ChaseDream

标题: OG12-6 请教代词的指代问题 [打印本页]

作者: rx_11 时间: 2010-2-4 22:23
标题: OG12-6 请教代词的指代问题
原题如下原题如下：
6. In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by
tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.
(A) due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing
(B) due to moisture that tourists had exhaled, thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallize
(C) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize
(D) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize
(E) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing

抛开单复数不一致的问题，请问B选项中的its和A选项中的its，为什么B选项中its指代错误，而A选项中的没有错。
还有同样的，E选项中的them正确，而C D中的them错误。。小弟我实在看不出他们有什么差别····所以请教各位关于指代的问题~~~~哪些指代是正确的，哪些是可能会有歧义的～～～谢谢～～

作者: bennywang2usa 时间: 2010-2-4 23:11
按XDF的方法这样排除头俩选项，因为due to必须有be

作者: wangming 时间: 2010-2-4 23:37
我的想法是这样的，根据后面未画线部分和画线部分的结尾处存在语意的对应性，可以排除B,C,D.从A,E中选，A中which 指代不清，E正好避免了这个问题，所以选E。呵呵，不知道你明白了没有。。。

作者: zxkingsey 时间: 2010-2-5 01:03
C) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize 黄色部分本来就是有because引导的一句完整的话,which从句修饰moisture,其主句就是前面because...,那么代词them就一定是指代的主句中的主语tourists

(D) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize raising前无逗号,就近修饰moisture,them就指代tourusts

open to discuss...

作者: gtr 时间: 2010-2-5 03:45

原题如下：
6. In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by
tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.
(A) due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing
(B) due to moisture that tourists had exhaled, thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallize
(C) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize
(D) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize
(E) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing

抛开单复数不一致的问题，请问B选项中的its和A选项中的its，为什么B选项中its指代错误，而A选项中的没有错。
还有同样的，E选项中的them正确，而C D中的them错误。。小弟我实在看不出他们有什么差别····所以请教各位关于指代的问题~~~~哪些指代是正确的，哪些是可能会有歧义的～～～谢谢～～

-- by 会员 rx_11 (2010/2/4 22:23:04)

A: such levels so that.... 不对，应该是 such .. that ... or so... that. 先铲除。
B: salt would... and fungus was .... 不平行，铲除。
C: them比较歧义，似乎也可以理解为指代上面紧挨的句子的主语 - 游客。同时salt would... and fungus was .... 不平行，铲除。
D: because of 加上一句超级长，超级拗口的名词，肯定不对。同时salt would... and fungus was .... 不平行，铲除。
E：好像都说的过去。because 后面是个moisture had raised the humidity的主干，没问题。后面salt and fungus也平行。
我会选择 E.

作者: zzwgyyy 时间: 2010-2-24 04:04
C：对于them而言，tourists相当于主句主语。这没什么好说的。肯定优先

D: because of是介词。整个后半段与主句主语联系不密切。that引导从句修饰moisture。与整个句子的主语chambers距离就更远了。them所在句子中，tourists是中心词（游客呼出湿气增加了湿度）。them与游客的关系更加紧密。

E：because引导原因状语从句，修饰主句谓语。与主句关系紧密。（内室关闭是因为湿气增加了湿度within them）另一方面，tourists所在短语充当修饰语修饰moisture，优先级很低。them指代全句主语chambers。

作者: zzwgyyy 时间: 2010-2-24 04:07
你看看tourists在C,D,E中分别充当什么成分，起到什么作用。多加比较下，就能理解OG的解释了。
我感觉，
C里面them是毫无疑问指代tourists，
D里面是有点儿那么别扭，但肯定比chambers强。
E就是明显指代chambers了。

菜鸟的一点儿浅见，希望NN指正。

作者: lpdeng 时间: 2010-3-4 10:22
楼上的nn能不能详细分析一下，them在c,d，e中分别做什么成分亚？为什么c里的them一定指代tourists呢？而e里的them则一定指代chambers呢？

作者: Jasonhere 时间: 2010-3-14 10:48
Due to means "cause by". It shoud only be used if it can be substituted with "caused by". It does not mean the same thing as "because of ",
Incorrect: The game was postponed due to rain.
Correct: The game was postponed because of rain.
Correct: The game's postponement was due to rain.
以后再遇到due to只要把它换成我们熟悉的caused by就清楚多了
此题前面有were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair，所以不用due to

作者: cimi0125 时间: 2010-6-9 17:56
同求啊：“请问B选项中的its和A选项中的its，为什么B选项中its指代错误，而A选项中的没有错。”

作者: lxxmickey 时间: 2010-7-14 23:32

Due to means "cause by". It shoud only be used if it can be substituted with "caused by". It does not mean the same thing as "because of ",
Incorrect: The game was postponed due to rain.
Correct: The game was postponed because of rain.
Correct: The game's postponement was due to rain.
以后再遇到due to只要把它换成我们熟悉的caused by就清楚多了
此题前面有were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair，所以不用due to

-- by 会员 Jasonhere (2010/3/14 10:48:30)

你好，那个due to在这道题里不对的原因还不很明白，能麻烦你再解释下么？

作者: louislyn 时间: 2012-1-15 21:43

-- by 会员 Jasonhere (2010/3/14 10:48:30)

啊啊啊？求NN指导呢http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/due-to我用的这个字典错了对木。。。。

作者: louislyn 时间: 2012-1-15 21:48

C：对于them而言，tourists相当于主句主语。这没什么好说的。肯定优先

D: because of是介词。整个后半段与主句主语联系不密切。that引导从句修饰moisture。与整个句子的主语chambers距离就更远了。them所在句子中，tourists是中心词（游客呼出湿气增加了湿度）。them与游客的关系更加紧密。

E：because引导原因状语从句，修饰主句谓语。与主句关系紧密。（内室关闭是因为湿气增加了湿度within them）另一方面，tourists所在短语充当修饰语修饰moisture，优先级很低。them指代全句主语chambers。

-- by 会员 zzwgyyy (2010/2/24 4:04:09)

实在是非常棒的解释！！茅塞顿开！！！
那么我是这么理解its的您看对木？
A选项中its处在修饰moisture的which从句中，那么该是指代moisture，而根据意思应该是指代chamber才对
B选项中its与moisture的关系也更加紧密，那么该是指代moisture，而根据意思应该是指代chamber才对

求各位NN指导解释帮助呢！！！！

作者: louislyn 时间: 2012-1-15 21:54

-- by 会员 zzwgyyy (2010/2/24 4:04:09)

另外，请问您这么多的语法名词，您用的是哪本语法书呢？谢谢呢~

作者: louislyn 时间: 2012-1-15 22:28
不懈顶之~

作者: louislyn 时间: 2012-1-20 18:28

-- by 会员 zzwgyyy (2010/2/24 4:04:09)

求帅哥帮忙

作者: louislyn 时间: 2012-1-21 21:21
up！！谁来救我！！！55555！！！

作者: alancui 时间: 2012-1-21 22:57
IMO,

1. "due to" in these two sentence is grammatical correct but has a logical flaw. The closure of the chamber is caused by the effect of the moisture not by the moisture itself.

Usage of "due to" from OG correct sentences:

Unlike the premiums for auto insurance,the premiums for personal property coverage are not affected by the frequencyof claims, but if the insurance company is able toprove excessive loss due to owner negligence, it may decline to renew thepolicy.

2. The rule of "antecedent ambiguity fault" is so clear and critical as other rules. In this question, we can use other rules such as parallelism, verb tense, etc to eliminate other choices. The E is the best one though probably not flawless.

作者: louislyn 时间: 2012-1-27 19:42

IMO,

1. "due to" in these two sentence is grammatical correct but has a logical flaw. The closure of the chamber is caused by the effect of the moisture not by the moisture itself.

Usage of "due to" from OG correct sentences:

Unlike the premiums for auto insurance,the premiums for personal property coverage are not affected by the frequencyof claims, but if the insurance company is able toprove excessive loss due to owner negligence, it may decline to renew thepolicy.

2. The rule of "antecedent ambiguity fault" is so clear and critical as other rules. In this question, we can use other rules such as parallelism, verb tense, etc to eliminate other choices. The E is the best one though probably not flawless.

-- by 会员 alancui (2012/1/21 22:57:00)

继续提问呢
due to的解释是：because of sth
而because的解释是1 used when you are giving the reason for something
那么您认为due to （prep）后面跟的名词就直接是原因了，而conj的because后面加的那一句都是原因对吗？可以这么理解吗？谢谢

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-1-27 20:46
“那么您认为due to （prep）后面跟的名词就直接是原因了，而conj的because后面加的那一句都是原因对吗？可以这么理解吗？谢谢”

对的。
可以推而广之，在GMAT里面：
because of sth doing .....
due to sth doing ....
based on sth doing ....
reply on sth doing .....
result in sth doing ....
...... （你可以自己举一些别的例子）....

这样的表达通常都是不被接受的

要从逻辑上理解，读者看到"because of sth doing ....." 这样的句子，会有以下两种理解：
1. "because of sth" 认为doing仅仅是补充修饰sth，可以忽略
2. "because sth do ...."
以上两种理解都是justified，这样就造成了歧义。

即：如果你把"doing ..."去掉，写成"because of sth"是什么意思，对比你本来要用"because of sth doing ..."来表达的含义，如果逻辑含义改变了，那么就不行。

我编个例子吧（我不是学经济的，要是说错了欢迎纠正）：

WRONG: The fund manager changes the portfolio because of the decreased interest rate stimulating economic growth.
Are you saying that the manager looks merely at the interest rate to make the decision? ( "stimulating economic growth" is just simply what the decreased interest rate does, which he doesn't care)
Or you are saying that the manager makes the decision because decreased interest rate stimulates economic growth?
So here is ambiguity.

那么先前我说，"because of sth doing..."这种结构 “通常” 是错的，什么时候正确呢？看下面（费了老大半天劲编例子.....我觉得GMAT里出现这样例子的可能性不太大吧）
CORRECT: The fund manager changes the portfolio because of the decreased interest rate appearing on the newspaper.
这里也是"because of sth doing...."的结构，但是区别在于，你把"appearing on the newspaper"去掉，并不会改变句子的原意。句子的逻辑意思很明确，because of the decreased interest rate.

那么现在你理解这道题的due to了吧：
1. "due to" in these two sentence is grammatical correct but has a logical flaw. The closure of the chamber is caused by the effect of the moisture not by the moisture itself.

-- by 会员 alancui (2012/1/21 22:57:00)

-- by 会员 louislyn (2012/1/27 19:42:34)

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-1-27 21:14
这贴子说due to=cause by
这肯定不对。GMAT always takes LITERAL meanings of this type of words.
"due to"/"because of" should describe a causal relationship
"caused by" does not... rather, it emphasizes the way/method/approach

但是这贴子说的due to和because of的区别是对的。

还是看上面一位同学引用的关于due to的英文解释好了，正解。这里的原因，不是一个词moisture能表达的，而是moisture do sth....

还可以推而广之，because of / due to 后面必须跟noun（可以加上noun modifier）
而这个noun必须是逻辑上能够作为原因的

所以，以后看到类似什么because of "apples", because of "a person"，一般说来就可以排除了。从逻辑上讲，一个实物怎么能作为原因呢？
能跟在because of / due to 后面的noun，一般都需要是某种抽象名词，能够从逻辑上作为原因的：
result, equation, law, rule, statement, estimation, expectation, increase/decrease, effect, .... 自己举例子吧

btw:上面那位同学贴的英文解释，感觉很像Ron@Manhattan的风格，不过我google搜不到原话了，莫非原贴子被删了？其实我以上说的，就是Ron讲过的。

-- by 会员 Jasonhere (2010/3/14 10:48:30)

作者: louislyn 时间: 2012-1-28 08:01

这个说法，我认为不对，这题碰巧而已。
还是看上面一位同学引用的英文解释好了，正解。这里的原因，不是一个词moisture能表达的，而是moisture do sth....

还可以推而广之，because of / due to 后面必须跟noun（可以加上noun modifier）
而这个noun必须是逻辑上能够作为原因的

所以，以后看到类似什么because of "apples", because of "a person"，一般说来就可以排除了。从逻辑上讲，一个实物怎么能作为原因呢？
能跟在because of / due to 后面的noun，一般都需要是某种抽象名词，能够从逻辑上作为原因的：
result, equation, law, rule, statement, estimation, expectation, increase/decrease, effect, .... 自己举例子吧

另外，这贴子说due to=cause by
这肯定不对。GMAT always takes LITERAL meanings of this type of words.
"due to"/"because of" should describe a causal relationship
"caused by" does not... rather, it emphasizes the way/method/approach

btw:上面那位同学贴的英文解释，感觉很像Ron@Manhattan的风格，不过我google搜不到原话了，莫非原贴子被删了？其实我以上说的，就是Ron讲过的。

-- by 会员 Jasonhere (2010/3/14 10:48:30)

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/27 21:14:04)

看到了！！恍然大悟！！！祝好成绩

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-1-28 13:14
纠正一下

我这个贴子里自己编的例子(the fund manager....)，应该用because of而不是due to，我改过来了

另外这道题，退一万步说，就算后面的原因能够归结为一个名词sth，也应该用because of sth，而不是due to sth，非常suttle的区别

因为前面部分是一个句子，而非一个名词。

http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/due-to-vs-because-of-t3081.html
http://www.beatthegmat.com/because-of-vs-due-to-t23121.html

“那么您认为due to （prep）后面跟的名词就直接是原因了，而conj的because后面加的那一句都是原因对吗？可以这么理解吗？谢谢”

对的。
可以推而广之，在GMAT里面：
because of sth doing .....
due to sth doing ....
based on sth doing ....
reply on sth doing .....
result in sth doing ....
...... （你可以自己举一些别的例子）....

这样的表达通常都是不被接受的

要从逻辑上理解，读者看到"because of sth doing ....." 这样的句子，会有以下两种理解：
1. "because of sth" 认为doing仅仅是补充修饰sth，可以忽略
2. "because sth do ...."
以上两种理解都是justified，这样就造成了歧义。

即：如果你把"doing ..."去掉，写成"because of sth"是什么意思，对比你本来要用"because of sth doing ..."来表达的含义，如果逻辑含义改变了，那么就不行。

我编个例子吧（我不是学经济的，要是说错了欢迎纠正）：

WRONG: The fund manager changes the portfolio because of the decreased interest rate stimulating economic growth.
Are you saying that the manager looks merely at the interest rate to make the decision? ( "stimulating economic growth" is just simply what the decreased interest rate does, which he doesn't care)
Or you are saying that the manager makes the decision because decreased interest rate stimulates economic growth?
So here is ambiguity.

那么先前我说，"because of sth doing..."这种结构 “通常” 是错的，什么时候正确呢？看下面（费了老大半天劲编例子.....我觉得GMAT里出现这样例子的可能性不太大吧）
CORRECT: The fund manager changes the portfolio because of the decreased interest rate appearing on the newspaper.
这里也是"because of sth doing...."的结构，但是区别在于，你把"appearing on the newspaper"去掉，并不会改变句子的原意。句子的逻辑意思很明确，because of the decreased interest rate.

那么现在你理解这道题的due to了吧：
1. "due to" in these two sentence is grammatical correct but has a logical flaw. The closure of the chamber is caused by the effect of the moisture not by the moisture itself.

-- by 会员 alancui (2012/1/21 22:57:00)

-- by 会员 louislyn (2012/1/27 19:42:34)

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/27 20:46:48)

作者: Icebringer 时间: 2012-4-20 21:33
不知道自己想的对不对，请大神帮忙指正
within 是在....内的意思，那么C D E的them肯定都是指的 chambers了
不知道这样理解是否恰当~
个人观点哈~
而且within them 这个介宾短语，放到原因状语从句任何位置都没任何区别，所以我觉得them是不可能指tourists的~何况
出现的是by tourists

作者: Icebringer 时间: 2012-4-20 21:37
标题: 弱弱的问~
because of 后面如果跟的是the +n. 是不是就可以成立了
还有就是无意中曾在bing词典上看到过这个句子
Whenhetried to make areservation,hefound that the hotel that hewantedwascompletelyfilledbecause ofaconvention.
当他试图预定一个旅馆时他发现因为一个会议他要的旅馆已完全满了。

作者: rx_11 时间: 2012-5-11 14:06

不知道自己想的对不对，请大神帮忙指正
within 是在....内的意思，那么C D E的them肯定都是指的 chambers了
不知道这样理解是否恰当~
个人观点哈~
而且within them 这个介宾短语，放到原因状语从句任何位置都没任何区别，所以我觉得them是不可能指tourists的~何况
出现的是by tourists

-- by 会员 Icebringer (2012/4/20 21:33:41)

作为过来人，我想说的是千万不要纠结于OG的解释了。OG的解释其实并不好，非常会误导人。。不要再看OG的解释了。建议看看MANHATTANGMAT的解释，那个才是GMAT语法的圣经。就如此题，其实为什么排除ABCD是用别的知识点来排除的

作者: babybearmm 时间: 2012-5-11 16:28

-- by 会员 Icebringer (2012/4/20 21:33:41)

-- by 会员 rx_11 (2012/5/11 14:06:44)

谢谢前辈~

作者: FTKJ 时间: 2013-7-2 21:40
Ron确实说过
"Due to"means"caused by"
甚至
If you can't replace "due to"with"caused by",then it's wrong.

Because of +实义名词，也有对的时候
Estelle was afraid to move because of a spider sitting on the wall.

作者: cheesencat 时间: 2013-7-31 15:25

Jasonhere 发表于 2010-3-14 10:48
Due to means "cause by". It shoud only be used if it can be substituted with "caused by". It does no ...

wooooooooow

作者: cheesencat 时间: 2013-7-31 15:46

babybearmm 发表于 2012-1-27 20:46
“那么您认为due to （prep）后面跟的名词就直接是原因了，而conj的because后面加的那一句都是原因对吗？可 ...

赞！。。。。。

作者: ciciwenwen 时间: 2013-12-21 12:36
关于E选项的them为何大家觉得ambiguous但是还是正确的说法可以参考曼哈顿tim的说法：
".... i'm not a big fan of this question, because it seems to go against what we expect of pronouns. the main thing to keep in mind is that pronoun ambiguity is subordinate to more rigorous grammar rules, and the other four choices have very clear mistakes..
所以，我理解是这个规则是灵活的，如果有更rigid的硬伤在，那么这个能将就就将就吧。

作者: Charline_chang 时间: 2014-3-11 23:57
为什么是repair 不是repairing？？？？

作者: 唐小丑 时间: 2014-7-19 22:56
Don't overcomplicate the issue of pronouns. With pronouns, all you have to think about is ...
... What thing/person/idea the pronoun want to stand for?
... Is there a NOUN for that thing/person/idea?
... Do the pronoun and noun match (in terms of singular/plural)?
If the answers to the last two questions are "yes" and "yes", then the pronoun is fine.
That's all.
As you can see here, adding unnecessary complexity will just make easy decisions hard, and will often lead to incorrect conclusions.

以上是Ron说的，我之前也是一直在代词指代问题上弄不清楚，而且在做题的时候花很多时间在上面，这道题我做错题整理的时候花了好长时间把A为什么是指代单复数不一致，B为什么不清楚it指代什么，CD为什么seems to refer to tourists，E为什么指代chambers搞清楚了，至少是按我目前有的verbal acknowledge分析出来了，但是我看了这段话之后瞬间觉得没必要了，因为：
1、考场上没有那么多时间做代词指代的分析；
2、就算能分析清楚，依然存在正确答案的代词指代ambiguous。
综上，我觉得按照Ron所说的遇到代词就这样分析，基本不会出错。
另，every IT and ITS must refer to the same singular antecedent. every they, them, and their must refer to the same plural antecedent.

作者: 唐小丑 时间: 2014-7-19 23:10

ciciwenwen 发表于 2013-12-21 12:36
关于E选项的them为何大家觉得ambiguous但是还是正确的说法可以参考曼哈顿tim的说法：
".... i'm not a big ...

repair 本身就有两种词性，verb and noun。
不过，我不知道他为什么把simple gerund和action noun 并列。
读起来也怪怪的。

作者: 成成儿 时间: 2014-12-18 21:55

zzwgyyy 发表于 2010-2-24 04:04
C：对于them而言，tourists相当于主句主语。这没什么好说的。肯定优先D:  because of是介词。整个后 ...

好厉害，谢谢～～

作者: Hendy 时间: 2014-12-28 22:36

babybearmm 发表于 2012-1-28 13:14
纠正一下我这个贴子里自己编的例子(the fund manager....)，应该用because of而不是due to，我改过来了另外 ...

蒙蒙了，那么什么时候用because of ，什么时候用due to 呢

作者: 我要喝可乐 时间: 2015-12-19 08:03

babybearmm 发表于 2012-1-27 21:14
这贴子说due to=cause by这肯定不对。GMAT always takes LITERAL meanings of this type of words. "due to ...

讲的超级清楚！

作者: 御寒 时间: 2016-12-28 12:05

babybearmm 发表于 2012-1-27 21:14
这贴子说due to=cause by这肯定不对。GMAT always takes LITERAL meanings of this type of words. "due to ...

同意！

作者: zhoutongwawa1 时间: 2017-2-2 11:03
今天复习到这个，和楼主同问，关于them的指代问题
OG解释 CD选项中them都是指代tourists，而E清晰指代chambers
如果说
C：对于them而言，tourists相当于主句主语。这没什么好说的。肯定优先

实在不明白D和E，求指点

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