ChaseDream

标题: 做完逻辑大全一半后有问题的题目，欢迎大家讨论。。。 [打印本页]

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作者: 流浪鼠标    时间: 2011-3-28 16:55
标题: 做完逻辑大全一半后有问题的题目，欢迎大家讨论。。。
看了答案后还是不明白，，困惑~
求大牛解释~
就当是看他人难题巩固自己把~嘿嘿


大全-B-2.In the years since the city of London imposed strict air-pollution regulations on local industry, the number of bird species seen in and around London has increased dramatically. Similar air-pollution rules should be imposed in other major cities.

Each of the following is an assumption made in the argument above EXCEPT:

(A) In most major cities, air-pollution problems are caused almost entirely by local industry.

(B) Air-pollution regulations on industry have a significant impact on the quality of the air.

(C) The air-pollution problems of other major cities are basically similar to those once suffered by London.

(D) An increase in the number of bird species in and around a city is desirable.（A）

(E) The increased sightings of bird species in and around London reflect an actual increase in the number of species in the area.

大全-B-14.As an experienced labor organizer and the former head of one of the nation’s most powerful labor unions, Grayson is an excellent choice to chair the new council on business-labor relations.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion above?

(A) The new council must have the support of the nation’s labor leaders if it is to succeed.

(B) During his years as a labor leader, Grayson established a record of good relations with business leaders.

(C) The chair of the new council must be a person who can communicate directly with the leaders of the nation’s largest labor unions.

(D) Most of the other members of the new council will be representatives of business management interests.（E）

(E) An understanding of the needs and problems of labor is the only qualification necessary for the job of chairing the new council.

Questions 1-2 are based on the following.

We have heard a good deal in recent years about the declining importance of the two major political parties. It is the mass media, we are told, that decide the outcome of elections, not the power of the parties. But it is worth noting that no independent or third-party candidate has won any important election in recent years, and in the last nationwide campaign, the two major parties raised and spent more money than ever before in support of their candidates and platforms. It seems clear that reports of the imminent demise of the two-party system are premature at best.

大全-C-1.Which of the following is an assumption made in the argument above?

(A) The amount of money raised and spent by a political party is one valid criterion for judging the influence of the party.

(B) A significant increase in the number of third-party candidates would be evidence of a decline in the importance of the two major parties.

(C) The two-party system has contributed significantly to the stability of the American political structure.

(D) The mass media tend to favor an independent or third-party candidate over a candidate from one of the two major parties.（A）

(E) The mass media are relatively unimportant in deciding the outcome of most elections.

大全-C-2.Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument above?

(A) The percentage of voters registered as independents is higher today than ever before.

(B) In a recent presidential campaign, for the first time ever, an independent candidate was invited to appear in a televised debate with the major-party candidates.

(C) Every current member of the U.S. Senate was elected as the candidate of one of the two major parties.

(D) In a recent opinion poll, most voters stated that a candidate’s party affiliation was an insignificant factor in judging his or her fitness for office.（C）

(E) In the last four years, the outcome of several statewide elections has been determined by the strength of the third-party vote.

大全-C-12.Which of the following best completes the passage below?

Monarch butterflies, whose average life span is nine months, migrate from the midwestern United States to selected forests outside Mexico City
. It takes at least three generations of monarchs to make the journey, so the great-great-grandchildren who finally arrive in the Mexican forests have never been there before. Yet they return to the same trees their forebears left. Scientists theorize that monarchs, like homing pigeons, map their routes according to the earth’s electromagnetic fields. As a first step in testing this theory, lepidopterists plan to install a low-voltage transmitter inside one grove of “butterfly trees” in the Mexican forests. If the butterflies are either especially attracted to the grove with the transmitter or especially repelled by it, lepidopterists will have evidence that______
(A) monarch butterflies have brains, however minuscule

(B) monarch butterflies are sensitive to electricity

(C) low-voltage electricity can affect butterflies, whether positively or adversely

(D) monarchs map their routes according to the earth’s electromagnetic fields（B）

(E) monarchs communicate in intergenerationally via electromagnetic fields

Questions 9-10 are based on the following.

In the industrialized nations, the last century has witnessed a shortening of the average workday from twelve hours or longer to less than eight hours. Mindful of this enormous increase in leisure time over the past century, many people assume that the same trend has obtained throughout history, and that, therefore, prehistoric humans must have labored incessantly for their very survival.

We cannot, of course, directly test this assumption. However, a study of primitive peoples of today suggests a different conclusion. The Mbuti of central Africa, for instance, spend only a few hours each day in hunting, gathering, and tending to other economic necessities. The rest of their time is spent as they choose. The implication is that the short workday is not peculiar to industrialized societies. Rather, both the extended workday of 1880 and the shorter workday of today are products of different stages of the continuing process of industrialization.

大全-D-9.Which of the following inferences about industrialization is best supported by the passage above?

(A) People in advanced industrialized societies have more leisure time than those in nonindustrialized societies.

(B) An average workday of twelve hours or more is peculiar to economies in the early stages of industrialization.

(C) Industrialization involves a trade-off between tedious, monotonous jobs and the benefits of increased leisure.

(D) It is likely that the extended workday of an industrializing country will eventually be shortened.（D）

(E) As industrialization progresses, people tend to look for self-fulfillment in leisure rather than work.

大全-D-10.Which of the following, if true, would most greatly strengthen the argument made in the passage above?

(A) In recent decades, the economy of the Mbuti has been markedly affected by the encroachment of modern civilization.

(B) The life-style of the Mbuti is similar to that of prehistoric humans.

(C) The Mbuti have no words in their language to express the distinction between work activities and leisure activities.

(D) The workday of a European peasant in medieval times averaged between eleven and fifteen hours.（B）

(E) The members of the Shaklik tribe in central Asia have an average workday of ten to twelve hours.

Economies in which a high percentage of resources are invested in research and development show greater growth in the long run than do those in which resources are channeled into consumption. Japanese workers spend a higher percentage of their income investing in research and development than do American workers.

To grow as fast as Japan has in the past three decades, the United States
must change the tax code in order to encourage savings and investment and discourage debt.
Which of the following, if true, tends to weaken the argument?

(A) Japanese research is more focused on consumers than is research by American firms.

(B) Class mobility, highly valued in American culture, is encouraged by a growing rather than a stagnant economy.

(C) Studies have shown that countries with high consumption rates prosper in the short run.

(D) Proposed changes to the tax code could involve strict limits on the deductability of interest, and increased allowance for research.（E）

(E) Because a decreasing percentage of the United States is under 40, an age when savings are traditionally low, the savings rate will increase without changes to the tax code.

大全-Ⅰ-7.Whenever a major airplane accident occurs, there is a dramatic increase in the number of airplane mishaps reported, a phenomenon that may last for as long as a few months after the accident. Airline officials assert that the publicity given the gruesomeness of major airplane accidents focuses media attention on the airline industry and the increase in the number of reported accidents is caused by an increase in the number of news sources covering airline accident, not by an increase in the number of accidents.

Which of the following, if true, would seriously weaken the assertions of the airline officials?

(A) The publicity surrounding airline accidents is largely limited to the country in which the crash occurred.

(B) Airline accidents tend to occur far more often during certain peak travel months.

(C) News organizations do not have any guidelines to help them decide how severe or how close an accident must be for it to receive coverage.

(D) Airplane accidents receive coverage by news sources only when the news sources find it advantageous to do so.（B）

(E) Studies by government regulations show that the number of airplane flight miles remains relatively constant from month to month.

大全-Ⅰ-11.A private bus company gained greater profits and provided bus service to the area at lower fares by running buses more frequently and stimulating greater ridership. Hoping to continue these financial trends, the company plans to replace all older buses with new, larger buses, including some double-decker buses,.

The plan of the bus company as described above assumes all of the following EXCEPT

(A) the demand for bus service in the company’s area of service will increase in the future

(B) increased efficiency and revenues will compensate for any new expenses the company incurs

(C) the new buses will be sufficiently reliable to ensure the company a net financial gain once they are in place

(D) driving the new buses will be no more difficult than driving the buses they are to replace（D）

(E) the larger, double-decker buses will not face obstacles such as height and weight restrictions in the bus company’s area of service

大全-Ⅱ-6.Which of the following is the most logical completion of the passage below?

Many companies have been pushing for a three-week extension of daylight saving time, which would mean that the sun would continue to set an hour later during the fall months. The owners of a chain of convenience stores, for example, expect to gain $15 million a year in additional sales, mostly from people who tend to______

(A) stay away from these stores after dark

(B) stay outdoors during the fall months

(C) spend more money in the fall

(D) spend less money in the fall（A）

(E) shop at these stores when they are pressed for time

大全-Ⅲ-7.Which of the following best completes the passage below?

When a project is failing and should be terminated, plan to bring in a new manager. New managers are more likely to terminate the project than are the original managers because______

(A) the project may have failed for reasons that the original manager could not have foreseen

(B) organizations tend to reward managers who can overcome problems

(C) managerial decisions to terminate a project should depend on the likelihood of the project’s eventual success

(D) the original managers were not necessarily able to overcome problems caused by external events over which they had no control（E）

(E) the new managers have no need to justify the earlier decision to maintain the project

Record companies defend their substitution of laser-read compact discs (CD’s) for the much less expensive traditional long-playing vinyl records in their catalogs by claiming that the audio market is ruled by consumer demand for ever-improved sound reproduction rather than by record manufacturers’ profit-motivated marketing decisions. But this claim cannot be true, because if it were true, then digital audiotape, which produces even better sound than CD’s, would be commercially available from these same record companies, but it is not.

大全-Ⅲ-13.Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument against the record companies’ claim?

(A) When CD’s were first introduced in the audio-reproduction market, prices were high and selection was poor.

(B) Record companies are reluctant to attempt commercial production of digital audiotape until profits from the sales of CD’s have enabled them to recover their investments in compact-disc manufacturing technology.

(C) Some CD’s have been so much in demand that consumers have experienced long delays in obtaining copies.

(D) Because CD’s work according to principles very different from those that govern conventional recordings, commercial production of CD’s requires new kinds of manufacturing technology.（B）

(E) Any valid comparison of CD audio reproductions to digital audiotape reproductions must be based on identical performances played back on the highest quality disc or tape player.

大全-Ⅲ-20.When people predict that certain result will not take place unless a certain action is taken, they believe that they have learned that the prediction is correct when the action is taken and the result occurs. On reflection, however, it often becomes clear that the result admits of more than one interpretation.

Which of the following, if true, best supports the claims above?

(A) Judging the success of an action requires specifying the goal of the action.

(B) Judging which action to take after a prediction is made requires knowing about other actions that have been successful in similar past situations.

(C) Learning whether a certain predictive strategy is good requires knowing the result using that strategy through several trials.

(D) Distinguishing a correct prediction and effective action from an incorrect prediction and ineffective action is often impossible.（D）

(E) Making a successful prediction requires knowing the facts about the context of that prediction.

大全-1-13.While Governor Verdant has been in office, the state’s budget has increased by an average of 6 percent each year. While the previous governor was in office, the state’s budget increased by an average of 11.5 percent each year. Obviously, the austere budgets during Governor Verdant’s term have caused the slowdown in the growth in state spending.

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn above?

(A) The rate of inflation in the state averaged 10 percent each year during the previous governor’s term in office and 3 percent each year during Verdant’s term.

(B) Both federal and state income tax rates have been lowered considerably during Verdant’s term in office.

(C) In each year of Verdant’s term in office, the state’s budget has shown some increase in spending over the previous year.

(D) During Verdant’s term in office, the state has either discontinued or begun to charge private citizens for numerous services that the state offered free to citizens during the previous governor’s term.（A）

(E) During the previous governor’s term in office, the state introduced several so-called “austerity” budgets intended to reduce the growth in state spending.

大全-1-14.Federal agricultural programs aimed at benefiting one group whose livelihood depends on farming often end up harming another such group.

Which of the following statements provides support for the claim above?

I. An effort to help feed-grain producers resulted in higher prices for their crops, but the higher prices decreased the profits of livestock producers.

II. In order to reduce crop surpluses and increase prices, growers of certain crops were paid to leave a portion of their land idle, but the reduction was not achieved because improvements in efficiency resulted in higher production on the land in use.

III.Many farm workers were put out of work when a program meant to raise the price of grain provided grain growers with an incentive to reduce production by giving them surplus grain from government reserves.

(A) I, but not II and not III

(B) II, but not I and not III

(C) I and III, but not II

(D) II and III, but not I（C）

(E) I, II and III

大全-2-14.A recent survey of all auto accident victims in Dole County found that, of the severely injured drivers and front-seat passengers, 80 percent were not wearing seat belts at the time of their accidents. This indicates that, by wearing seat belts, drivers and front-seat passengers can greatly reduce their risk of being severely injured if they are in an auto accident.

The conclusion above is not properly drawn unless which of the following is true?

(A) Of all the drivers and front-seat passengers in the survey, more than 20 percent were wearing seat belts at the time of their accidents.

(B) Considerably more than 20 percent of drivers and front-seat passengers in Dole County
always wear seat belts when traveling by car.
(C) More drivers and front-seat passengers in the survey than rear-seat passengers were very severely injured.

(D) More than half of the drivers and front-seat passengers in the survey were not wearing seat belts at the time of their accidents.（A）

(E) Most of the auto accidents reported to police in Dole County
do not involve any serious injury.
大全-20-3.Last year in the United States, women who ran for state and national offices were about as likely to win as men. However, only about fifteen percent of the candidates for these offices were women. Therefore, the reason there are so few women who win elections for these offices is not that women have difficulty winning elections but that so few women want to run.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion given?

(A) Last year the proportion of women incumbents who won reelection was smaller than the proportion of men incumbents who won reelection.

(B) Few women who run for state and national offices run against other women.

(C) Most women who have no strong desire to be politicians never run for state and national offices.

(D) The proportion of people holding local offices who are women is smaller than the proportion of people holding state and national offices who are women.（E）

(E) Many more women than men who want to run for state and national offices do not because they cannot get adequate funding for their campaigns.

大全-20-12.An advertisement designed to convince readers of the great durability of automobiles manufactured by the Deluxe Motor Car Company cites as evidence the fact that over half of all automobiles built by the company since 1970 are still on the road today, compared to no more than a third for any other manufacturer.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the advertisement’s argument?

(A) After taking inflation into account, a new Deluxe automobile costs only slightly more than a new model did in 1970.

(B) The number of automobiles built by Deluxe each year has not increased sharply since 1970.

(C) Owners of Deluxe automobiles typically keep their cars well maintained.

(D) Since 1970, Deluxe has made fewer changes in the automobiles it manufactures than other car companies have made in their automobiles.（B）

(E) Deluxe automobiles have been selling at relatively stable prices in recent years.

大全-5-17.Tocqueville, a nineteenth-century writer known for his study of democracy in the United States, believed that a government that centralizes power in one individual or institution is dangerous to its citizens. Biographers claim that Tocqueville disliked centralized government because he blamed Napoleon’s rule for the poverty of his childhood in Normandy.

Which of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the biographers’ claim?

(A) Although Napoleon was popularly blamed at the time for the terrible living conditions in Normandy, historians now know that bad harvests were really to blame for the poor economic conditions.

(B) Napoleon was notorious for refusing to share power with any of his political associates.

(C) Tocqueville said he knew that if his father had not suffered ill health, his family would have had a steady income and a comfortable standard of living.

(D) Although Tocqueville asserted that United States political life was democratic, the United States
of the nineteenth century allowed political power to be concentrated in a few institutions.（C）
(E) Tocqueville once wrote in a letter that, although his childhood was terribly impoverished, it was not different from the experience of his friends and neighbors in Normandy.

大全-5-19.Recent estimates predict that between 1982 and 1995 the greatest increase in the number of people employed will be in the category of low-paying service occupations. This category, however, will not increase its share of total employment, whereas the category of high-paying service occupations will increase its share.

If the estimates above are accurate, which of the following conclusions can be drawn?

(A) In 1982 more people were working in low-paying service occupations than were working in high-paying service occupations.

(B) In 1995 more people will be working in high-paying service occupations than will be working in low-paying service occupations.

(C) Nonservice occupations will account for the same share of total employment in 1995 as in 1982.

(D) Many of the people who were working in low-paying service occupations in 1982 will be working in high-paying service occupations by 1995.（A）

(E) The rate of growth for low-paying service occupations will be greater than the overall rate of employment growth between 1982 and 1995.

大全-5-20.For a local government to outlaw all strikes by its workers is a costly mistake, because all its labor disputes must then be settled by binding arbitration, without any negotiated public-sector labor settlements guiding the arbitrators. Strikes should be outlawed only for categories of public-sector workers for whose services no acceptable substitute exists.

The statements above best support which of the following conclusions?

(A) Where public-service workers are permitted to strike, contract negotiations with those workers are typically settled without a strike.

(B) Where strikes by all categories of pubic-sector workers are outlawed, no acceptable substitutes for the services provided by any of those workers are available.

(C) Binding arbitration tends to be more advantageous for public-service workers where it is the only available means of settling labor disputes with such workers.

(D) Most categories of public-sector workers have no counterparts in the private sector.（C）

(E) A strike by workers in a local government is unlikely to be settled without help from an arbitrator.

大全-6-18.The value of a product is determined by the ratio of its quality to its price. The higher the value of a product, the better will be its competitive position. Therefore, either increasing the quality or lowering the price of a given product will increase the likelihood that consumer will select that product rather than a competing one.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn above?

(A) It is possible to increase both the quality and the price of a product without changing its competitive position.

(B) For certain segments of the population of consumers, higher-priced brands of some product lines are preferred to the lower-priced brands.

(C) Competing products often try to appeal to different segments of the population of consumers.

(D) The competitive position of a product can be affected by such factors as advertising and brand loyalty.（E）

(E) Consumers’ perceptions of the quality of a product are based on the actual quality of the product.

大全-6-19.In January there was a large drop in the number of new houses sold, because interest rates for mortgages were falling and many consumers were waiting to see how low the rates would go. This large sales drop was accompanied by a sharp rise in the average price of new houses sold.

Which of the following, if true, best explains the sharp rise in the average price of new houses?

(A) Sales of higher-priced houses were unaffected by the sales drop because their purchasers have fewer constraints limiting the total amount they pay.

(B) Labor agreements of builders with construction unions are not due to expire until the next January.

(C) The prices of new houses have been rising slowly over the past three years because there is an increasing shortage of housing.

(D) There was a greater amount of moderate-priced housing available for resale by owners during January than in the preceding three months.（A）

(E) Interest rates for home mortgages are expected to rise sharply later in the year if predictions of increased business activity in general prove to be accurate.

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作者: 红红的云    时间: 2011-4-3 11:11
joyseychow wrote:
In the years since the city of London imposed strict air-pollution regulations on local industry, the number of bird species seen in and around London has increased dramatically. Similar air-pollution rules should be imposed in other major cities.
Each of the following is an assumption made in the argument above EXCEPT:
(A) In most major cities, air-pollution problems are caused almost entirely by local industry.
(B) Air-pollution regulations on industry have a significant impact on the quality of the air.
(C) The air-pollution problems of other major cities are basically similar to those once suffered by London.
(D) An increase in the number of bird species in and around a city is desirable.
(E) The increased sightings of bird species in and around London reflect an actual increase in the number of species in the area.

P1ondon imposed strict air-pollution regulations on local industry
P2:Since then,number of bird species seen in and around London has increased dramatically
Conclusion:Similar air-pollution rules should be imposed in other major cities.

(-B) Air-pollution regulations on industry does not have a significant impact on the quality of the air.
We cannot get to the conclusion without this
(-C) The air-pollution problems of other major cities are basically not similar to those once suffered by London.
If author has not assumed this, he cannot mention "other cities" in the conclusion.
(-D) An increase in the number of bird species in and around a city is not desirable.
This is tough. But if the we assume that increase of birds are not desired then making the air clean will also not be desirable. It has to be an assumption.


I am stuck between A and E.
(-A) In most major cities, air-pollution problems are caused almost not entirely by local industry.
Does this break the argument ? No I think. So what if the pollution
is almost not entirely by local industry, still the regulations could help other cities....
If E can fail the test, A should be the winner.


(-E) The increased sightings of bird species in and around London does not reflect an actual increase in the number of species in the area.
If the increased sightings not equal to increase in the number of species, then how can we conclude to imply the regulations in other cities. The conclusion says "....rules should be imposed ..... . Author seems to be very confident. So he must be assuming that the count is reflecting an increase !!!!!!


The answer must be A here - we know that pollution regulations on local industry in London have helped increase the number of birds. Presumably local industry then produces a significant amount of pollution, so the regulations may have helped to reduce pollution overall. Still, local industry does not need to be 'entirely' responsible for the pollution in order for regulations to help matters. Perhaps local industry only created 25% of the total pollution, but the regulations cut local industry pollution to zero; that would still have a significant impact on air quality.

If you bring outside opinions to the argument, E might be tempting - if you think reducing air pollution is good in and of itself, then E might not seem relevant. Still, if we analyze the argument -- Regulations in London led to more birds. Therefore these regulations are good and should be adopted by other cities. -- we see that the *only* reason the author gives for introducing regulations is to increase the number of birds - surely the author is assuming that's a good thing if he or she is proposing other cities introduce the same regulations.

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作者: 红红的云    时间: 2011-4-3 11:17
As an experienced labor organizer and the former head of one of the nation's most powerful labor unions, Grayson is an excellent choice to chair the new council on business-labor relations.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion above?
(A) The new council must have the support of the nation's labor leaders if it is to succeed.
(B) During his years as a labor leader, Grayson established a record of good relations with business leaders.
(C) The chair of the new council must be a person who can communicate directly with the leaders of the nation's largest labor unions.
(D) Most of the other members of the new council will be representatives of business management interests.
(E) An understanding of the needs and problems of labor is the only qualification necessary for the job of chairing the new council.

IMO:E

Premise:As X and Y, grayson is an excellent choice to chair the new council.

E: X and Y are the only requirements to chair the new council.Thus E strengthens the conclusion.

Beware:B is a trap!!

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作者: 红红的云    时间: 2011-4-7 00:35
引：
p1:We have heard a good deal in recent years about the declining importance of the two major political parties. It is the mass media, we are told, that decide the outcome of elections, not the power of the parties.

p2:But it is worth noting that no independent or third-party candidate has won any important election in recent years, and in the last nationwide campaign, the two major parties raised and spent more money than ever before in support of their candidates and platforms.

conclusion: It seems clear that reports of the imminent demise of the two-party system are premature at best.


i.e conclusion: The reports of the demise of the two party system are too hasty.

How can we strengthen this?

As we can see there are two contrasting premises..

we can strengthen with options related to following:

1)media is not playing a part in the outcome(on this the conclusion depends)
2)reports of the demise are premature
3)two-major parties are stable and powerful on their own.
4)No third party has won any elections

A) The percentage of voters registered as independents is higher today than ever before.

The information doesnt help in any way.Even if the percentage of independent voters is high the results depends on who won the election.

Also ,its percentage!!so we cannot assume exact figure.

(B) In a recent presidential campaign, for the first time ever, an independent candidate was invited to appear in a televised debate with the major-party candidates.

great!!It may help for cordial relationships between the two parties !!
But for us the information is IRRELEVANT.

(C) Every current member of the U.S. Senate was elected as the candidate of one of the two major parties.

This helps to strengthen the conclusion that the reports are seriously premature and infact,all the members of US senate are in either of the two parties.

(D) In a recent opinion poll, most voters stated that a candidate's party affiliation was an insignificant factor in judging his or her fitness for office.

This weakens the conclusion by stating that it doesnt matter if the candidate is affiliated to any of the party( either the two major parties or the third party).Thus it talks about affiliation with any of the party in general.Which weaken the conclusion.

(E) In the last four years, the outcome of several statewide elections has been determined by the strength of the third-party vote.

This infact weakens in a way stating that the third party vote is of some importance in determining the outcome.

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作者: 红红的云    时间: 2011-4-7 00:44
Which of the following best completes the passage below?
Monarch butterflies, whose average life span is nine months, migrate from the midwestern United States to selected forests outside Mexico City. It takes at least three generations of monarchs to make the journey, so the great-great-grandchildren who finally arrive in the Mexican forests have never been there before. Yet they return to the same trees their forebears left. Scientists theorize that monarchs, like homing pigeons, map their routes according to the earth’s electromagnetic fields. As a first step in testing this theory, lepidopterists plan to install a low-voltage transmitter inside one grove of “butterfly trees” in the Mexican forests. If the butterflies are either especially attracted to the grove with the transmitter or especially repelled by it, lepidopterists will have evidence that______
(A) monarch butterflies have brains, however minuscule
(B) monarch butterflies are sensitive to electricity
(C) low-voltage electricity can affect butterflies, whether positively or adversely
(D) monarchs map their routes according to the earth’s electromagnetic fields
(E) monarchs communicate in intergenerationally via electromagnetic fields
Let's breakdown the passage.

The theory is that monarch butterflies are able to map their routes (despite requiring three generations of them to make the journey) using the earth's electromagnetic field. We are trying to test this theory with an experiment.

Method: Low-voltage transmitter in a grove of butterflies in the Mexican forest.
Expected observations: Either attracted to the grove with transmitter, or repelled.

You can therefore rephrase the question stem as, "What would these observations best point to?", or "which conclusion does this evidence best support?"


A. Brains? Out of scope and irrelevant to the motive of proving the relationship between route mapping and EM fields.

B. This works - if it is proved that the grove with the transmitter attracts or repels the butterflies, it can be reasonably inferred that they are able to detect electricity. Also remember it is a low-voltage transmitter, so this means that they are able to detect low voltage too and thus must be sensitive to electricity.

C. Positively or adversely, and whether they affect butterflies, is a bit too extreme and changes the intended motive. For example, when I smell popcorn, I know that someone is making popcorn in the kitchen. Does this mean popcorn affects me positively or adversely? Basically, what I mean is that butterflies could detect these fields without the fields actually affecting them, and thus the conclusion need not be true.

D. This is too big a leap for such a specific experiment. More data would be required to jump from the butterflies' ability to sense the electricity, to whether they use this sense to map their routes with the EM fields. Remember, this is "a first step" and thus cannot lead directly to the intended conclusion written in this choice.

E. Intergenerationally? This cannot be proven by one experiment on a group of butterflies, and is again not the intent of the experiment. Also, just because they can detect the electricity doesn't mean they can "communicate" via EM fields.


Pick B.

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作者: 红红的云    时间: 2011-4-7 00:50

Which of the following best completes the passage below?
Monarch butterflies, whose average life span is nine months, migrate from the midwestern United States to selected forests outside Mexico City. It takes at least three generations of monarchs to make the journey, so the great-great-grandchildren who finally arrive in the Mexican forests have never been there before. Yet they return to the same trees their forebears left. Scientists theorize that monarchs, like homing pigeons, map their routes according to the earth’s electromagnetic fields. As a first step in testing this theory, lepidopterists plan to install a low-voltage transmitter inside one grove of “butterfly trees” in the Mexican forests. If the butterflies are either especially attracted to the grove with the transmitter or especially repelled by it, lepidopterists will have evidence that______
(A) monarch butterflies have brains, however minuscule
(B) monarch butterflies are sensitive to electricity
(C) low-voltage electricity can affect butterflies, whether positively or adversely
(D) monarchs map their routes according to the earth’s electromagnetic fields
(E) monarchs communicate in intergenerationally via electromagnetic fields
Let's breakdown the passage.

The theory is that monarch butterflies are able to map their routes (despite requiring three generations of them to make the journey) using the earth's electromagnetic field. We are trying to test this theory with an experiment.

Method: Low-voltage transmitter in a grove of butterflies in the Mexican forest.
Expected observations: Either attracted to the grove with transmitter, or repelled.

You can therefore rephrase the question stem as, "What would these observations best point to?", or "which conclusion does this evidence best support?"


A. Brains? Out of scope and irrelevant to the motive of proving the relationship between route mapping and EM fields.

B. This works - if it is proved that the grove with the transmitter attracts or repels the butterflies, it can be reasonably inferred that they are able to detect electricity. Also remember it is a low-voltage transmitter, so this means that they are able to detect low voltage too and thus must be sensitive to electricity.

C. Positively or adversely, and whether they affect butterflies, is a bit too extreme and changes the intended motive. For example, when I smell popcorn, I know that someone is making popcorn in the kitchen. Does this mean popcorn affects me positively or adversely? Basically, what I mean is that butterflies could detect these fields without the fields actually affecting them, and thus the conclusion need not be true.

D. This is too big a leap for such a specific experiment. More data would be required to jump from the butterflies' ability to sense the electricity, to whether they use this sense to map their routes with the EM fields. Remember, this is "a first step" and thus cannot lead directly to the intended conclusion written in this choice.

E. Intergenerationally? This cannot be proven by one experiment on a group of butterflies, and is again not the intent of the experiment. Also, just because they can detect the electricity doesn't mean they can "communicate" via EM fields.


Pick B.

-- by 会员 红红的云 (2011/4/7 0:44:40)

C) low-voltage electricity can affect butterflies, whether positively or adversely ---> This option discusses butterflies and not monarch butterflies. Moreover, the theory focuses on the role of electromagnetic fields and not about how (positively or adversely) the butterflies get affected due to low-voltage electricity. So, option C is clearly out.

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作者: 红红的云    时间: 2011-4-7 01:55
Economies in which a high percentage of resources are invested in research and development show greater growth in the long run than do those in which resources are channeled into consumption. Japanese workers spend a higher percentage of their income investing in research and development than do American workers.

To grow as fast as Japan has in the past three decades, the United States
must change the tax code in order to encourage savings and investment and discourage debt.
Which of the following, if true, tends to weaken the argument?

(A) Japanese research is more focused on consumers than is research by American firms.

(B) Class mobility, highly valued in American culture, is encouraged by a growing rather than a stagnant economy.

(C) Studies have shown that countries with high consumption rates prosper in the short run.

(D) Proposed changes to the tax code could involve strict limits on the deductability of interest, and increased allowance for research.（E）

(E) Because a decreasing percentage of the United States is under 40, an age when savings are traditionally low, the savings rate will increase without changes to the tax code.

结论，为了提高鼓励积蓄和投资，我们必须要改税法。
weaken：现实的人口的改变已经让储蓄提高成为一种可能， 改税法的前提不存在了。
这是一个典型的推论weaken的题：
先给一个推论的条件： A推出B。 为了达到B， 所以我们必须需要执行C 去保证A 。
要消弱，就是C 不是导致A的唯一手段 或者情形。

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作者: nrnr    时间: 2011-4-7 12:19
楼主，为什么不要把自己不懂的地方或者纠结说出来了？而且把这么多的题目放在一个帖子里面讨论，最后大家都会很乱，也不可能会每题都讨论到，如果楼主真心想和大家讨论的话，我建议楼主把这个帖子分开，一个帖子讨论两到三个问题，这样大家都能知道在讨论什么而且也不会分散话题。

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作者: horsecc    时间: 2011-6-28 20:06
汗  这种帖子

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作者: qiushuan    时间: 2011-7-9 16:38

As an experienced labor organizer and the former head of one of the nation's most powerful labor unions, Grayson is an excellent choice to chair the new council on business-labor relations.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion above?
(A) The new council must have the support of the nation's labor leaders if it is to succeed.
(B) During his years as a labor leader, Grayson established a record of good relations with business leaders.
(C) The chair of the new council must be a person who can communicate directly with the leaders of the nation's largest labor unions.
(D) Most of the other members of the new council will be representatives of business management interests.
(E) An understanding of the needs and problems of labor is the only qualification necessary for the job of chairing the new council.

IMO:E

Premise:As X and Y, grayson is an excellent choice to chair the new council.

E: X and Y are the only requirements to chair the new council.Thus E strengthens the conclusion.

Beware:B is a trap!!

-- by 会员 红红的云 (2011/4/3 11:17:54)

how can u know b is a trap?

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