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标题: 讨论：by doing与by n.的比较，异常的困惑 [打印本页]

作者: weirui5621 时间: 2010-5-9 22:13
标题: 讨论：by doing与by n.的比较，异常的困惑
关于by doing和by n.的用法，在这里真的有必要弄清楚。

先说下吧，通常来说by doing表示动作，by n.表示状态，这是大家都公认的，不过光凭这一点是很难做出判断的，下面3个PREP的例子就是我想探讨的问题。

177.(24315-!-item-!-188;#058&000969)
In her 26 years in the forests of Gombe, Jane Goodall collected data that proved that chimpanzees exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicing
A. exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicing
B. will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitating and practicing
C. will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice
D. exhibit the kind of curiosity by which new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice
E. exhibit the kind of curiosity where new patterns of behavior and expression are passed on to others by imitation and practice

这题选D，DB之间的区别就在于by doing 和 by n.。prep给出的解释是逻辑主语的问题，不可能新的patterns做imitating and practicing的逻辑主语。

刚开始看到的时候我很认同，不过当我遇到这两个题目的时候我就开始困惑了

105.(30121-!-item-!-188;#058&004107)
Even though it was not illegal for the bank to share its customers' personal and financial information with an outside marketing company in return for a commission on sales, the state's attorney general accused the bank of engaging in deceptive business practices by failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep records private.
(A) by failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep
(B) by its failure of honoring its promise to its customers to keep
(C) in its failing to honor its promise to its customers of keeping
(D) because of its failure in honoring its promise to its customers in keeping
(E) because of its failure to honor its promise to its customers of keeping

本题选A，可是，如果by failing的逻辑主语是attorney的话，那不是有非常大的问题吗，怎么看逻辑主语都是bank才对啊。这样看来failure反而很好的避免了逻辑主语指代的问题。PREP给的解释是failure没有failing简洁。还有一题

64.(27882-!-item-!-188;#058&003676)
The majority of scientists believe that to reduce and stabilize atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, emissions must be cut at the source by fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether.
(A) fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether
(B) fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, those that are replaced altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells
(C) burning fossil fuels more efficiently and, in some cases, by replacing fossil fuels altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells
(D) more efficiency in the burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether
(E) the more efficient burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by fossil fuels that are replaced altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells
C无疑是最佳选项，可是问题又来了，by burning... by replacing...他们的逻辑主语竟然是emissions，怎么想都应该是人或者是车才对

例子就放在这里，是昨天amygmat让我找出来的，希望能讨论出个结果来！！！

作者: weirui5621 时间: 2010-5-9 22:19
系统部稳定吗？最后一个例子出了两边

另外补充下，我曾经看见过某位CDer问我们的斑竹AlienX关于by 和through的用法，出处我记不住了，不过问题到是记得很清楚：by + doing和 through+n.都是gmat的习惯用法吗？当时斑竹是肯定这一观点的

作者: AmyGMAT 时间: 2010-5-9 22:20
我纠结了~原来后面那两个都做对了，所以很自然第一题也选了by doing，没想到半路杀出来个逻辑主语的问题...
lz我帮不了你啦
不过偶帮你顶~~

作者: kissxkiss 时间: 2010-5-9 23:21
105这道题,我也困惑过
不过,我想的是,如果BY DOING修饰的是前面主谓结构,逻辑主语是attorney,那ITS就会有指代歧义吧,可能指代到attorney上.所以从ITS逻辑指代判断,BY DOING也只可能修饰后面BANK

64的话,那是个被动,EMISSION不会是逻辑主语吧

作者: AmyGMAT 时间: 2010-5-9 23:44

105这道题,我也困惑过
不过,我想的是,如果BY DOING修饰的是前面主谓结构,逻辑主语是attorney,那ITS就会有指代歧义吧,可能指代到attorney上.所以从ITS逻辑指代判断,BY DOING也只可能修饰后面BANK

64的话,那是个被动,EMISSION不会是逻辑主语吧

-- by 会员 kissxkiss (2010/5/9 23:21:26)

new pattern也是被动啊

作者: kissxkiss 时间: 2010-5-10 00:03

-- by 会员 kissxkiss (2010/5/9 23:21:26)

new pattern也是被动啊

-- by 会员 AmyGMAT (2010/5/9 23:44:36)

BY WHICH.....后面又来个BY,这是啥意思
第二个BY是修饰EXHIBIT吧?

作者: kissxkiss 时间: 2010-5-10 00:08
我的理解是
第二个BY修饰EXHIBIT
如果B的话,BY完全可能变成修饰new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed
而PREP注解大概就是这意思,但又表达错了,说成逻辑主语了

作者: weirui5621 时间: 2010-5-10 21:37

我的理解是
第二个BY修饰EXHIBIT
如果B的话,BY完全可能变成修饰new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed
而PREP注解大概就是这意思,但又表达错了,说成逻辑主语了

-- by 会员 kissxkiss (2010/5/10 0:08:53)

虽然楼上对这题的理解提供了一种新的思路，不过我认为还是有很大问题的。

先说by which, which指代curiosity即by curiosity说明是在这种好奇心的驱动下。

之后楼上说第二个by 是修饰exhibit，我认为这里有问题，既然如此，为什么不就近修饰，写成exhibit the kind of curiosity , by imitation and practise, by which...而要把句子放在句末。

这里再次困惑，如果这里可以用逻辑主语来解释，那下面连个题目为什么不行？

作者: AmyGMAT 时间: 2010-5-10 21:56
顶上来 HELP~

作者: kissxkiss 时间: 2010-5-10 22:54

-- by 会员 kissxkiss (2010/5/10 0:08:53)

-- by 会员 weirui5621 (2010/5/10 21:37:51)

首先,我觉得用逻辑主语这词,不正确吧.即然是被动,那个名词不会成为逻辑主语.
比如,emissions must be cut by burning fossil fuels more efficiently.
burning逻辑主语应该是工厂或其他,emission怎么会主动去burning呢?这应该不是逻辑主语问题,而是修饰问题,PREP这么写,我觉得很费解.至少我是这样理解.毕竟逻辑主语,是动作发出者

其次,从第一题来看,从语意来讲,咱先不管BY WHICH那个从句.
黑惺惺通过I和P,来表达好奇心的类别.(俺不杂行,翻译的真拗口,译义的话,就是通过I和P这种形式,来传达不同种类的好奇心).
不过,用B的理解,好象也能说得通.这点我也没搞明白.
(如果我做这题,首先那个WILL就让人很不爽)
望大牛来解答.

关于为什么不用你说的.exhibit......,by(1)......,by(2).....
PREP有写,如果BY(2)要跳跃修饰前面的名词,by(1)部分应该为一个插入语,那如果它成了插入语,这部分应该在全文中做何理解,不可能做为PROVED THAT后面从句的插入语吧,而是成为了JG collected data...整句话的插入语.如果去掉by(1)逗号,BY WHICH不就错误指代了I和P

作者: dtcsnakely 时间: 2010-7-1 20:42
顶啊。今天做到这题。同问啊。有没有大N来瞧瞧啊？

作者: dtcsnakely 时间: 2010-7-2 16:45
刚才猛然查了一下。发现imitate是及物动词，所以放在这里后面没跟任何东东就不行了。另外两个例子都是by doing sth，所以就make sense啦。

作者: zxw96 时间: 2010-8-21 13:50
我觉得好像不是看动作发出者来确定是否用by doing/by n.的问题。因为做到好几道ｐｒｅｐ答案都不能通过这个办法判断。
是否应该按时态来判断？如果这个句子有明确完成的意思，那么用by+n.表结果，如果句子有明确的带有目的的意思则用by+doing来强调动作．
例如：ｐｒｅｐ２
32. (26170-!-item-!-188;#058&003042)
The Chicago and Calumet Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan,
but having been redirected by constructing canals so that the water now empties into the
Mississippi by way of the Illinois River.
(A) Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been
redirected by constructing
(B) Rivers had originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but they have been
redirected by constructing
(C) Rivers, which originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan but have been
redirected by the construction of
(D) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been
redirected by the construction of
(E) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, have been redirected
through the construction of
句子是现在完成时，表示已经完成，所以用n.表示结果

６４

The majority of scientists believe that to reduce and stabilize atmospheric concentrations of carbon

dioxide, emissions must be cut at the source by fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in

some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether.

(A) fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, by alternatives such as

hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether

(B) fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, those that are replaced

altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells

alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells

(D) more efficiency in the burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by alternatives such as

hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether

(E) the more efficient burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by fossil fuels that are replaced

altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells

emissions must be cut at the source by 有很明显的强调动作的意思．

74. (28487-!-item-!-188;#058&003987)

Thirteen states from all regions of the country announced a plan to impose new controls on

pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt emission limits that would be far

stricter than the federal rules.

(A) to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt

(B) to impose new controls on truck and bus engines' pollution by the joint adoption of

(D) for imposing new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines, and jointly adopting

(E) for imposing new controls on truck and bus engine pollution in the joint adoption of

这里也有强调目的性的意思

不知道这么考虑对不对～～～　

74. (28487-!-item-!-188;#058&003987)

Thirteen states from all regions of the country announced a plan to impose new controls on

pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt emission limits that would be far

stricter than the federal rules.

(A) to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt

(B) to impose new controls on truck and bus engines' pollution by the joint adoption of

(D) for imposing new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines, and jointly adopting

(E) for imposing new controls on truck and bus engine pollution in the joint adoption of

这里也有强调目的性的意思

不知道这么考虑对不对～～～　

作者: horsecc 时间: 2011-6-1 09:59
我就是对105很有疑惑

作者: lilyliu523 时间: 2012-5-9 15:15
我也很疑惑！希望NN来解答一下这个问题！

作者: lilyliu523 时间: 2012-5-9 15:24
觉得这个解释比较合理！

刚才猛然查了一下。发现imitate是及物动词，所以放在这里后面没跟任何东东就不行了。另外两个例子都是by doing sth，所以就make sense啦。

-- by 会员 dtcsnakely (2010/7/2 16:45:30)

作者: GTI 时间: 2012-5-9 15:28
LZ对主语的问题真是很纠结啊，不过官方的解释应该是对的

作者: wendydou 时间: 2012-9-23 14:07
我觉着还是不能够从逻辑主语出发去判断BY DOING OR BY N，11L说的可以解决这个问题。谢谢解惑

作者: oc16chan 时间: 2013-11-13 17:33
就SV一致的问题，64题Manhattan forum上说了OA并不完美，但是其他选项错误更多。与17题类似的，在选择by ving还是by noun这个问题上，就剩下C 和 D两个比较。

问题是，如果选D，efficiency and alternatives 本身并不会cut emission, by引导的句子表达的是通过做（动词）某事，至少要有一个动词表明“利用（动词）”了efficiency 或者alternatives才能cut emission.

用中文来说，就是“通过高效率和替代方式来减排”比不上“通过使用高效率和替代方式来减排”。主动行为的动词缺失使得D选项不可行，因此烂苹果中，只剩下C选项较优。这里与17题不一样的地方在于，imitate和practice本身就是主动性动词，像burn和replace一样，单独使用就可以表达句意。

就17题来讲，我觉得除了SV一致这个考点外，也考“现成动词>动词分词”，比如the release of the prisoners> the releasing of the prisoners. 放入Imitation或者Imitating表达的意思都是一样的，没有必要用分词,而且不会产生SV不一致的问题。

作者: andy_lxh 时间: 2014-9-21 15:25
N年前的帖子，做到这里时分享一个新思路，希望NN们指教：

结论：
1. By doing sth 不需要一定与句子的逻辑主语一致，但必须与所修饰动词的逻辑主语一致
2. By sth -Longman的解释-means/metho-- used to say what means or method someone uses to do something: sample- He was taken from his home by force.

对PREP177：
1）仅就By sth or By doing sth部分判断，与该动作逻辑主语无关，而是imitate 及practicing为及物动词，不能单独存在。
2）假设将A项改为by imitating Noun-A and practicing Noun-B,  该修饰语正确，因为 By doing sth 为adv modifier，修饰对象为Be passed, 逻辑主语等同 pass的动作发出者， some one pass new pattern from on to another by imitating A and practicing B.  Correct

对PREP105：
使用同样的方法，what "by failing " modify ? it clearly modify engaging but not accused,  所以- by failing 逻辑主语指向动作engage的逻辑主语，bank engage in deceptive business practice by failing to do XXX. Correct.
A accused b of doing sth.  A 指控B做了什么
A accused b by doing sth, A 通过做XX指控B
A accused B of doing C by doing D. 此时，判断by doing C 修饰accused 还是 doing D，需要具体语义，两者均Grammtical right

对PREP64
同理，what "by burning" modify ? it modify " be cut" ，逻辑主语指向cut的逻辑主语， some one cut the source by burning fossil fuels more efficiently. Correct.

贴三个PREP正确句子：
PREP177：A Wrong；D Correct
In her 26 years in the forests of Gombe, Jane Goodall collected data that proved that chimpanzees
A. exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicing
D. exhibit the kind of curiosity by which new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice

PREP105
Even though it was not illegal for the bank to share its customers' personal and financial information with an outside marketing company in return for a commission on sales, the state's attorney general accused the bank of engaging in deceptive business practices by failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep records private.

A Wrong， D Correct

PREP 64
The majority of scientists believe that to reduce and stabilize atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, emissions must be cut at the source by burning fossil fuels more efficiently and, in some cases, by replacing fossil fuels altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells

作者: olivia321 时间: 2016-7-29 13:37

andy_lxh 发表于 2014-9-21 15:25
N年前的帖子，做到这里时分享一个新思路，希望NN们指教：

结论：

解释得非常到位。

作者: leslie.x 时间: 2016-11-16 17:09

andy_lxh 发表于 2014-9-21 15:25
N年前的帖子，做到这里时分享一个新思路，希望NN们指教：

结论：

Mark一下！

作者: earn_it 时间: 2017-4-7 09:56

andy_lxh 发表于 2014-9-21 15:25
N年前的帖子，做到这里时分享一个新思路，希望NN们指教：

结论：

同意！

作者: 小爪子 时间: 2017-9-20 20:30
顶！

作者: Eileen小浣熊 时间: 2017-12-22 16:41
同意 BY doing和BY N取决于强调动作还是结果

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