a of b, c, and d of e,
请问大家这里前后两个of的归属问题，哪个包含哪个，哪个又先于哪个
如何判断of的归属问题呐?语法书上只有A of B的解释，但是多个并列的时候就不明白如何判断了
企盼NN！！！
Xiaoxue,
The only way to understand the phrase may be (a of b), c, and (d of e)
a of b (and) c, and d of e (and cannot be omitted)
a of b, and (c of and d of e).
To be discussed....
谢谢雪落无声mm帮我顶啊！
又看了几题OG，发现这种用法就是会引起歧义的。所以尽量避免或可有其他方法保证不产生歧义。下面举个例子：
128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties.
(A) requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties
(B) requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation
(C) requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties
(D) application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties（E）
(E) irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties
Choice E, the best answer, clearly and grammatically expresses the idea that two costly procedures, irrigation and the application of... fertilizer, were required by earlier high-yielding varieties of rice. In A, the placement of by earlier... varieties immediately after application of fertilizer suggests that the varieties applied the fertilizer. In B and D, the phrase application of... fertilizer and irrigation is ambiguous in meaning: it cannot be clearly determined whether applying fertilizer and irrigating are a single operation or two distinct operations. In C, only irrigation—not both irrigation and fertilization—is clearly associated with the earlier... varieties of rice.
偶觉得这里irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer 可以有两种理解：
1.( irrigation and application) of commercial fertilizer 这个是单数概念
2. irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer 这个是复数概念
但是因为后面紧跟的定语从句的谓语是复数were所以避免了歧义。
为什么1会是单数概念，偶也不太确定，但请看下面的例题：
60. According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, like that of earlier generations.
(A) like that of earlier generations
(B) as that for earlier generations
(C) just as earlier generations did
(D) as have earlier generations（E）
(E) as it was of earlier generations
The intended comparison should be completed by a clause beginning with as and containing a subject and verb that correspond to the subject and verb of the main clause. In E, the best choice, it refers unambiguously to the phrasal subject owning... land, the verb was corresponds to is, and today’s young adults are appropriately compared to earlier generations. Choices A and B lack a verb corresponding to is and a clear referent for that. Choices C and D are confusing and illogical because their verbs, did and have, cannot substitute for is in the main clause.
请NN指正！谢谢！
谢谢雪落无声mm帮我顶啊！
又看了几题OG，发现这种用法就是会引起歧义的。所以尽量避免或可有其他方法保证不产生歧义。下面举个例子：
128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties.
(A) requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties
(B) requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation
(C) requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties
(D) application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties（E）
(E) irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties
Choice E, the best answer, clearly and grammatically expresses the idea that two costly procedures, irrigation and the application of... fertilizer, were required by earlier high-yielding varieties of rice. In A, the placement of by earlier... varieties immediately after application of fertilizer suggests that the varieties applied the fertilizer. In B and D, the phrase application of... fertilizer and irrigation is ambiguous in meaning: it cannot be clearly determined whether applying fertilizer and irrigating are a single operation or two distinct operations. In C, only irrigation—not both irrigation and fertilization—is clearly associated with the earlier... varieties of rice.
偶觉得这里irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer 可以有两种理解：
1.( irrigation and application) of commercial fertilizer 这个是单数概念
2. irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer 这个是复数概念
但是因为后面紧跟的定语从句的谓语是复数were所以避免了歧义。
LES MM. I do not consider "irrigation of commerical fertilizer" sensible.
To be discussed....
I agree with weiyu. LES's interpretation 1 is unreasonable. "irrigation" should be parralel with "application of commercial fertilizer". But I always confused with when to use plural form instead of single form. for instance, OG 211.
同意weiyu的质疑。
但是我要说的是，从逻辑上完全可以判断这是错的。但是从语法上是完全可以这样理解。这也是一些难题常常使我们困惑的地方。我们常常在讨论时会说“从逻辑上......，但是语法修饰上......”
其实OG上常常说的修饰不明确就有这个意思。举个极端的例子。如果irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer 里面我们只认识and，of这两个单词，光从语法上，你会如何判断他的谓语的单复数呢？
哎
（A of B）和C和（D of E）并列啊
只有这一种表达，没有任何歧义
a of b, c, and d of e如果b和c并列，两者之间要加and!!!!
所以楼主给的词组事实上没有任何歧义
另外
大家需要知道
and是连词在语法是比介词的属性大，所以他是第一性的
因此楼上的irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer 不会有歧义，因为and是第一性的所以必然是irrigation和application of commercial fertilizer 并列
of 作为介词根本不可能有资格cover前面的irrigation
这才是本质
如果你学过翻译并且对基础英文文法比较熟悉
就知道了
因为a of b, c, and d of e中如果b和c并列的话中间要加and的！！！
gigi, 按照你的理解，那么下面这个例子的并列是不是理解为两个有下划线的部分：
（owning） and （living in a freestanding house on its own land ）因为and是第一性的?
谢谢指导！
哈哈
我刚想说
in 的特殊用法
很简单
大家去看
新东方补充材料有道水资源管理的问题
你们就知道了
在and 和of的表达有歧义的时候都是用in的
比如mamagemenr in water and other source problems
用in就表cover拉
其实这类题目不难的
语法规则都一样
也就是说in>and > of
这个问题
语法书上有
偶也专门请教过老外
如果大家不相信可以翻翻看
所有and 和of有歧义的地方他全部是in的
总结一下
a and b of c语法意思是a和（b and c）并列
如果要表达b and c并列
那要用b and c in a
或者a in b and c
大家看，这个美女太牛了，这就是760实力的体现。。。
我决定拜她当GMAT老师了。。。
关门弟子。。。霍霍。。。老师在上，我拜拉。。。
gigi, 按照你的理解，那么下面这个例子的并列是不是理解为两个有下划线的部分：
（owning） and （living in a freestanding house on its own land ）因为and是第一性的?
谢谢指导！
另外
不得不说这题不是典型的考介词和and的属性的
其实这道题如果硬要从这个考点上来分析
那我可以告诉你
美国人是不会产生歧义的
因为own及物动词，不可能单独出现和后面的东西并列的
所以外国人一看就知道own是和live工用house的
所以ETS不认为这个有歧义
而且在这里也不是考点
如果我没记错这个考的是
比较
呵呵相互切磋很久没来这里了
大家看，这个美女太牛了，这就是760实力的体现。。。
我决定拜她当GMAT老师了。。。
关门弟子。。。霍霍。。。老师在上，我拜拉。。。
真是听君一席话，胜读十年书！
谢谢gigi！！！
希望以后多多来GMAT版区指导啊！
gigi，再来看看下面这题。C和D选项是不是只有resolution可否可数的区别。谢谢！
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=23&replyID=444333&id=51230&skin=0
对了，上面的问题如果涉及其他介词有是怎样的? 如at 等？
其实为什么说in就可以？
因为他的意思有表示“在某一方面的”意思
如果其他介词如at也是表达这样的意思当然可以用
这要看具体的题目
如果at in之类的介词否是表示方位的（不是表示关于，在。。。方面的意思）如in the school at home之类的当然不就不可以了
这是比较规范的说法
但是我们可以注意到
如果ETS考这个介词的属性，那么说明什么？？说明其实这些介词的意思就是关于，在。。。方面
因此。。。。。
推论自己得出来拉
不过基本上都是用in的
另外
不得不说这题不是典型的考介词和and的属性的
其实这道题如果硬要从这个考点上来分析
那我可以告诉你
美国人是不会产生歧义的
因为own及物动词，不可能单独出现和后面的东西并列的
所以外国人一看就知道own是和live工用house的
所以ETS不认为这个有歧义
而且在这里也不是考点
如果我没记错这个考的是
比较
呵呵相互切磋很久没来这里了
（owning） and （living in a freestanding house on its own land )
shino mm,我认为这里的in跟live是连在一起不可分割的短语，而不是为了避免歧义加的东西。那么，如果按照你的说法，and是老大了，owning应该和living in a freestanding house并列了，那么owning不是没有所及的物体了吗？请指教。
gigi，再来看看下面这题。C和D选项是不是只有resolution可否可数的区别。谢谢！
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=23&replyID=444333&id=51230&skin=0
对了，上面的问题如果涉及其他介词有是怎样的? 如at 等？
我刚看了
就是选B
什么是advantage?成本的下降
（owning） and （living in a freestanding house on its own land )
shino mm,我认为这里的in跟live是连在一起不可分割的短语，而不是为了避免歧义加的东西。那么，如果按照你的说法，and是老大了，owning应该和living in a freestanding house并列了，那么owning不是没有所及的物体了吗？请指教。
我懂你的意思
我说这题不是考这个并列的
我说的in避免歧义不是指这个题目
哈哈
只是刚好我要讲
LSEmm就发上来了
你说的
live和in是不可分割的
所以这里的并列是owning a freestanding house and living in a freestanding house
其实owning和linving公用后面的house的
所以美国人不认为她有歧义，因为owning不能单独出现的
所以必然是公用后面的宾语的（语法上看）
而逻辑上句子意思也是这样
所以这样的说法是没问题的
重申这里的in不是避免歧义用的
也就是说
and是老大的话
owning就没宾语了
这样的表达就不对了
所以owning必然是和后面的living in公用宾语house
这样的功用
和我说的
in > and > of时的公用不一样
前者我是在解释为什么这题不可能有歧义
后者的公用是in表达在什么什么方面的意思时所起的作用
MM混淆了我的意思拉
不知道偶说清楚了没
可能我说的不清楚
MM混淆了
我懂你的意思
我说这题不是考这个并列的
我说的in避免歧义不是指这个题目
哈哈
只是刚好我要讲
LSEmm就发上来了
你说的
live和in是不可分割的
所以这里的并列是owning a freestanding house and living in a freestanding house
其实owning和linving公用后面的house的
所以美国人不认为她有歧义，因为owning不能单独出现的
所以必然是公用后面的宾语的（语法上看）
而逻辑上句子意思也是这样
所以这样的说法是没问题的
谢谢shino mm，那么这个例子里，如果own不是及物动词，而是不及物动词，就应该是own和后面的一长串东西并列了？
看来我需要总结一下
首先
a of b, c and d of e中，a of b和C和d of e是并列的，为什么？因为and 的属性是第一性的。（这种表达绝对没歧义）
其次，如果出现多个of and意思不清楚的时候我们是用in的（这个in表达在什么什么方面的意思，此时in > and> of)
我们用
a in b and c
b and c in a
最后LSEmm提出了个特殊问题owning） and （living in a freestanding house on its own land
他认为如果and第一性那么在这里就不对了
我解释了，为什么在这里不可能是and第一性
因为如果and 第一性，owning是及物动词后面就没宾语了，所以这里考的不是并列歧义的问题，至于in刚好是巧合罢了这里表地点防卫不是我说的在什么什么方面的意思
这就是我整个帖子表达的意思
说完了
谢谢shino mm，那么这个例子里，如果own不是及物动词，而是不及物动词，就应该是own和后面的一长串东西并列了？
完全正确！！举个简单的例子
Dancing and singing a song in the street are really funny
gigi,看了你的评说,很是佩服.
我的问题是: in > and > of.
那么在你说的水资源这题里:
1. Water and resource management problems will be at the head of the legislature’s list of concerns for the coming session.
(A) Water and resource management problems
(B) Problems of managing water and resources
(C) Problems in the management of water and other resources
(D) Problems of water and other resource management（C）
(E) Resource management problems, including water
problems in the management of water and other resources will be...就该是 problems in ( (the management of water) and other resources ) 了? 对吗? 可我觉得从逻辑意思上理解,应该是the management of water和 the management of other resources并列,只是把the management提出去, 我觉得应该是problems in ( the management of (water and other resources) ),这样不是和你所说的有矛盾吗?又困惑了......盼解惑......万分感谢中.....
gigi,看了你的评说,很是佩服.
我的问题是: in > and > of.
那么在你说的水资源这题里:
1. Water and resource management problems will be at the head of the legislature’s list of concerns for the coming session.
(A) Water and resource management problems
(B) Problems of managing water and resources
(C) Problems in the management of water and other resources
(D) Problems of water and other resource management（C）
(E) Resource management problems, including water
problems in the management of water and other resources will be...就该是 problems in ( (the management of water) and other resources ) 了? 对吗? 可我觉得从逻辑意思上理解,应该是the management of water和 the management of other resources并列,只是把the management提出去, 我觉得应该是problems in ( the management of (water and other resources) ),这样不是和你所说的有矛盾吗?又困惑了......盼解惑......万分感谢中.....
因为有other拉
表示另外的
你那样的话逻辑意思就不对了哦
逻辑意思应该是首位的
management和resources不是一类的何来other
另外
现在的考试往最优选项发展
所以五个选项相比也就C好
上次看了道真题
居然连谓语也没有的
晕死
谢谢gigi，关于这个in>and>of，暂时来说没有问题了。另外，那个例题又看了一遍，是应该选B。前面问C和D，还是在钻在有没有歧义的问题里了。
但是就那个特殊例子还有一个小问题：owing and living in.... 是单数概念，而dancing and sing in the street是复数概念，请就如何判断他们的单复数性，谈谈相关知识点。谢谢！
p.s.抓住一切机会请求gigi 常来这里看看，好让我们少走弯路。谢谢！
其实从本质上来因为前者公用一个宾语，应该就是表达一个整体的意思
而后者事实上是两个不同的东西dancing是不及物表跳舞，后面singing是及物的，所以两个意思用are
换句话说如果writing and singing a song那么就应该用is了（个人认为writing不好，但是为了说明问题只好先写着了）
这是从语法上来讲
从形式上来讲的话
用复数的，前面往往是两个不及物东西或者一及物一不及物
用单数的，往往是两个及物的，而且必须是公用宾语的
当然如果这道题目把公用宾语还原的话，应该是用复数的
但是ETS不会这么考
因为这违反了GMAT的基本规则
不能罗嗦和重复
不许和我抢，呵呵，她只收我。。。
GIGImmNN，JUAN在31楼提出的问题：
problems in ( the management of (water and other resources) ) 应该是它对。这里就是of > and了？
problems in ( (the management of water) and other resources ) 按in > and > of.应该是这个对；
并非因此，而是缺少足够理由和case，我对你提出的 in > and > of 规律，暂时保留意见。
Here are two examples. The first is not exactly related to "of" and "and", however we can still see how "of" can be so influential that sometimes it tends to misguide us by governing what it shouldn't govern.
The second is a quite famous one found in OG, a classical example about misplaced "A of B and C" phrase.
------
19. The commission acknowledged that no amount of money or staff members can ensure the safety of people who live in the vicinity of a nuclear plant, but it approved the installation because it believed that all reasonable precautions had been taken.
(A) no amount of money or staff members
(B) neither vast amounts of money nor staff members
(C) neither vast amounts of money nor numbers of staff members
(D) neither vast amounts of money nor a large staff（D）
(E) no matter how large the staff or how vast the amount of money
In choice A, amount of … staff members is incorrect; amount properly refers to an undifferentiated mass, as in the case of money. Choice B does not make clear whether vast amounts is supposed to describe money only or money and staff members, and in choice C it is not certain whether vast modifies amounts only or amounts and numbers. Choice D is best. Choice E cannot fit grammatically into the original sentence because it supplies no noun that can function as a subject for the verb can. This question is a little more difficult than the average.
128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties.
(A) requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties
(B) requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation
(C) requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties
(D) application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties（E）
(E) irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties
Choice E, the best answer, clearly and grammatically expresses the idea that two costly procedures, irrigation and the application of... fertilizer, were required by earlier high-yielding varieties of rice. In A, the placement of by earlier... varieties immediately after application of fertilizer suggests that the varieties applied the fertilizer. In B and D, the phrase application of... fertilizer and irrigation is ambiguous in meaning: it cannot be clearly determined whether applying fertilizer and irrigating are a single operation or two distinct operations. In C, only irrigation—not both irrigation and fertilization—is clearly associated with the earlier... varieties of rice.
marie mm真是厉害，厉害
咳，今天一大圈下来，我是晕了又晕
请问mm，对于偶最初提出的疑惑的结论是什么呢？谢谢！
不过，gigi的理论一开始认同，因为其实印象中高中语法真的是有这题理论的。现在是找不到当初的笔记了，无从考察。
LES mm，我也是绕了一圈，又晕了！
DREADPOWER，你都考出牛分了，还跟我这个菜鸟抢GIGI？！
今天偶要出去
大家讨论
偶后天回来再看
LES mm，我也是绕了一圈，又晕了！
DREADPOWER，你都考出牛分了，还跟我这个菜鸟抢GIGI？！
haha, 明天我也来晕晕, 几天没来, 好热闹呀!
严重感谢GIGI MM, 亲临指导!
gigi, 按照你的理解，那么下面这个例子的并列是不是理解为两个有下划线的部分：
（owning） and （living in a freestanding house on its own land ）因为and是第一性的?
谢谢指导！
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