appositive modifier。
2. 大家对句尾用逗号隔开的常见修饰词修饰对象有疑问的，可以跟帖。
3. 欢迎任何批评和建议。

作者: 夜色微蓝 时间: 2011-4-15 08:41
哈~这么好的贴，居然没人顶…………

摘走消化啦~~

多谢斑竹总结

作者: horsecc 时间: 2011-4-15 08:58
哇版主再次出世

作者: nowwsy 时间: 2011-4-15 16:01
感谢AEO！！哈哈哈顺带借贴问个
对于句末, doing/done 是不是说如果逻辑上明确的是来修饰句末名词的，那最好还是用，which/, who。。
,doing/done..做状语修饰还是做定语。。。介个会导致句意歧义赶脚很不好判断。。

作者: clumsy123 时间: 2011-4-15 20:02
必须顶啊~~~

作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2011-4-16 00:51

感谢AEO！！哈哈哈顺带借贴问个
对于句末, doing/done 是不是说如果逻辑上明确的是来修饰句末名词的，那最好还是用，which/, who。。
,doing/done..做状语修饰还是做定语。。。介个会导致句意歧义赶脚很不好判断。。

-- by 会员 nowwsy (2011/4/15 16:01:01)

很久木有见now~
"n., done"结构的话，GMAT官方材料里面done都是做定语的~而这个表达比which is done简洁，所以优于which，当然啦，定从也有它的好处，比如可以表达语气、时态，所以还是用which比较多，但是如果时态和主句一致，且没有多余语气，那么就可以直接用done。
", doing..."如果前面是s.v.o.结构，基本上是做状语的。印象中确实有一个题目是做了定语，但是后来找不到了，暂时把它忽略好了，至少不是prep里面的题目。如果前面是s.linking v.o.结构，那就有多种解释了，可以解释为状语，OG10和OG11里面也解释成过定语，逻辑是相同的。
所以可以这么讲：s.linking v.o., v.ing结构中v.ing可以做定语，其他情况基本都是做状语的。如果要做定语（非限定性修饰），那么要用which...

作者: nowwsy 时间: 2011-4-16 12:21
THX aeo版版！！！大谢谢啊啊啊啊啊啊！！

作者: 旅行的蜗牛 时间: 2011-4-19 16:01
借用宝地，请问版主哇

如果主句，which非限定从，V-ing结构
这个句尾V-ing结构是修饰主句呢还是which非限定从呢？

不胜感激

作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2011-4-23 09:16

借用宝地，请问版主哇

如果主句，which非限定从，V-ing结构
这个句尾V-ing结构是修饰主句呢还是which非限定从呢？

不胜感激

-- by 会员旅行的蜗牛 (2011/4/19 16:01:32)

语法上修饰which非限定从：
Analysts blamed May's sluggish retail sales on unexciting merchandise as well as the weather, which was colder and wetter than usual in some regions, slowing sales of barbecue grills and lawn furniture.
如果逻辑上修饰到主句了，就会引起歧义。

作者: 旅行的蜗牛 时间: 2011-4-25 15:52
非常非常感谢AEO版主的热心回复！！感动ing

可是我想问
55. Many house builders offer rent-to-buy programs
that enable a family with insufficient savings for a
conventional down payment to be able to move into
new housing and to apply part of the rent to a
purchase later.
(A) programs that enable a family with insufficient
savings for a conventional down payment to be
able to move into new housing and to apply
(B) programs that enable a family with insufficient
savings for a conventional down payment to
move into new housing and to apply
(C) programs; that enables a family with insufficient
savings for a conventional down payment to
move into new housing, to apply
(D) programs, which enables a family with
insufficient savings for a conventional down
payment to move into new housing, applying
(E) programs, which enable a family with insufficient
savings for a conventional down payment to be
able to move into new housing, applying

Th e correct answer is B.

错误选项D applying following a nonrestrictive
clause suggests incorrectly that the builders,
not the family, are applying the rent.

为什么答案给的解释是applying的发出者是主句主语呢，就是想说V-ing句尾不合适动作发出者也应该是从句主语family啊

还有一个问题…既然move into a new house和apply应该是并列的，那为什么不能apply在句尾做现在分词呢，现在分词在句尾不是也可以表示和主句动作同时发生么

拜托版主了……

作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2011-4-25 17:23
看来OG12把这个规则也给模糊化了，OG11-49里面都没有这个解释的。OG12的解释说明结合以前的题目说明 s.v.o.+, which, + doing结构中doing是可以修饰非限定性定从，也可以修饰主句的，修饰哪个要看逻辑是否合理.（这点我认同）。

关于第二个问题，我想到一个句子：
78. Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline.
这个句子里面monkeys sleeping都可以被with独立主格伴随修饰。那么OG12-55里面applying应该也是可以修饰to move，并间接修饰to move的逻辑主语family的。

OG直接不解释applying是否会修饰到to move，对此我认为：

apply如果要和to move平行必须用to apply（enable sb. to do sth.），另外to apply和to move不是同时发生的，根据后面的later可以看到to apply其实发生得晚一点。而如果applying做结果状语，自然不需要同时发生的，但也必须是直接结果，而applying显然不能够是move的直接结果。综上applying不能修饰to move和family。

而其对于D的解释的reasoning line，我想应该是这样：

然后继续往前找applying的修饰对象，因为必须是个人，所以不能是which指代的programs，那么继续往前找，找到builders，终于是个人了，可是造成逻辑不合理，最后OG就直接来一句，不能是builders，所以错误。我不喜欢OG12这个解释，它直接就忽略了to move和which非限定性定从的感受，找到builders头上去了。根据applying能够修饰to do和which非限定性定从的原则，它好歹也应该解释两句（不过我看OG12的解释确实有这个倾向，都点到为止）。

========

大家如果有更好的解释，欢迎探讨。

作者: 旅行的蜗牛 时间: 2011-4-25 19:51
这解释太详细了！！膜拜啊
那我可不可以理解为
1.主句，which非限，句尾通常不用V-ing，因为有歧义
2.若想用现在分词在句尾表示动作和主句动作并列，需要严格的同时发生，这个限制很严，所以绝大多数的现在分词在句尾都只是表示结果功能状语？

作者: joyous314 时间: 2011-4-25 19:54
求版主解答问题TT，刚发的新帖
谢谢版主的关于非限定的小结，一定好好理解吸收！

作者: coldice1205 时间: 2011-5-15 18:13
LZ~第二个第3句： A recent national study of the public schools shows that there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many as there were four years ago.
这个题的E项为every thirty-two pupils now has one microcomputer, four times as many as 4 years ago. OG 解释说“Choices D and E reorder and garble the "one X ..." construction, making four times as many refer illogically to pupils.”
但按就近修饰理解，4 times as as就该修饰computer啊~
求解释~

作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2011-5-15 20:01

LZ~第二个第3句： A recent national study of the public schools shows that there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many as there were four years ago.
这个题的E项为every thirty-two pupils now has one microcomputer, four times as many as 4 years ago. OG 解释说“Choices D and E reorder and garble the "one X ..." construction, making four times as many refer illogically to pupils.”
但按就近修饰理解，4 times as as就该修饰computer啊~
求解释~

-- by 会员 coldice1205 (2011/5/15 18:13:03)

谢谢coldice给出OG的看法！看来这个规律需要纠正。as many as其实也只是一个比较结构的连接词，其后面补出对象遵循比较原则，如果像这句two pupils now has one microcomputer, four times as many as 4 years ago.，只剩下一个状语，那么就默认为是整句概念的对比，因此four times as many as就修饰了前面整句，同时也就是修饰前面整句的主语-->computer。

作者: 若雪 时间: 2011-6-9 03:20

-- by 会员 coldice1205 (2011/5/15 18:13:03)

-- by 会员 aeoluseros (2011/5/15 20:01:27)

那么这句： The number of people flying first class on domestic flights rose sharply in 1990, twice as many as the increase of the previous year. 可以知道是the increase of numbers in 1990和 the increase of the number in 1989做比较。那么能不能理解为twice as many as修饰前面整句，即the number rose sharply==> the increase of the numbers？

其实我还是不是很理解为什么twice as many as 是appositive modifier....

谢谢斑竹~~~

作者: 若雪 时间: 2011-6-9 03:57
在manhattan上找到了关于Placement of an appositive
In the examples we have seen so far, the appositive is placed immediately after the word it is modifying. This is not, however, the only way in which an appositive can be placed.
First, it is possible for an appositive to be placed before the word or phrase that it modifies. For example, this excerpt from Sentence Correction problem number 72 from The Official Guide for GMAT Review 11th Edition(OG11) shows an appositive placed before the word that it modifies:

“Architects and stonemasons, the Maya built…”

“Architects and stonemasons” represents a non-essential appositive, modifying the noun “Maya.” It is correctly set off from the main clause by a comma.
It is also possible for an appositive to modify an entire preceding noun phrase, rather than only the specific noun that it touches directly. For example, this excerpt from Sentence Correction problem number 113 from The Official Guide for Verbal Review 2nd Edition (VR2, p. 267) shows the problematic placement of a prepositional phrase modifier (not an appositive):

“In A.D. 391, resulting from the destruction of the largest library of the ancient world at Alexandria, …”

According to the explanation for this problem, found on page 322 of VR2:

“The largest library of the ancient world at Alexandria is both cumbersome and ambiguous because it suggests that the ancient world was located at (and only at) Alexandria.”

In other words, this noun modifier in the form of the prepositional phrase “at Alexandria” refers only to the noun “world,” immediately preceding the modifier. The correct answer, found on page 267 of VR2, rephrases this part of the sentence:

“In A.D. 391, as a result of the destruction of the library at Alexandria, the largest of the ancient world, …”

The noun modifier “the largest of the ancient world” is now in the form of an appositive. Logically, of course, it should refer to the noun “library,” but that noun is not the noun immediately preceding the appositive. Rather, the noun “Alexandria” immediately precedes the appositive. The VR2 explanation for this problem goes on to say that this placement is acceptable:

“This problem is best corrected by breaking the series of phrases into two distinct parts: the library at Alexandria, the largest of the ancient world. Here, the second phrase clearly modifies the first.”

In other words, the second phrase, the appositive, is allowed to modify the entire first phrase. It does not have to modify only the immediately preceding noun.

感觉上appositive的修饰也是很灵活的，可以做noun modifier也可以做adverbial modifier. 可以在修饰的词语之前或者之后，或者也可以修饰整个词组，具体还是看句意。

求指教~~~

作者: MarsTOF 时间: 2011-6-9 11:26
新帖留名慢慢消化。。斑竹V5~~~

作者: mudiduange 时间: 2011-6-19 10:50
AEO，这贴太好了，最近正好被这样一些知识点困扰，请教几点哈：
1、A recent national study of the public schools shows that there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many as there were four years ago.（这个there were为啥用were不用Was呢？）

According to a study by theCarnegieFoundation for the Advancement of Teaching, companies in the United States are providing job training and general education for nearly eight million people, about as many as are enrolled in the nation’s four-year colleges and universities.

前面两个当然都是正确句子。后面as many as..都跟有动词结构，这种属于什么用法？as many as是连词吗？如果是应该是完整的句子结构，但明显此处省略了部分成分。有点疑惑，求解。

另外，关于第一个句子，就像那位MM说的，为啥后面就变成修饰主语了呢？你解释的在这个选项中， four times as many as 4 years ago. 变成了状语，有点不理解哈。状语一定就是去修饰主语吗？能不能详细解释下

还有一道类似的：
The computer company has announced that it will purchase the color-printing division ofa rival
company for $950 million, which is partofadeal that will make it the largest manufacturer in the
office color-printing market.

(A) million, which is partofadeal that will make
(B) million, a part of a deal that makes
本题B选项，OG和PREP语法笔记都说的是a part of a deal修饰的是million.但根据同位语用法是可以抽象一个名词指代前面的句子，比如本选线，a part of a deal难道不能概括性指代前面的整个句子吗？

2、关于"n., done"结构的话，你讲到“GMAT官方材料里面done都是做定语的~而这个表达比which is done简洁，所以优于which”，我可以理解成这种结构就是就近修饰逗号前的名词吗？

3、关于n,形容词的结构，你讲的很透彻，但我有点疑问。
Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.
(A) Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there
(B) Baltic Sea sediments, where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings
(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity
(D) sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area
(E) sediments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of industrial activity there

此题的E选项，OG给出的解释是consistent illogically describe the Baltic Sea.从这个解释看，consistent被认为是修饰前面的名词，被认为是同位语了。那么问题了，n,形容词这种形式如何判断是伴随状语，如何判断是同位语？
此题我在想是否应该这样理解：consistent with the growth of industrial activity there可以做伴随状语，也可以做同位语，但是做伴随状语，其修饰的逻辑主语是scientists, 明显说不走；做同位语，修饰sediments,也说不走。其真正修饰是前面整句，通过补足findings就解决了这个问题。

比如：He stared at the footprint, full of fear。如果按照OG的解释，full of fear有可能就是修饰footprint了。
He went to bed, cold and hungry。这里，我们设想下，把and hungry去掉，则变为He went to bed, cold.那么cold说成是修饰he或者bed都没有问题了。

作者: mudiduange 时间: 2011-6-20 11:53
等待AEO

作者: mudiduange 时间: 2011-6-23 12:42
up

作者: mongmong 时间: 2011-8-3 21:07

-- by 会员 nowwsy (2011/4/15 16:01:01)

-- by 会员 aeoluseros (2011/4/16 0:51:14)

虾米是s.linking v. o.结构

作者: mongmong 时间: 2011-8-3 21:23
比如OG-12-30这题，

有两个疑问，一个是", protecting" 究竟是修饰谁？

OG的解释说the underlined part of the sentence begins a phrase describing items of military equipment. 对于选项C,OG的解释是 protecting properly introduces a modifying phrase revealing the purpose of items.

另一个疑问是为何E的解释说 " ,to protect" cannot act as a nonrestrictive adjectival phrase modifying items. 为何不可？

For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.
(A) a method to protect
(B) as a method protecting
(C) protecting
(D) as a protection of
(E) to protect
答案: C

作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2011-8-4 12:54
就是主系表哦.

作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2011-8-4 13:02

比如OG-12-30这题，

有两个疑问，一个是", protecting" 究竟是修饰谁？

OG的解释说the underlined part of the sentence begins a phrase describing items of military equipment. 对于选项C,OG的解释是 protecting properly introduces a modifying phrase revealing the purpose of items.

另一个疑问是为何E的解释说 " ,to protect" cannot act as a nonrestrictive adjectival phrase modifying items. 为何不可？

For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.
(A) a method to protect
(B) as a method protecting
(C) protecting
(D) as a protection of
(E) to protect
答案: C

-- by 会员 mongmong (2011/8/3 21:23:19)

1. protecting修饰的是前面整句，但是因为前面是主系表结构，所以也可以理解为修饰修饰主语，而表语和主语是同一个东东，所以也可以理解为修饰表语。
****: remember，"修饰对象"只是一个语法上的说法而已，当没有修饰歧义的时候，就绝对不会有错，一个成分如果可以看作修饰A,B,C等等对象，但是表达的都是完完全全同一个意思，那么就是对的。语法，永远只是逻辑的衍生，一个从逻辑衍生出来的，为了让逻辑表达更为规范的框架。
2. 前面是主系表不是动作，所以无法to do确实专门修饰实义动词的. 就如我们说的是做某某事有什么什么目的，而不是说我是blahblah，是为了…（如“我是中国人，是为了……”），逻辑不通。
****: 中英思维虽有差异，但是基本的逻辑表达是一致的（要不就无法沟通了），所以可以翻译过来看问题在哪里，当我们想象某用法在别处可行，而此处不行时，必然是这个用法用在这里逻辑上除了问题，比如逻辑错误，比如意思不单一。

作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2011-8-4 13:55

AEO，这贴太好了，最近正好被这样一些知识点困扰，请教几点哈：
1、A recent national study of the public schools shows that there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many as there were four years ago.（这个there were为啥用were不用Was呢？）

According to a study by theCarnegieFoundation for the Advancement of Teaching, companies in the United States are providing job training and general education for nearly eight million people, about as many as are enrolled in the nation’s four-year colleges and universities.

前面两个当然都是正确句子。后面as many as..都跟有动词结构，这种属于什么用法？as many as是连词吗？如果是应该是完整的句子结构，但明显此处省略了部分成分。有点疑惑，求解。

另外，关于第一个句子，就像那位MM说的，为啥后面就变成修饰主语了呢？你解释的在这个选项中， four times as many as 4 years ago. 变成了状语，有点不理解哈。状语一定就是去修饰主语吗？能不能详细解释下

还有一道类似的：
The computer company has announced that it will purchase the color-printing division ofa rival
company for $950 million, which is partofadeal that will make it the largest manufacturer in the
office color-printing market.

(A) million, which is partofadeal that will make
(B) million, a part of a deal that makes
本题B选项，OG和PREP语法笔记都说的是a part of a deal修饰的是million.但根据同位语用法是可以抽象一个名词指代前面的句子，比如本选线，a part of a deal难道不能概括性指代前面的整个句子吗？

2、关于"n., done"结构的话，你讲到“GMAT官方材料里面done都是做定语的~而这个表达比which is done简洁，所以优于which”，我可以理解成这种结构就是就近修饰逗号前的名词吗？

3、关于n,形容词的结构，你讲的很透彻，但我有点疑问。
Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.
(A) Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there
(B) Baltic Sea sediments, where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings
(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity
(D) sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area
(E) sediments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of industrial activity there

此题的E选项，OG给出的解释是consistent illogically describe the Baltic Sea.从这个解释看，consistent被认为是修饰前面的名词，被认为是同位语了。那么问题了，n,形容词这种形式如何判断是伴随状语，如何判断是同位语？
此题我在想是否应该这样理解：consistent with the growth of industrial activity there可以做伴随状语，也可以做同位语，但是做伴随状语，其修饰的逻辑主语是scientists, 明显说不走；做同位语，修饰sediments,也说不走。其真正修饰是前面整句，通过补足findings就解决了这个问题。

比如：He stared at the footprint, full of fear。如果按照OG的解释，full of fear有可能就是修饰footprint了。
He went to bed, cold and hungry。这里，我们设想下，把and hungry去掉，则变为He went to bed, cold.那么cold说成是修饰he或者bed都没有问题了。

-- by 会员 mudiduange (2011/6/19 10:50:15)

很抱歉刚刚看到mudi的问题...
1. 用there were是因为根据逻辑后面省略的应该是microcomputers，而不是microcomputer.这一点说明了省略的成分不一定要和前面指代的成分单复数完全一模一样。
1.1. as many as中第一个as是副词，第二个as是连词，且第二个as可以兼职做"关系代词"（后面必须接谓语动词）。
1.2. 状语不一定修饰主语，可能修饰的是整个句子，但是状语和被修饰句子的主语结合起来逻辑上需要有意义。
1.3. 其实我也觉得a part of a deal是修饰前面的整个意思，这道题在OG上有吗？

2. 可以，确切讲是前面名词短语的核心词

3. 因为consistent无法形容人，所以就不会修饰到主语，只能非限定性就近修饰了，所以就有了OG那样的解释。

作者: mongmong 时间: 2011-8-4 15:33

就是主系表哦.

-- by 会员 aeoluseros (2011/8/4 12:54:24)

明白~~

作者: mongmong 时间: 2011-8-4 15:34

-- by 会员 mongmong (2011/8/3 21:23:19)

-- by 会员 aeoluseros (2011/8/4 13:02:24)

太开心了，又弄懂一个地方~~真的谢谢aeo童鞋！！

作者: mongmong 时间: 2011-8-6 11:45

-- by 会员 mongmong (2011/8/3 21:23:19)

-- by 会员 aeoluseros (2011/8/4 13:02:24)

不好意思，我又有疑问了。

1. 比如下面这题，这里的absorbing and protecting修饰什么？这个句子既不是svo, slinking v o, or s, which, ving。要如何分析呢？

OG-65. In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Corps of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, so that it absorbs the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.
(A) act as a buffer, so that it absorbs
(B) act like a buffer so as to absorb
(C) act as a buffer, absorbing
(D) acting as a buffer, absorbing
(E) acting like a buffer, absorb

答案: C

2. 还有下面这题，B选项是该这么分析吗？因为原句是svo, ving形式，所以ving做状语（怎么理解这个做状语？状语的意思是修饰整个句子？再追问一句哈，那和伴随是一回事吗？）为什么OG的分析说B里面的growing could refer back to the subject of the sentence (32 species)?

OG 66. The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.
(A) include the animal known as the killer whale,which can grow to be 30 feet long and is
(B) include the animal known as the killer whale,growing as big as 30 feet long and
(C) include the animal known as the killer whale,growing up to 30 feet long and being
(D) includes the animal known as the killer whale,which can grow as big as 30 feet long and is
(E) includes the animal known as the killer whale,which can grow to be 30 feet long and it is
正确：A

作者: mongmong 时间: 2011-8-15 21:48
ding

作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2011-8-16 13:29
回晚了...
1. absorbing&protecting是做伴随动作状语修饰前面的a breakwater of rocks act as a buffer哦

2. B选项growing伴随修饰include，和其所修饰的逻辑主语the 32 species逻辑上不搭配。

3. 状语从与主句谓语动词的关系出发可以划分为伴随与非伴随。伴随的情况mongmong应该知道了，比如with引导的或现在分词引导的状语基本都是伴随作用（当然with还可以引导原因状语），还有其他比如时间状语、让步状语等等这些都是非伴随的状语... anyway，所谓的这个伴随与非伴随区分只是国内语法教学的一种…大致性分类，不要太过于纠结名词，只需要明白状语的修饰对象和作用就好。

作者: mongmong 时间: 2011-8-16 14:32

回晚了...
1. absorbing&protecting是做伴随动作状语修饰前面的a breakwater of rocks act as a buffer哦

2. B选项growing伴随修饰include，和其所修饰的逻辑主语the 32 species逻辑上不搭配。

3. 状语从与主句谓语动词的关系出发可以划分为伴随与非伴随。伴随的情况mongmong应该知道了，比如with引导的或现在分词引导的状语基本都是伴随作用（当然with还可以引导原因状语），还有其他比如时间状语、让步状语等等这些都是非伴随的状语... anyway，所谓的这个伴随与非伴随区分只是国内语法教学的一种…大致性分类，不要太过于纠结名词，只需要明白状语的修饰对象和作用就好。

-- by 会员 aeoluseros (2011/8/16 13:29:10)

aeo牛牛谢谢你的回复，我觉得我脑袋都大了，我决定慢慢的消化，消化不了的暂时不消化。

作者: 200814005 时间: 2011-9-7 19:39
真心顶啊！好贴~！

作者: mongmong 时间: 2011-10-22 14:47

-- by 会员 aeoluseros (2011/8/16 13:29:10)

aeo牛牛谢谢你的回复，我觉得我脑袋都大了，我决定慢慢的消化，消化不了的暂时不消化。

-- by 会员 mongmong (2011/8/16 14:32:56)

好像渐渐明白了

作者: wangjieava23 时间: 2012-4-21 16:24
mark 一下，再消化。

作者: duoduo200w 时间: 2012-5-2 14:33
mark

作者: 8Mile 时间: 2012-10-26 17:06
壮哉我大版主，总结的太好了

作者: apple1233 时间: 2013-6-23 02:35
好贴马克一下

作者: Kellyrkl 时间: 2014-4-12 12:53
好帖子啊

作者: Adela加油 时间: 2017-9-26 21:43
Mark一下！

作者: mia7017 时间: 2018-7-30 16:41
Mark一下！

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