ChaseDream

标题: 求解GWD-YN-10 Q22 [打印本页]

作者: happycjc108 时间: 2010-2-4 21:21
标题: 求解GWD-YN-10 Q22
Often patients with ankle fractures that are stable, and thus do not require surgery, are given follow-up x-rays because their orthopedists are concerned about possibly having misjudged the stability of the fracture. When a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed, however, all the fractures that had initially been judged stable were found to have healed correctly. Therefore, it is a waste of money to order follow-up

x-rays of ankle fracture initially judged stable.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. Doctors who are general practitioners rather than orthopedists are less likely than orthopedists to judge the stability of an ankle fracture correctly.

B. Many ankle injuries for which an initial x-ray is ordered are revealed by the x-ray not to involve any fracture of the ankle.

C. X-rays of patients of many different orthopedists working in several hospitals were reviewed.

D. The healing of ankle fractures that have been surgically repaired is always checked by means of a follow-up x-ray.

E. Orthopedists routinely order follow-up x-rays for fractures of bone other than ankle bones.

答案是C,无法理解。。。

作者: gtr 时间: 2010-2-5 04:55

Often patients with ankle fractures that are stable, and thus do not require surgery, are given follow-up x-rays because their orthopedists are concerned about possibly having misjudged the stability of the fracture. When a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed, however, all the fractures that had initially been judged stable were found to have healed correctly. Therefore, it is a waste of money to order follow-up

x-rays of ankle fracture initially judged stable.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. Doctors who are general practitioners rather than orthopedists are less likely than orthopedists to judge the stability of an ankle fracture correctly.

B. Many ankle injuries for which an initial x-ray is ordered are revealed by the x-ray not to involve any fracture of the ankle.

C. X-rays of patients of many different orthopedists working in several hospitals were reviewed.

D. The healing of ankle fractures that have been surgically repaired is always checked by means of a follow-up x-ray.

E. Orthopedists routinely order follow-up x-rays for fractures of bone other than ankle bones.

答案是C,无法理解。。。

-- by 会员 happycjc108 (2010/2/4 21:21:38)

事实1：如果只是骨裂，那就不用做手术。
事实2：很多x光诊断为骨裂的案子，的确也只是骨裂。

结论：所以后来的x光浪费了，还不如不拍。

这里面的假设就是：医生不是很肯定自己的最初诊断，要通过不停的拍x光，来验证自己最初诊断的正确性。

什么能够加强这个结论？

那就要选择消除医生自己怀疑自己错的疑虑，加强最初诊断正确性的选项。

C：如果第一次的x-ray是很多医生一起看，那么错误的概率就下降了。也就没有必要不停的拍了。

C的确可以加强最初诊断的正确性，所以后来的x-ray就不用拍了。

作者: karateguy 时间: 2010-3-29 08:11
这题到底是B还是C,GWD答案是B...confuse了。。。

作者: wwhappy 时间: 2010-5-27 17:37
C选项是说，同一个病人的x-ray被许多医生检查？是这个意思吗？

作者: bonnie0715 时间: 2010-5-27 21:51

Often patients with ankle fractures that are stable, and thus do notrequire surgery, are given follow-up x-rays because their orthopedistsare concerned about possibly having misjudged the stability of the fracture. When a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed, however, allthe fractures that had initially been judged stable were found to havehealed correctly. Therefore, it is a waste of money to order follow-up

x-rays of ankle fracture initially judged stable.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. Doctors who are general practitioners rather than orthopedists areless likely than orthopedists to judge the stability of an ankle fracture correctly.

B. Many ankle injuries for which an initial x-ray is ordered are revealedby the x-ray not to involve any fracture of the ankle.

C. X-rays of patients of many different orthopedists working in severalhospitals were reviewed.

D. The healing of ankle fractures that have been surgically repaired isalways checked by means of a follow-up x-ray.

E. Orthopedists routinely order follow-up x-rays for fractures of boneother than ankle bones.

答案是C,无法理解。。。

-- by 会员 happycjc108 (2010/2/4 21:21:38)

-- by 会员 gtr (2010/2/5 4:55:21)

我觉得C是说一个病人被很多不同医院的不同医生看，导致照了N次X-ray吧。所以N-1次都是完全不必要的

作者: kaikaichen 时间: 2010-9-6 10:57
感觉是这样解释的：如果这个情况只发生在个别医院或个别医生身上，有可能是因为这些医院和医生的医术高超，判断准确，后续x-ray和最初诊断的结论一致。如果换了个医院或医生，也许他们就没那么高明，后续x-ray检查就是必要的

C就是排除这种可能，说明这是一种普遍情况

作者: levix 时间: 2011-2-4 00:34
这道题我觉得是这样的，原文说“When a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed, however, all the fractures that had initially been judged stable were found to have healed correctly”。这个结论的得出是因为看过很多X光的follow-up,发现全都被治好了，那么前提就是“必须看过很多才能得出这样的结论”。如果才看过一两个而得出结论，那这样的结论没有说服力。

增强论据题型。

作者: elaine2011 时间: 2011-2-18 20:21
同意楼上，前提：必须看过很多医生了检查出来都是没有问题，才能够说明反复拍X光是种浪费。

作者: Kb24 时间: 2011-2-21 11:43
C means the sample of the survey is big enough to ensure credibility of the review. - hence strengthens the argument. It doesn't mean one single patient be repeatedly diagnosed by different orthopedists.

作者: stefanie4125 时间: 2011-5-16 15:38
同意5#，反应普遍情况

作者: 潜寒 时间: 2011-5-23 12:43
GWD里的正确答案是B啊。。。
还有B选项是什么意思？有NN能解释一下吗？

作者: chelseeea 时间: 2011-5-23 13:44
B 说的是ANKLE受伤照X-RAY的很多无骨裂

而题中的讨论范围都不一样
patients with ankle fractures that are stable, and thus do not require surgery
是有骨裂的而且STABLE不用做手术的

作者: 小伊YSY 时间: 2011-8-16 15:43
og的正确答案是C
只是C刚开始有点难读，总觉得

作者: crystalbain 时间: 2011-8-23 17:23
感谢楼上的指出这道题是OG 12的（verbal supplement），刚重新读了一遍OG 12的解释，发现前面的解释完全误导了.......

我完全是用排除法最后选的C，也是因为读不太懂它的意思。什么什么东西给reviewed了,.....然后呢？不明白。

C如果按照前面的解释，不应该是现在那样说法，而是应该说，like： Most X-rays of patients are reviewed by many different orthopedists working in several hospitals.----但是这很不make sense不是么？难道大多数骨折病人会这么critical，为了一处骨折就到处找不同医院确诊（本来就行动不便~~~），还是正骨科有联合会，定期review所有医院的所有X光片？

C选项的句子是说：大概什么范围的X- rays 被review了.

OG的解释是说：是否原文下的结论（大部分不需要骨伤的病例经过follow-up X-ray确定也都被正确诊断且恢复良好了）够具有代表性呢？（representative），原文没有提到，因此加上对“这个结论所依据的数据库是否充分" 这个信息，就很好的支持了结论，证明它归纳结论的基础是相对扎实的。

所以如果原文，那段话之前有个"A ："(比如某协会，或某教授等)， C项的句子再在......be reviewed 后面加上"before A comes to the conclusion"(或者更好的说法，比如干脆改写成A reviewed...before coming to the above conclusion)

这样就明白多了。可惜GMAC就不给你这么痛快。（或者人家美国人有时候说话就这么含蓄？）

PS. 该题在OG 12 verbal page 197（PDF版本就输入页号198）

作者: 小伊YSY 时间: 2011-8-29 20:52
重读一遍我发现B中的many是败笔，这种非限定性的词语不能说明问题，因为不能排除特例

作者: crystalbain 时间: 2011-9-1 15:17

重读一遍我发现B中的many是败笔，这种非限定性的词语不能说明问题，因为不能排除特例

-- by 会员小伊YSY (2011/8/29 20:52:38)

小伊虽然你排除了B，但我觉得思路不对。B不对完全是因为它讨论的是initial X ray，而不是follow up X-ray。

作者: crystalbain 时间: 2011-9-1 15:18
另外，前面的解释好像还有一个误解，就是因为担心误诊，所以给予follow-up X ray~~我觉得不是这样。因为inital X-ray之后，医生判断这个骨折稳定，不需要手术，而后的follow-up X ray，是随着患者的恢复，对骨伤的一个跟随性观察，看看恢复的效果或者快慢等。当然这也是对第一次判断是否需要手术的一个后续验证。这种跟随性的观察就算出了问题，也不一定证明就是初次判断的错误。

题目的意思是说，那既然大多数一开始觉得不用手术的fracture后面都恢复的挺好的，所以后续的X-ray也就不用再做了，意思是，也就不用再密切观察了。换句话说：不用圈养了，放养就足够了。

作者: okay325 时间: 2012-1-25 16:13
原来是 OG Verbal Review 2nd edition 的CR 45题，谢谢楼上。

作者: okay325 时间: 2012-1-25 16:22
按照Lawyer的方法，这一题就是：选项使调查的样本具有代表性了，所以就Strength the conclusion，选C是对的。

作者: robertwu82 时间: 2012-2-21 10:54
C说明样本的数量足够大,题目说“a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed,”，选项C说明，不同医院不同大夫，许多病人的X-rays都被review过。

作者: ssyy23 时间: 2012-4-20 16:06
C 对

作者: atlantis0724 时间: 2012-5-17 09:40
解释得真好，尤其是“无需圈养，放养就够了”~~

谢谢，明白了不少

作者: lemonsong 时间: 2013-1-16 16:50
把og上的解释贴上来吧……

Argument Evaluation
Situation Often patients with ankle fractures that their orthopedists have judged not to require
surgery are given follow-up x-rays to check whether the fracture healed correctly. An examination of a sample of those x-rays found that the ankle had, in each case, healed properly.
Reasoning The question is which of the options, iftrue, would most strengthen the argument. The argument is based on data concerning follow-up x-rays, each of which revealed no problem with the orthopedist’s initial judgment that the ankle fracture was stable (and would heal without surgery). This invites the question whether the follow-up x-rays are really needed. The argument concludes that they are a waste of money. But was the x-ray data truly representative of orthopedists generally? After all, some orthopedists—perhaps more experienced, better-trained, or employed at a facility with better staff or facilities—may be much better than others at judging ankle fractures. If we add the information that the data for the conclusion comes from many orthopedists working at many different hospitals, we have greater assurance that the x-ray data is representative, and the argument will be made much stronger.

A Neither the study nor the conclusion that is drawn from it concerns general practitioners, so this point is irrelevant.
B Naturally many ankle injuries do not involve fractures—x-rays may sometimes be used to
determine this—but the argument concerns only cases where there have been ankle fractures.
C Correct. This shows that the sample of x-ray data examined was probably sufficiently representative of cases of ankle fracture judged to be stable by orthopedists.
D The argument does not concern cases of ankle fracture that have been surgically repaired.
E The argument concerns only x-rays of ankles. From the information given here, we cannot infer that orthopedists are generally wasteful in routinely ordering follow-up x-rays.
The correct answer is C.

作者: Vivian1091 时间: 2013-8-2 15:19

crystalbain 发表于 2011-8-23 17:23
感谢楼上的指出这道题是OG 12的（verbal supplement），刚重新读了一遍OG 12的解释，发现前面的解释完全误 ...

14楼，我看了这个帖子http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-848982-1-1.html，觉得这句话是不是应该这么理解：

C.X-rays of patients of many different orthopedists working in several hospitals were reviewed.原文
Most X-rays of patients are reviewed by many different orthopedists working in several hospitals你的句子。

原文的意思应该是很多不同医院的，不同医生的，病人的，片子都被这样看过了。被谁看了？句子没说但是很明显，当然是被病人自己住的医院的自己的对应医生看了。一个病人对应一个医生。意思是这个follow-up的片子有足够的代表性。当然医生看自己病人的片子，而不是大家互相看。这句话想强调的是样本的广度，样本就是病人的follow up的片子。
您的意思好像是有那么一撮病人，他们的片子被不同医院的，不同医生看了。
原文用了of，强调的是病人的片子，这个样本，是属于不同医生的，而这些不同的医生又是工作在不同医院的。然后，病人的片子被reviewed了。如果把句子换成by，很多病人的片子被不同医院工作的医生看了。这句话结束出来就我刚说的。所以我觉得gamc三个词里面连用两个of，用了这个ugly的句子，是想尽量避免歧义。啊呀妈呀，终于说服我自己了！

盗用一个链接中帖子举得例子，举个例子：
看到一个学校的大量女生的照片都是美女，就判断这个学校的女生都是美女。这个判断是不科学的；
但是如果这个照片范围涉及到不同年级不同班级，则增加了样本的可信度，就能起到正面支持作用。

我一开始也跟你理解一样，最后想的脑浆迸裂觉得这样解释最合理

如果上过统计课，这种方法貌似叫做分层抽样。意思有点像，不完全是

作者: M猫Fishoo 时间: 2013-8-30 20:42

Vivian1091 发表于 2013-8-2 15:19
14楼，我看了这个帖子http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-848982-1-1.html，觉得这句话是不是应该这么理 ...

原来是调查样本的问题 OG解释里的DATA是指之前为了得出结论所做的调查的data, 自己理解成对待以后病人的data.. 现在明白了

作者: estellegmat 时间: 2013-10-16 15:55
同意五楼~反应的是普遍状况~把这个GAP填平了~就可以加强！

作者: 醒醒Shine 时间: 2014-3-28 20:50

gtr 发表于 2010-2-5 04:55
Often patients with ankle fractures that are stable, and thus do not require surgery, are given f ...

完全明白了！谢谢！！

作者: ZJPt找到M 时间: 2015-5-18 20:43

Vivian1091 发表于 2013-8-2 15:19
14楼，我看了这个帖子http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-848982-1-1.html，觉得这句话是不是应该这么理 ...

赞，看了这个解释我终于明白了
一直以为C选项理解错了，看了别的帖子更加不明白，为啥C要那样翻译，现在终于明白了意思没理解错，而是数据说的是原文里的现象，而不是分析一个病人本身

作者: 克瑞斯 时间: 2015-9-6 19:21
OMG！ GWD给的答案是B

作者: 克瑞斯 时间: 2015-9-6 19:38
C 选项是针对 “When a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed, however, all the fractures that had initially been judged stable were found to have healed correctly.” 里面样本充分性说的。

完全是C对，GWD竟然给B

作者: judyptc 时间: 2015-11-7 13:08

crystalbain 发表于 2011-8-23 17:23
感谢楼上的指出这道题是OG 12的（verbal supplement），刚重新读了一遍OG 12的解释，发现前面的解释完全误 ...

同意！

作者: elusive 时间: 2016-2-27 05:09
根据H大神的思路先找结论，结论是最后一句话。

这个题的类型为枚举，它的特征是：A中有一部分好于B，那么A好于B。这道题：很多病人拍片证明康复，所以拍片没用。

评估：CQ1=样本是否有代表性，CQ2=样本是否充足

做题：对的选项必定在谈论样本。样本就是X片，因为说了a number of x-rays,所以样本充足，然后考虑代表性。
A：没有说样本
E：说了其他骨伤，超出范围
D：没有说样本是不是充足
C：样本充足是因为被很多医生证实了
B：在陈述promise
。。。

作者: 五只羊 时间: 2016-6-25 10:03

Vivian1091 发表于 2013-8-2 15:19
14楼，我看了这个帖子http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-848982-1-1.html，觉得这句话是不是应该这么理 ...

同意！

作者: gmat0707 时间: 2016-8-1 20:29
讨论的好透～～谢谢大牛们

作者: AnnieFFish 时间: 2016-8-23 11:04
32楼！原来是枚举推理！

蟹蟹前辈们
终于看懂了C的意思

作者: MAXFIN 时间: 2016-9-13 13:06

robertwu82 发表于 2012-2-21 10:54
C说明样本的数量足够大,题目说“a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed,”，选项C说明，不同医院不同 ...

好机智。。。点个赞

作者: MAXFIN 时间: 2016-9-13 13:10
og 2016 vb 解释如下：
C Correct. This shows that the sample of x-ray data examined was probably sufficiently representative of cases of ankle fracture judged to be stable by orthopedists.

作者: 御寒 时间: 2016-12-22 16:51

robertwu82 发表于 2012-2-21 10:54
C说明样本的数量足够大,题目说“a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed,”，选项C说明，不同医院不同 ...

同意，中间断掉的逻辑链就是，review的样本量是否足以说明所有的Xray都是浪费

作者: cuikaka 时间: 2017-7-4 12:20

chelseeea 发表于 2011-5-23 13:44
B 说的是ANKLE受伤照X-RAY的很多无骨裂而题中的讨论范围都不一样patients with ankle fractures that are s ...

同意！ B在否定premise，即在讨论并非题目观众的内容，为无关选项

作者: little_prince 时间: 2017-8-1 08:23
同意9楼，C说的是many patients，非one single patient。C正确我觉得主要是由于它support了样本足够充分，具有代表性。但我不明白为什么A错了，A：一般的从业医生比外科医生少地正确诊断ankle fracture。我的理解是：因为一般从业医生诊断准确性比外科医生低，所以有可能出现误判，所以更要follow-up x rays。不知道哪里错了，求大家指教。

作者: 前来围观 时间: 2018-6-16 11:24
N年前贴，说下自己的理解：
1.题目说有些医生对自己医术不自信，所以用了follow－up x－ray，结果发现自己之前的诊断是正确的。
2.结合OG官方解释：那有没有可能这些医生本身就医术高明（只是不自信而已），所以他们之前的诊断才屡屡被follow－up x－ray证实是正确的。
3.这么说，以上是对样本是否具有普遍性（representative）的一个质疑，为了消除这种质疑，我们只要说我们的样本具有普遍性就可以了。
4.即C项所说，样本中的x－rays（即文中说的a number of x-rays were reviewed)来自不同医院的不同医生。换言之，不同医院不同医生的样本更具有普适性

作者: szuzhang 时间: 2018-9-18 02:35
关键在于这句话When a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed, however, all the fractures that had initially been judged stable were found to have healed correctly. 当人们回看这些X光片的时候，发现当初医生的判断是正确的。问题是，我怎么知道你这个X光samples是具有代表性呢？如果这些samples全部是来自技术好医生的呢？那肯定不需要照那么多次X光，但如果技术差的医生就需要靠X光了。C选项说被reviewed的X光samples是来自不同医院的不同医生的+原文的a number of =generality+样本容量大=样本representative 加强

欢迎光临 ChaseDream (https://forum.chasedream.com/)