ChaseDream

标题: that which的就近修饰和跳跃修饰整理 [打印本页]

作者: sjmdlyc 时间: 2010-11-15 13:19
标题: that which的就近修饰和跳跃修饰整理
参考CD上面各位NN前辈的讲解，理顺了一下，方便大家参考~
open to discuss~
which that 就近与跳跃修饰

which的用法
1、WHICH非限

1.which指代主句宾语：s+verb+o,which指代0（svo,which指代s一定错！）
2.which指代主句主语s:s+verb,which

（1）介词+which=连词

1.s+verb(+o)+prep+which
2.s+verb(+o),prep+which

区别介词+that=名词

I will buy this book because from that I study a lot.(有because作为连接词，不用“介词+which”结构连接)

I will buy this book from which I study a lot.（无连接词，需要用“介词+which”结构连接）
which指代的三种情况：
1、紧邻修饰
一般情况下，“名词，which”中的which是就近修饰紧邻的名词的。这种例子多的不胜枚举。
一般例子就不用举了，只举个比较特别例子“A of B, which”（注：这里的of表示从属关系）
1，The commission proposed that funding for development of the park, which could be open to the public early next year, be obtained through a local bond issue.

2,Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladitorial games, and spectacles.

Flavian Amphitheatre：福雷维安圆形剧场

3，In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.
thromboxane [生化]凝血噁烷，凝栓质，血栓素。阿斯匹林可以阻止血小板生成凝血恶烷

prostacyclin n.【生物化学、药物】环前列腺素，前列腺环素,
4，The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but also by dropped anchors, probing divers, and global warming.,
5，In attempting to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the price of oil, oil companies operating in the North Sea have taken a variety of approaches, which include reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently from smaller fields, and finding innovative ways to cut the cost of building and operating platforms.,
这些例子都能说明从属关系“A of B，which”中的which就近修饰紧邻的名词B。但是需要注意的是，在“SVO,which”句型中，如果which指代S一定错误，which如果指代主语，这样使用:s+verb,which
2、跳跃修饰
在前有“核心词+介词、分词等修饰结构”或者插入语的情况下，which跳跃修饰前面的核心词，不能修饰紧邻的名词。
下面是几个例子：
From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.

(A)baggage so light

(B) baggage being so light
(C) baggage, yet being so light
(D) baggage, and so light
(E) baggage yet was so light

答案：E
这句话的which离其所应该修饰的核心词canoe很远，中间隔了一个插入语，还隔了个介词结构about…，但只要知道核心词是canoe就能一目了然找到which应该指的是什么。这里不能修饰紧邻的名词cedar。
OG12-26

Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.

A,Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering

B,Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ended shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber

C,Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and that ends shortly before Emily’s death in 1886and outnumbering

D,Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother, ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, and outnumbering

E,Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber
这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词Susan Huntington Dickinson，必须跳过介词结构to…，修饰核心词letter。
Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies’ service areas, the merger of the nation’s leading gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition.
这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词utility industry，必须跳过介词结构in…，修饰核心词merger。
In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods against both American and Irish competition, England passed the Woolens Act of 1698, which prohibited the export of woolen cloth beyond a colony's borders.
这里的which不能修饰紧邻的1698，必须跳过介词结构of 1968修饰前面的核心词act。
One pervasive theory explains the introduction of breakfast cereals in the early 1900s as a result of the growing number of automobiles, which led to a decline in horse ownership and a subsequent grain glut

Glut n. （商品）供过于求；大量
The Forbidden City in Beijing, from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate, was a site which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission, on pain of death.
有人这里会说这不是A of B，which吗？which应该紧邻修饰啊？其实不然，因为of 1968和前面的那些A of B实际上用法不一样，这里是表示时间而不是“从属关系”。这个时间应该归在介词结构一类，所以要跳过。

on pain of违者以…论处
OG12SC107
Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.
(A) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
(B) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission
(C) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
(D) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying it,
(E) A technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying the substance, called proton- induced X-ray emission,
答案（A）

答案中which发生跳跃指代，而且emission不处于介词短语中，这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词emission，必须跳过分词修饰结构called …，修饰核心词technique。

注意这不是 SVO,which指代S了而是called proton-induced X-ray emission分词形式做后置修饰定语。

GWD-10-Q2: GWD-11-10
Marconi’s conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with a large, public audience.
A,Marconi’s conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is
B,Marconi conceived of the radio as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, but which is
C,Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone; instead, it has become
D,Marconi conceived of the radio to be a tool for private conversation, a substitute for the telephone, which has become
E,Marconi conceived of the radio to be a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, other than what it is,
答案为C。 B为啥不好？

因为选B会有which修饰telephone的错误，which应该修饰radio的。虽然which可以跳跃，但是逻辑上都可以完成从句动作的时候，应该是就近优先的，即使逻辑上完成不了从句的动作，跳跃也难保不会被判错，所以尽可能不跳跃修饰。GMAT题干中曾经用到可以跳跃的which，which跳跃是可以接受的，但是正确选项中很少出现过which跳跃修饰的情况，几乎都被其他结构替代了，这说明如果有可以替代的正确选项，那么尽量不要选跳跃修饰的which，因为可能有歧义。
C可以避免歧义，it一般不指代介词短语中的名词，优先指代主语，如果主语是人或者复数不能指代，则指代宾语，我不知道这题的radio还算不算宾语，但是至少你读出这个句子的时候，它确实相当于一个宾语，至少算一个核心词。
目前只见过A of B/A in B，which可以指代A，主要都发生在介词短语中。A选项可以我理解是因为CALLED从句表达的只是tech的另一个名字而已，本质上是同一东西，指代谁逻辑上都没有歧义。目前我找到的which强悍地跳跃，无视前面的名词的非常少，而且基本都不出现在选项中，都是未画线部分。但是，可以跳跃不是意味着必定跳跃，当which前面有很多个名词的时候，不是只要有一个正确，which就会自动地正确地指代到那个词的。相反，GMAT会优先判断这是修饰混乱。所以，最好不要有跳跃指代，如果非跳不可，最好是使用单复数区分which的指代词。
归纳一下，会发现which之所以要跳过介词结构是因为：其原本应该紧邻所修饰的核心名词，但是因为which的内容太长，而介词、分词等修饰结构又很短，所以把which结构后置了。
3、特别情况 A and B, which
这个which到底修饰谁呢？是A？是B？还是A and B？
我觉得这里正确修饰方法的原则只有一个：没有歧义。
如果A and B中的B为复数（Bs），which后面动词也是复数，which指代会有歧义，让人不知道which到底指的是什么。
As and Bs, which are (which指Bs? 或 which指As and Bs？)
A and Bs, which are (which指Bs？或 which指A and Bs？)
下面情况没有歧义：
如果A和B都是单数，which后面动词复数，没有歧义，which修饰A and B。
如果B是单数（不管A是单数还是复数），which后面动词也是单数，没有歧义，which修饰B。
如果B是复数（不管A是单数还是复数）则必须要用which together，没有歧义，这时which修饰A and Bs。
举两个例子：
The human nervous system bears a superficial resemblance to a telephone system both because the former carries information in the form of electrical impulses and because all of its neural pathways converge in the brain and spinal cord, which together form a kind of central exchange.

Unlike the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights, a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate its own electricity.
其实which的指代问题肯定不会只有这些，而且最准确判断which指代的方法是通过句子的逻辑意思，但是在实战中有个别GMAT题目的很难判断本意，所以准备写大方向性的小结还是必要的。

OG12-SC10
10. Carnivorous mammals can endure what would otherwise be lethal levels of body heat because they have a heat-exchange network which kept the brain from getting too hot.
(A) which kept
(B) that keeps
(C) which has kept
(D) that has been keeping
(E) having kept
答案B， In (A) and (C), which introduces a restrictive clause. Some writers follow the convention that which can only be used for nonrestrictive clauses, but insistence on this rule is controversial, and both (A) and (C) can be rejected on other grounds.

Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.
(A) Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there
(B) Baltic Sea sediments, where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings
(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity
(D) sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area

(E) sediments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of industrial activity there
波罗的海

答案D为啥A不对？

which是可以跳过介词短语或者插入语的，但是不能跳过谓语动词。“svo,which指代s一定错！！！”但这题中which跳跃多远都不对，这里WHICH是指代前面整个句子的意思，而这在GMAT中是一定错的。sediments are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there逻辑意思有错误，只有finding，result，means，forms之类的抽象名词才能be consistent with , 某个具体的东西不行。

that用法：

适用范围

（1）不定代词为先行词

（2）any , all, each, every, little, few, no, much, many为先行词

（3）“人+物”为先行词

序数词为先行词

最高级为先行词

例句：The boy and the bike that are in the room……

（4）the only, the very, the most为先行词（注意，the不可省略）
1.定语从句：

a.subject+verb.+object+that+verb.+object，

that就近指代修饰离that最近的名词
2.定语从句中出现后置定语（介词短语分词）S+verb+O+(prep+C)+that+verb.+object

S+verb+O+that+verb+O+(prep+c)
3.that不能指代“人物”

4,sth that …and that(that不可省略)

OG85. Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the siteof an ancient civilizationthat flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.
(A) that flurished at the same time as the civilizations
(B) that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations
(C) that flourished at the same time those had
(D) flourishing at the same time as those did
(E) flourishing at the same time as those were

答案A

0G12-126 The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.
(A) that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses
(B) that creates unconscious physiological responses in turn
(C) creating, in turn, unconscious physiological responses
(D) to create, in turn, physiological responses that are unconscious
(E) who creates unconscious physiological responses in turn

答案A，that跳跃一个介宾结构修饰reactions这题有意思的地方还在于E干扰选项,who紧跟在individual后面，出题机构现在变得很阴险喽,如果不去理解逻辑意思只是快速看语法修饰，很容易误选E

所以也验证了很多同学说的，现在语法比以前更倾向于从句子逻辑角度出题考

prep语法-6题that就近指代Aof B,that指代B
The list of animals that exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include the lower vertebrates.
(A) exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include
(B) exhibits the preference to use either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded and includes
(C) exhibit a preference in either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include
(D) exhibit a preference for using either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include
(E) exhibit the preference as to either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded and includes
这个that修饰谁呢？答案D！that是修饰animals 只有动物才会exhibit a preference of either using the right or the left hand ，list怎么会exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand 呢

GWD31-24-41.
In California, a lack of genetic variation in the Argentine ant has allowed the species to spread widely; due to their being so genetically similar to one another, the ants consider all their fellows to be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits the spread of this species in its native Argentina.
A. due to their being so genetically similar to one another, the ants consider all their fellows to be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits
B. due to its being so genetically similar the ant considers all its fellows to be a close relative and thus does not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limit
C. because it is so genetically similar, the ant considers all its fellows to be close relatives and thus does not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits
D. because they are so genetically similar to one another, the ants consider all their fellows to be close relatives and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limit
E. because of being so genetically similar to one another, the ants consider all their fellows to be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits
答案D不是直接考that指代，它考到了谓语单复数问题，that这里的指代the kind of fierce intercolony struggles 名词词组,所以limit用单数.

because of 与due to问题记住because of 后面不能跟动词以及具有动词功能的动名词, 而due to=be caused by 基本上gmat不会选有due to的选项；due to means 'caused by', due to 只有在能使用caused by的情况下被用在句子里
The game was postponed due to rain. wrong
The game was postponed because of rain. correct
The game's postponement was due to rain. correct
Because of 和due to的一个相同点是它们之后只能加名词或名词性词组

that跳跃修饰

关于that引导定语从句的跳跃修饰：

1．N + 介词短语 + that

（1）N + 介词短语 + that中that跳跃修饰N

885-4-21. With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land, Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes thatis looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.
(A) is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(B) is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(C) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(D) are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting
(E) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract

答案C，从逻辑意思上看，that应修饰communities

（2）N + 介词短语 + that中that就近修饰（例子就不举了，很常见）

2．A of B + that

（1）A of B + that中that指代B

Og10-1.The Wallerstein study indicates that even after a decade young men and women still experience some of the effects of a divorce occurring when a child.

(A)occurring when a child

(B)occurring when children

(C)that occurred when a child

(D)that occurred when they were children

(E)that has occurred as each was a child

答案为D；that就近指代a divorce;

（2）A of B + that中that指代A的：

Og10-168. Today, because of improvements in agricultural technology, the same amount of acreage produces double the apples that it has in 1910.

(A)double the apples that it has

(B)twice as many apples as it did

(C)as much as twice the apples it has

(D)two times as many apples as there were

(E)a doubling of the apples that it did

Choice B, the best answer, correctly uses the adverbial phrase twice as many... to modify the verb produces; properly employs many rather than much to describe a quantity made up of countable units (apples); and appropriately substitutes did for the understood produced to express the logically necessary past tense of produces. Choice A awkwardly substitutes the adjective double for twice; uses that without a clear referent; and misuses has to refer to events occurring in 1910. Choice C employs the incorrect much in a wordy construction and also misuses has. D is wordy and imprecise;... as there were in 1910 refers to all apples produced in 1910, regardless of location. E is illogical: since that refers to a doubling, E nonsensically asserts that the doubling occurred in 1910.

GWD 32-2

Written in ink or engraved by stylus, more than 2,000 letters and documents on wooden tablets excavated at the site of the old roman fort at Vindolanda in northern England are yielding a historical account of the military garrison in the first and second centuries thatare so vivid in their details about personal life as they are from Pompeii

A. are so vivid in their details about personal life as they ate
B. are as vivid in their details of personal life as those gathered
C. is as vivid in their detail about personal life as that gathered
D. is as vivid in its details of personal life as that gathered
E. is so vivid in its details of personal life as is that
选D
that指代a historical account of the military garrison, 说a historical account of the military garrison is as vivid in its details of personal life（像个人生活一样生动）as that gathered from Pompeli.

which/that跳跃修饰、修饰不当的判断标准

that,which皆可跳跃修饰，大部分跳跃修饰的情况是

n+介宾结构that

n+介宾结构，which,that，which跳过介宾结构修饰n

Where引导定语从句的跳跃修饰

225. Minnesota is the only one of the contiguous forty-eight states that still has a sizable wolf population. and where this predator remains the archenemy of cattle and sheep.

(A)that still has a sizable wolf population, and where

(B)that still has a sizable wolf population, where

(C)that still has a sizable population of wolves, and where

(D)where the population of wolves is still sizable;

(E)where there is still a sizable population of wolves and where

In choices A and C, the construction that still has ..., and where modifies Minnesota with clauses that are not grammatically parallel. In choice B, the omission of and illogically makes the where ... clause modify wolf population rather than Minnesota--that is, choice B says in effect that the wolf population is where the wolf remains the archenemy of cattle and sheep. Choice D is grammatically constructed, but it lacks a conjunction that establishes a logical relation between the clauses; since Minnesota as a grammatical subject is separated from the clause following the semicolon, the statement there need not even pertain to Minnesota. In E, the best choice, the parallel construction of where ... and where ... allows both clauses to modify Minnesota.

正确答案E中两个where并列，共同跳跃修饰Minnesota

四．Whose的跳跃修饰

大全-675 Studies show that young people with higher-than-average blood pressure and their families have a history of high blood pressure are more likely than others to develop a severe form of the condition.

(A) and their families have a history of high blood pressure

(B) whose families have a history of high blood pressure

(D) whose families have a history of high blood pressure running in them（B）

(E) with a history of high blood pressure running in their family

正确答案为B，这里面的whose的修饰就是跃过with短语的限定直接修饰young people的

GWD26-Q24

According to United States census data, while there was about one-third of mothers with young children working outside the home in 1975, in 2000, almost two-thirds of those mothers were employed outside the home.

A.[font=]while there was about one-third of mothers with young children working outside the home in 1975, in 2000, almost two-thirds of those mothers were employed outside the home.

B.[font=]there were about one-third of mothers with young children who worked outside the home in 1975; in 2000, almost two-thirds of those mothers were employed outside the home

C.[font=]in 1975 about one-third of mothers with young children worked outside the home; in 2000, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home

D.[font=]even though in 1975 there were about one-third of mothers with young children who worked outside the home, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home in 2000

E.[font=]with about one-third of mothers with young children working outside the home in 1975, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home in 2000

答案为C，D错在who worked outside 修饰children逻辑错误

但是，不是说如果定语从句前有介词短语，比如in 1998什么之类的，定语从句就可以跳跃修饰前面的名词

这里的with young children 可不可以看成一个介词短语，然后who ....跳跃修饰前面的名词mothers ？？

prep 2-29.Unlike many United States cities, where a river is no longer the focal point of urban life, the river in San Antonio winds through the middle of the business district, and the River Walk, or Paseo del Rio, is the city's most popular attraction.

(A) Unlike many United States cities, where a river is no longer the focal point of urban life, the river in San Antonio

(B) Unlike the river in many cities in the United States, which is no longer the focal point of urban life, in San Antonio the river

(C) Today the river in many cities in the United States is no longer the focal point of urban life, unlike San Antonio, where it

(D) In few United States cities today, a river is the focal point of urban life, but the river in San Antonio

(E) No longer do many cities in the United States have a river as the focal point of urban life, but in San Antonio the river

答案为E，never、on longer等否定词在句首需要倒装.我选了B，解释说B中which错误指代United States，但是有介词短语不是可以跳跃修饰吗，于是跳过两个介词短语in the United States和in many cities ，不就正确修饰the river 了吗？

B的开头为“Unlike the river(特指) in many cities in the United States”，而原文中则是“Unlike many United States cities, where a river（泛指）...”，且从意思上来看泛指更符合逻辑。此处的which跳跃指代产生了指代不清的后果，不能选B.

B中which is no longer the focal point of urban life
D中a river is the focal point of urban life,
E中have a river as the focal point of urban life
无论B和D，简化一下都是a river is the focal point ，E中是have a river as the focal point
主系表结构，是要表达主语的属性的，本题中the focal point 不是river的属性，所以不能用主系表结构
a river is the focal point应该表达成a river locates in the focal point
换句话说the focal point 不是river的属性，而是river的状语.

作者: alanyao 时间: 2010-11-15 16:03
多谢收藏了

作者: jbc88 时间: 2010-11-15 16:39
首先感谢LZ的整理。

提出一点问题。

-- by 会员 sjmdlyc (2010/11/15 13:19:58)

既然这里，that指代the kind of fierce intercolony struggles 名词词组。也就是A OF B that这样结构后，that也指代 A of B， A， B。

为啥这题that不能指代 struggles ？

作者: sjmdlyc 时间: 2010-11-15 21:29
首先，the kind of fierce intercolony struggles不是A of B格式，the kind of 是“一种”不是the kind of talk, the kind of wordless care.
其次，我觉得理解为你说的that直接指代struggles也可以接受，因为不管是the kind of struggles还是struggles都符合后面的动词limit的复数形式~

作者: xql0414 时间: 2010-11-28 18:48
很详细

作者: 绿茶子 时间: 2010-11-28 21:47
茅塞顿开啊！感谢！

作者: hyacinthnan10 时间: 2011-1-8 06:18
ding, 下载了! 好东西, 请问楼主愿不愿赐教介词(at, in)+which 和 where, when 的区别啊? 总搞错

作者: ehui01161 时间: 2011-1-18 23:15
顶~好东东~

作者: stellachen15 时间: 2011-1-20 08:50
严重感谢

作者: sun2046 时间: 2011-3-15 12:42

goooooood!

作者: mimibbs 时间: 2011-3-21 10:23
顶写的很好

作者: courtdancer 时间: 2011-3-21 14:55

ding, 下载了! 好东西, 请问楼主愿不愿赐教介词(at, in)+which 和 where, when 的区别啊? 总搞错

-- by 会员 hyacinthnan10 (2011/1/8 6:18:24)

where只能指代具体的地点，比如XX place, Beijing等有具体指向的切实存在的地点，无法指代condition等抽象的、比喻性的地点这种类型的词
in which 则可以指代；

when 和 in which在表示period 等具体时间的时候可以互相替换使用

作者: machao924 时间: 2011-3-30 00:47
还没有好好拜读，就已经佩服得五体投地。卷卷袖子，开始学习。。。

作者: wytk 时间: 2011-3-31 08:30
好贴！！！
终于看完了~~
解决了两站都有的跳跃指代的疑问~~
总结的超全，还有一些其他常见的指代问题~~
真的是神贴，例子也全，怎么顶的人这么少啊~

作者: lxcyun 时间: 2011-4-2 01:38
lz辛苦了，精彩！
能不能补充when跳跃的例子？

作者: horsecc 时间: 2011-4-3 09:15
完全搞糊涂了……

作者: Antonia0629 时间: 2011-4-9 15:51
这个必须顶...

作者: xiaomakunkun 时间: 2011-4-9 16:04
今天正纠结这个问题~~谢谢楼主~~

作者: 吐槽豪 时间: 2011-5-12 20:32
我想请問下~怎麼區別從屬關係和介詞短語啊？~~

作者: tangdmike 时间: 2011-5-13 11:15

作者: gmatbiguo 时间: 2011-5-13 18:04
好东东，收藏了

作者: ak007 时间: 2011-5-15 18:27
mark下谢分享！

作者: 小甜菜的宝宝 时间: 2011-5-17 22:00
楼主辛苦啦！！！多好的总结啊！

作者: xiangxiaolv 时间: 2011-5-17 22:21
where和when前面不需要加介词
at where和at when错误

作者: FIRST325 时间: 2011-5-18 00:59
thanks a lot

作者: 小福仙儿 时间: 2011-5-29 09:26
谢过楼主，，写滴好哇！！

作者: 水族小弟 时间: 2011-7-23 22:02
好东西，多谢

作者: 阿七七四十九 时间: 2011-7-29 16:49

(A) Unlike many United States cities, where a river is no longer the focal point of urban life, the river in San Antonio

(B) Unlike the river in many cities in the United States, which is no longer the focal point of urban life, in San Antonio the river

(C) Today the river in many cities in the United States is no longer the focal point of urban life, unlike San Antonio, where it

(D) In few United States cities today, a river is the focal point of urban life, but the river in San Antonio

(E) No longer do many cities in the United States have a river as the focal point of urban life, but in San Antonio the river

B的开头为“Unlike the river(特指) in many cities in the United States”，而原文中则是“Unlike many United States cities, where a river（泛指）...”，且从意思上来看泛指更符合逻辑。此处的which跳跃指代产生了指代不清的后果，不能选B.

-- by 会员 sjmdlyc (2010/11/15 13:19:58)

请问为什么说B的which指代不清呢？我觉得从逻辑意思上来讲是指代river呢。

作者: 豆菲 时间: 2011-8-2 11:05
这个很详细 thx!

作者: vilawe 时间: 2011-8-9 11:10
清楚多了，谢谢lz的总结啊

作者: sanlingjie 时间: 2011-8-9 14:48
up

作者: wnc1006 时间: 2011-8-14 21:55
太感谢了

作者: namelessboy 时间: 2011-8-19 16:24
实在太给力了，万分感谢。

作者: amyyueyue 时间: 2011-11-10 03:00
总结的很强大，顶起！

作者: zoexixi 时间: 2011-12-3 15:46
UP，感谢楼主，纠结的跳跃指代问题，清晰多了！！！

作者: 若雪 时间: 2012-1-5 18:30
LZ~第一种情况和manhattan的mission critical理论相悖诶

He had a way OF DODGING OPPONENTS that impressed the scouts. manhattan说that修饰way of dodging opponents整体

作者: 白冬冬 时间: 2012-3-15 00:51
受教了！

作者: ym5aw 时间: 2012-4-29 16:03
谢谢楼主！！！

作者: justeva 时间: 2012-4-29 16:48
总结很强大

不过我越来越搞混了@@

作者: GarveyC 时间: 2012-5-1 13:07
这个实在有用啊……赞啊

作者: duoduo200w 时间: 2012-5-2 14:37
mark

作者: 庸才 时间: 2012-5-9 16:31
好好好

作者: 松浦元 时间: 2012-5-16 17:51

作者: jlwzx 时间: 2012-6-3 14:45
寫得真不錯！有用而且通俗易懂

作者: luluohyeah 时间: 2012-6-13 16:43
看完以后感觉好多问题都恍然大明白了~

作者: polly0926 时间: 2012-7-12 14:09
赞

作者: EMMALIULIU 时间: 2012-7-30 01:33
lz辛苦，我一边看一边理解一边做笔记都好久～

作者: perseus33 时间: 2012-8-11 21:20
先顶一个，好东东，感激楼主。。。。。

作者: huanglianjing 时间: 2013-3-5 13:25
跪谢楼主，这是一直困扰我的问题啊啊！！！

作者: 三层小猪肚皮 时间: 2013-3-10 22:56
tnanks

作者: ibendou 时间: 2013-4-4 16:08
which跳跃修饰分从属和介宾那个不是绝对的，只提供了一种可能，我找到了一些og反例。不过还是谢谢lz，很强大！

作者: kimwang53 时间: 2013-4-11 07:45
that是既可以修饰核心词也可以修饰紧邻的名词，更强调的是逻辑上的关系。这样感觉会出现模糊不清指代不明啊，which必须跳过介宾结构修饰核心词，修饰核心词而不是整个句子目的不就是为了避免这些问题吗，为什么which要求这么严格而that就不这么要求了呢？求大神指点，感谢！

作者: 米仔仔1991 时间: 2013-4-12 18:48
LZ 威武！！！有用

作者: ruolanbing 时间: 2013-5-2 13:29
楼主大好人，谢谢了

作者: 杨雨琪 时间: 2013-6-9 01:14
这个必须顶

作者: baibai0002001 时间: 2013-6-19 15:08
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddd

作者: lxskyfly 时间: 2013-6-19 17:54
太赞了！！！感恩楼主~~~

作者: khe 时间: 2013-7-8 02:48
反例很多啊The commission proposed that funding for development of the park, which could be open to the public early next year, be obtained through a local bond issue.

Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladitorial games, and spectacles.

In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.
解释？

作者: szuo002 时间: 2013-8-27 15:09

阿七七四十九发表于 2011-7-29 16:49
prep 2-29.Unlike many United States cities, where a river is no longer the focal point of urban l ...

我觉得B的硬伤在于泛指改成了特指，导致意思发生变化

作者: karinegao 时间: 2013-9-27 21:00
LZ 非常感谢你的细心整理非常实用～

有个问题还想请教OG上的解释没有彻底弄懂真好看到也在你的整理题目里

OG12SC107
Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.
(A) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
(C) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
(D) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying it,
答案（A）

我的问题：对于A 没有异议，CD的共同错误是which 指代了emission, 可是前面的 developed & called 其实都是分词作修饰成分，为什么就不能直接跳跃呢？是因为相隔太远？我又看了下。。
A ： Modifier1 , S + m2(which ）V O.
CD: S + M1+M2+M3(WHICH)
是不是因为相隔太远了ne ? 谢谢哈！！！

作者: cician 时间: 2013-11-19 12:37

jbc88 发表于 2010-11-15 16:39
首先感谢LZ的整理。提出一点问题。

认为 One pervasive theory explains the introduction of breakfast cereals in the early 1900s as a result of the growing number of automobiles, which led to a decline in horse ownership and a subsequent grain glut.这里的wich指代 growing number而不是result.

作者: silver.jiang 时间: 2014-1-18 16:01
谢谢整理！！~我表示自己一直分不清这些东西

作者: Jessie231 时间: 2014-10-17 03:53
谢楼主！！！

作者: fmcenji 时间: 2014-11-2 09:24
好东西，顶！！！

作者: Nicole.zjh 时间: 2014-11-11 14:33
非常感谢

作者: elhyee 时间: 2015-6-19 11:39
Mark一下！

作者: Always5244 时间: 2015-7-18 16:48
Mark一下！

作者: sergelee 时间: 2015-8-14 11:03
楼主我想讨论一下这个问题，即在“3、特别情况 A and B, which”中
除了
1.As and Bs, which are (which指Bs? 或 which指As and Bs？) 错
2.A and Bs, which are (which指Bs？或 which指A and Bs？) 错
3.A and B， which are 对
4. A and B, which is 对
还存在
5.As and B， which are
根据前四条，是否可以得出，Which只能就近修饰核心词B或者就近修饰核心词A and B，不可以跨越核心词B修饰核心词A。
即5是对，are修饰 As and B，没有指代不明。
我认为5是对。

作者: acegmat15 时间: 2015-8-16 09:02
感谢整理！

作者: cherishhaha 时间: 2015-8-16 17:28
神赞。。。看了好久which了。。感觉今天下午都在ing和which中度过。。。

作者: 萌萌sylvia 时间: 2015-8-23 22:46
好东西！谢谢分享！

作者: bulkypotato 时间: 2015-8-29 22:09
我噻，纠结不清的指代渐见明朗

作者: 天了噜 时间: 2015-10-2 01:01
Mark一下！

作者: 发动机 时间: 2015-10-3 11:41
楼主总结的超级棒的！但是我有一个小问题，就是我们到底应该怎样判断which和that结构中到底是就近修饰还是跳跃修饰的原则到底是什么呢？是逻辑判断吗？请楼主赐教！

作者: 丫头55551 时间: 2015-10-14 17:32

发动机发表于 2015-10-3 11:41
楼主总结的超级棒的！但是我有一个小问题，就是我们到底应该怎样判断which和that结构中到底是就近修饰还是 ...

至少在看了这很多sc题后，我的感觉是虽然存在rules，但都不是绝对的，刚开始做题时能用一用，做到一定数量就会发现被各种特殊例子啪啪打脸啊。。。。。所以还是语义（逻辑）为王啊！！！！

作者: 发动机 时间: 2015-10-19 10:13

丫头55551 发表于 2015-10-14 17:32
至少在看了这很多sc题后，我的感觉是虽然存在rules，但都不是绝对的，刚开始做题时能用一用，做到一定数 ...

嗯，你说的对，谢谢～

作者: lindygogogo 时间: 2015-10-19 18:06
ding~~~~~~~~~

作者: rockorange 时间: 2015-11-2 16:52

就近指代和跳跃指代完全没办法分清不过我觉得还是就近指代考的多一些？

作者: 好吃的闷墩儿 时间: 2015-11-19 11:03
太牛了！我要搞个人葱白了

作者: 2014NUS 时间: 2015-12-10 10:48
Mark一下！

作者: Ashley0814 时间: 2015-12-11 23:07
感觉最重要的还是看句意啊

作者: beckygong 时间: 2015-12-16 22:33
感谢分享！

作者: lvlv10 时间: 2016-1-8 09:29
感谢分享！

作者: 黄宝宝V 时间: 2016-2-2 07:48
感谢！希望能弄明白！

作者: fraqia 时间: 2016-3-17 15:26
感谢分享！

作者: 疯狂的狐狸 时间: 2016-4-7 11:08
Mark一下！

作者: 疯狂的狐狸 时间: 2016-4-7 12:32
首先感谢楼主整理。
看完发现有很多和Ron's thursday lecture不一致的地方。比如which跳跃指代问题。
which cannot jump over an entire modifier with commas.
例如这里来自"which" modifier那期
In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of
them as large or larger than Jupiter, Which circle other stars.
A: most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle
B: most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling
C: most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling (Correct)
D: mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle
E: mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling
o How does the “Which” modifier work?
1. It must modify a NOUN.
2. This noun should precede the comma. (Sometimes you can have small intervening
constructions)
In A&D, the “which” points to Jupiter. It can’t point all the way back to “massive planets” (It’s too far
away). The “Which” modifier cannot jump over an entire modifier with commas!
…more than 80 massive planets, xxxx xxx xxx xxx, which (can’t jump over this intervening
construction)
This modification is incorrect for 2 reasons: (remember not just analyzing grammars)
1. S-V agreement, “Jupiter” is singular and the verb “circle” is plural.
2. Wrong meaning, “Jupiter” isn’t circling the other stars.

作者: 屎玥 时间: 2016-5-13 15:12
感谢分享！

作者: kaohaoquhuanqiu 时间: 2016-6-29 12:12
顶楼主！

作者: DD肚肚 时间: 2016-7-22 15:08
楼主太棒了！！！！超级有用！！！！感谢！！！！

作者: 络腮虎子 时间: 2016-8-7 23:38
Mark一下！

作者: 麦与法 时间: 2016-8-10 22:23
顶楼主！

作者: midorik 时间: 2016-10-14 20:15
Mark一下

作者: 四个圈 时间: 2016-10-22 18:50
感谢分享！

作者: 一定上 时间: 2016-10-24 03:06
感谢分享！

作者: 一飞冲天的麦兜 时间: 2016-12-16 10:29
好贴！顶一个！感谢楼主的整理！万分感激！茅塞顿开！非常赞！很棒！很受益！下载好好看！

作者: XYMaggie 时间: 2017-2-9 22:49
11

作者: xixixi77 时间: 2017-3-9 08:33
感谢楼主！！！！！帮大忙了！！！！

作者: jessica豆豆冰 时间: 2017-9-1 18:18
Mark一下！

作者: Mikecccckk 时间: 2019-12-23 21:33
感谢分享！

欢迎光临 ChaseDream (https://forum.chasedream.com/)