我觉得吧，这题选A是没问题的，只是OG说although后面必须是完整的clause，这点我不认同。
反例包括：
1. 你举的例子
158. Although accounting for only 5 percent of the world's population, United States citizens consume 28 percent of its nonrenewable resources, drive more than one-third of its automobiles, and use 21 times more water per capita than Europeans do.
2. OG12 Q35正确句子：
35. Along with the drop in producer prices announced yesterday, the strong retail sales figures released today seem to indicate that the economy, although growing slowly, is not nearing a recession.
3. 这里最后一个贴子有同学提到的prep的例子：
http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/1000-sc-677-t1545.html
1#Although unhappy with the high rent her company was paying for its suburban office building, the chief executive recognized rental rates for buildings in the suburbs as far lower than it typically is for property that is located within the city limits.
2#Although eradicated in the United States, polio continues elsewhere and could be brought into the country by visitors.
4. Imagination and Heart by Cooper, James Fenimore
Although deluded, weak, and even indiscreet, Julia was not indelicate.
以下摘自The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/although
Usage Note: As conjunctions, although and though are generally interchangeable: Although (or though) she smiled, she was angry.Although is usually placed at the beginning of its clause (as in the preceding example), whereas though may occur elsewhere and is the more common term when used to link words or phrases, as in wiser though poorer. In certain constructions, only though is acceptable: Fond though (not although) I am of sports, I'd rather not sit through another basketball game.
我发现的规律是：在以上列举的although后面不跟complete clause但是正确的句子里
1. "although" is placed at the beginning of its "chunk" (next to comma)
2. 就算把原句的"although"去掉，所得到的句子语法上仍然是正确的。例如：
Accounting for only 5 percent of the world's population, United States citizens consume 28 percent of its nonrenewable resources, drive more than one-third of its automobiles, and use 21 times more water per capita than Europeans do.
然后OG12 Q14 (sunspots)这道题，C和D里，如果把although去掉，句子语法不正确。所以C/D里面although用法错误。
Just my 2c. Open to discussion.
OG12: 14. Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun's poles or equator.
(A). are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have not been sighted on
(B). are visible as dark spots that never have been sighted on the surface od the sun
(C).appear as dark spots on the surface of the sun, although never sighted at
(D).appear as dark spots on the surface of the sun, although never having been sighted at
(E).appear as dark spots on the surface of the sun, which have never been sighted on
正解A
C,D选项错误的理由是 although通常引导一个从句， 这个从句不许有subject和verb
如果这个说法成立，那么，下面的情况又怎么解释？
158. With only 5 percent of the world's population, United States citizens consume 28 percent of its nonrenewable resources, drive more than one-third of its automobiles, and use 21 times more water per capita than Europeans do.
(A) With
(B) As
(C) Being
(D) Despite having
(E) Although accounting for
Answer is E.
(A). are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have not been sighted on
(B). are visible as dark spots that never have been sighted on the surface od the sun
(C).appear as dark spots on the surface of the sun, although never sighted at
(D).appear as dark spots on the surface of the sun, although never having been sighted at
(E).appear as dark spots on the surface of the sun, which have never been sighted on
正解A
C,D选项错误的理由是 although通常引导一个从句， 这个从句不许有subject和verb
如果这个说法成立，那么，下面的情况又怎么解释？
158. With only 5 percent of the world's population, United States citizens consume 28 percent of its nonrenewable resources, drive more than one-third of its automobiles, and use 21 times more water per capita than Europeans do.
(A) With
(B) As
(C) Being
(D) Despite having
(E) Although accounting for
Answer is E.
-- by 会员 misuyy (2011/3/16 19:54:25)
-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/4/15 6:05:47)
搜到了这个帖子。打卡！