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标题: GWD-18-Q10 一道阅读must be true争议题目新解 [打印本页]

作者: kokulyou 时间: 2010-1-26 15:20
标题: GWD-18-Q10 一道阅读must be true争议题目新解

The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together. Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information. In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event. Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.

In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?

A.Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.???B.All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.??C.The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.???D.When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.??E.Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.????争议集中在ABE

想来想去觉得还是比较同意A首先我觉得这并非是一道常规的“must be true”（根据原文内容推理）类题目，而是一道隐藏的“Support”类题目，“must be true”只是虚晃一下，看看ETS有多可耻首先C的实验并未证明Jay有episodic memory,因为episodic memory有两个criteria1)multiple components of a single even2) “bound” together".

而C的实验只证明了第一个条件（文章最后说showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when（multiple componenets）. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.）Clayton acknowledged this(this 指reexperiencing the past,而实验并未证明Jay能够reexperience，所以也不能证明Jay有episodic memory) by using the term “episodic-like” memory.

所以综上这是一道Support题目：
Support当然就是要求实验还能够证明第二个条件，2) “bound” together".

这道题到这里才算真正绕的地方
原文的实验为什么没能证明Jay能够把这些信息bond together呢？原文的实验已经证明了Jay能够回忆其when where and what，但是就是不能联系到一起来做综合的判断，也就是说想到了where,然后笨笨的飞到那个地方（where）找出东西，这才知道是什么（what），再仔细看看如果是crickets，才知道它是过期了的，然后再去试另外一个地方，，，，重复几次知道终于找到了没有过期的peanuts

但是如果Jay能够把这些信息bound together，也就是说能够reexperience，那么就不用这么费事的一个一个试了，因为这么多信息一联系起来就立刻能做出正确的判断，直接去储存peanuts的地方找peanuts，也就是A所说的
有一些Jay能够直接就去找peanuts（因为他们做出了判断crickets已经过期了）

B明显还是笨方法，只是能够回忆起零散的信息，一个一个试的，所以不能证明有episodic memory
C与距离无关，只要藏的地点不同就可以
D更无关了，
E或许具有些迷惑性，为了保证和wild一样条件，但是对于证明是否有episodic memoy不是必须的吧（另外，food scarity是一个很泛泛的概念，怎么保证一样，不可能啊，有的鸟饿的要死，有的鸟只是一顿没吃，都是food scarity啊，）

呵呵，大家讨论一下

作者: skynova 时间: 2010-1-31 10:12
当时选的D，“.When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it” 理由是如果jay吃了crickets后发现是坏的，然后才转向peanuts，那么就没法证明它们是靠episodic memory做出的预先判断了。不过后来想想，这个可以是个加强或者前提，但未必是个must be，因为这帮jay确实可能压根就没尝直接就去选了。从这个角度来讲，ABC都存在同样的问题，这些都不是必然要求的。

原文中C为了做试验方便，直接把东西存好了给jay看，然后让jay去选。由于整个实验有一个条件是野外的jay会为“缺少食物的时候”储备粮食，因此可以认为jay之后取出crickets或peanut的选择是在“缺少食物”的条件下进行的。原文中也提到，jay随着时间的推移而偏向选peanuts，可见这段时间都应该是time of scarcity（否则前面的测试没意义了）。所以，选E

话说，这题真够绕的……

作者: kokulyou 时间: 2010-1-31 11:43

那不是一般绕啊，哈
我觉得问题的重点还是集中在前半句上，为了证明Jay具有episodic-like memory
哪项是必要的

In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?

E的要求是极为严格的，即使E或许会减少其他因素的影响，但对证明是否有episodic-like memory没有直接的贡献，也就是CR中常说的，E和题目要求论证的对象存在着巨大的GAP，不是必然的

说道这里回忆起管卫东大侠的一句话，GMAT逻辑考的不是充分性，而是必要性，即最有用的那项～～～不知道有没有参考意义

所以觉得还是A，因为A处于逻辑链条中紧扣episodic-like memory的一环

作者: kokulyou 时间: 2010-1-31 11:56
PS：原文明确提到了episodic-like memory的两个必要条件：
1）multiple components of a single event

2）bond together

原文实验已经证明了第一项，原文也强调该实验没能证明第二项，所以如果满足第二项，那就确定无疑是episodic-like memory了

另外E选项如果对应原文的这句话的话：In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity

其实实验只要求保证Jays会去寻找食物就可以了，喂的食量不必要非相同（比如让他们比在野外缺少食物的时候更饥饿，哈哈，人类真残忍），Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.而且E是不能由原文直接推到出的，是在原文基础上主观强加了额外的信息，应该属于过度推理

再想想？

作者: 呜啦呜啦dd 时间: 2010-8-2 20:15
支持A！

作者: raichelmei 时间: 2010-8-4 10:33
Well...虽然E很implicit，但是个人觉得A肯定不对。
1）题目中明确说了what must be true to show jay has "episodic-LIKE memory". 楼主说的BOUND TOGETHER是EPISODIC MEMORY的条件。文章结尾处已经说了“就是因为不能证明BOUND TOGETHER（REEXPERIENCE)所以才把它叫做episodic-like memory，所以楼主这个bound together的条件是无关的.
2）即使没有上面这第一点，假设episodic-like memory = episodic memory，A也不对。因为证明jay has episodic-like memory的其中一条证据就是虽然jay prefers cricket，after it knows through memory that crickets are now rancid, it will start to choose less-desirable peanuts.开始吃花生的时间点和CRICKET变质的时间点一致才可以证明有episodic memory。如果一开始一些jay就已经选择花生的话，整个论证就不成立了。

综上所述，A整个就是和题目的要求相反的选项。。。

作者: Outsider1988 时间: 2010-8-11 11:32
想了想还是E
因为觉得A还是围绕着episodic memory来说的

作者: cybei 时间: 2010-8-28 18:49
还是不懂啊，这个选项我怎么觉得是无关呢？

作者: akiluk 时间: 2010-9-25 18:12
标题: 不应该选a
A中Some有问题实验应全部成功才可以说明问题，有些鸟成功，有些不成功，那就不可以证明实验了

作者: fansail 时间: 2010-10-6 07:54
这题可不可以想成是Assumption题，对各选项取非看是否削弱...

对A取非： NONE of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
就算第一次没有jay去retrieve花生，所有的jay都retrieve虫子，只要当the food had been stored for a certain length of time的时候有本来retrieve虫子的jay转为retrieve花生，就说明jay能够记住虫子的储存时间，判断储存久了就已经erode不能吃了。也就是说对A取非不能削弱结论。

我觉得Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time暗示了retrieve行为不止发生一次，如果只retrieve一次的话，A是说得通的，因为实验就是要通过jay会弃虫投花生证明jay记得store行为发生的时间和地点，而如果没有jay去retrieve peanuts（A取非），就无法说明jay能记得时间造成的虫子过期不好吃问题。（这哪位NN可以看下Clayton的论文，实验到底是怎么做的，google上好像有）

而E是必不可少的，其一，做实验要控制其他变量，尽可能保证和jay所处的环境尽量在野生环境一样，即保证jay的行为尽量natural，而不是因为实验和in the wild有些条件（如喂食）的不同导致jay的反应是attribute to some variables introduced by the experiment；其二，E在原文定位是说In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. 即jay的store-retrieve行为是在food scarcity的情况下才发生，那对E取非，如果jay喂饱饱，可能就无法按实验设计进行藏储食物然后retrieve了。

这题我也错了，想了一早上为什么E对。

From New York Times:
Dr. Clayton began to test western scrub jays to see if they met any of the criteria for episodic memory. The jays can hide several thousand pieces of food each year and remember the location of each one. Dr. Clayton wondered if scrub jays simply remembered locations, or if they remembered the experience of hiding the food.
She ran an experiment using two kinds of food: moth larvae and peanuts. Scrub jays prefer larvae to peanuts while the larvae are still fresh. When the larvae are dead for a few hours, the jays prefer peanuts. Dr. Clayton gave the birds a chance to hide both kinds of food and then put them in another cage. She later returned the birds to their caches, in some cases after four hours and in other cases after five days.
The time the scrub jays spent away from their caches had a big effect on the type of food they looked for. The birds that waited four hours tended to dig up larvae, and the birds that had to wait for five days passed the larvae by and dug up peanuts instead. (To make sure they were not just picking up the smell of rotten larvae and avoiding those spots, Dr. Clayton dumped out the caches as soon as the birds had made them, and filled all of them with fresh sand.)
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/03/science/03time.html

作者: lisa78 时间: 2010-10-7 15:40
LS的解释很不错啊~~我也错了，纠结了好久~话说这一套的GWD好难啊...

作者: liy123456 时间: 2010-10-24 11:42
标题: GMAT里面很多的题，容易被大家复杂话，然后深陷其中不能自拔，纯粹自虐。这道题其实可以很简单地：
1、提干问的是为了证明傻鸟的行为像是“episodic-like momory”，那么以下什么事对的。问题的关键就是“episodic-like”
2、全文提到“episodic-like”的只有文章最后一句话。从最后一句啊话开始，倒着看文章。看见"however"，就停止，因为"however"这个就说明了这个词以前的所有内容跟“episodic-like”的内容不相关了。就读最后一句话。
看选项，A\B\C\D跟之前读到的话没有一点相关，就E有关联。就选择E了。

PS，读文章读的越多，错选A\D的可能性就选大，自己把自己弄晕了，

作者: kid1991 时间: 2011-2-8 11:37
我也选了A ...

作者: 我爱SAAB 时间: 2011-5-4 13:54

1、提干问的是为了证明傻鸟的行为像是“episodic-like momory”，那么以下什么事对的。问题的关键就是“episodic-like”
2、全文提到“episodic-like”的只有文章最后一句话。从最后一句啊话开始，倒着看文章。看见"however"，就停止，因为"however"这个就说明了这个词以前的所有内容跟“episodic-like”的内容不相关了。就读最后一句话。
看选项，A\B\C\D跟之前读到的话没有一点相关，就E有关联。就选择E了。

PS，读文章读的越多，错选A\D的可能性就选大，自己把自己弄晕了，

-- by 会员 liy123456 (2010/10/24 11:42:46)

这位大牛说的太对了，这题一开始看了觉得选E，可又觉得哪有这么简单的思维，其实就是这么简单啊，不能自己把自己给绕死。。
既然是做实验，研究鸟在食物稀缺时的retrieve行为就必须保证他们在实验室里和在野外经历同样的其他条件。如果被喂食的量不一样，鸟类retrieve食物的行为也会和野外不一样

作者: flewrudy 时间: 2011-5-9 10:39
额。我不大同意楼上的，大家看下原文
In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity
是为了储存粮食过饥荒年
但是这不代表它在找食物的时候已经经历了 a time of scarcity.
可能这家伙存货大，一饿就去坐吃山空了，说不定还在长膘了。。。

原文吃的不是恨透，欢迎纠正

作者: Dongkailun 时间: 2011-8-17 14:40
额一开始我也选A 可是却是后面想了想是应该选E的原文里说了In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. 是因为food scarcity才导致那些鸟儿表现出接下来的各种行为所以做实验的时候要使得实验场景与实地场景相一致才能保证结果的正确性

作者: happybeibei 时间: 2011-9-9 19:38
E是必要条件~可以从原文直接得到我倒觉得选阅读中的逻辑提应该直接不要过分推理

作者: Stephanieqt91 时间: 2012-3-26 18:00

LS的解释很不错啊~~我也错了，纠结了好久~话说这一套的GWD好难啊...

-- by 会员 lisa78 (2010/10/7 15:40:10)

我也脚的14套超级难啊啊啊啊啊

作者: 海砂516 时间: 2012-3-30 20:00

LS的解释很不错啊~~我也错了，纠结了好久~话说这一套的GWD好难啊...

-- by 会员 lisa78 (2010/10/7 15:40:10)

我也脚的14套超级难啊啊啊啊啊

-- by 会员 Stephanieqt91 (2012/3/26 18:00:09)

- -...错了20+的飘过一下

作者: 我就是来卖萌的 时间: 2012-8-28 14:23
本来选的A。

看了9楼引用感觉应该选C了。

ETS把文章修改之后给的暗示太少。不过它可能认为scarcity这个词确实算是比较强烈的暗示了。

A的话，按照做逻辑题的风格显然还是故意设置的迷惑性选项，这点从它逻辑思路与题干的不重合可以看出来。

作者: viking00x 时间: 2013-4-19 22:05

fansail 发表于 2010-10-6 07:54
这题可不可以想成是Assumption题，对各选项取非看是否削弱...对A取非： NONE of the jays retrieved stored ...

终于明白了！就是文中给出了in the wild的情况（食物匮乏出现retrieve），还讲了C的实验（实验中鸟出现retrieve）--->实验中的鸟一定是处在食物匮乏的情况下。因为如果不是处在食物匮乏的情况下，那么实验中出现的retrieve现象就是随机现象了，因此也就推不出结论了

作者: 345447397 时间: 2013-9-12 17:54
我感觉应该选A，因为在In the wild 的情况下，只有当傻鸟处在饥荒的情况下才会回去取食物。而这个实验是研究傻鸟到底有没有episodic memory，在傻鸟存食到取食的之间有一段时间让它判断cricket有没有坏“Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time”，所以不可能Throughout the experiment都让它处在饥饿感中。

作者: siqi2future 时间: 2013-10-3 21:08
A是错的吧，第一次取说明没有达到scarcity 所以应该都是取了crickets

作者: xi917 时间: 2014-1-21 18:14
首先先复制一段很有道理的话：All Must Be True answer choices must pass theFact Test: The correct answer to a Must Be True question can always be proven by referring to the facts stated in the stimulus. If you find yourself having difficulty prephrasing an answer to a Must Be True question, do not be concerned. The scope of the stimulus—especially if that scope is broad—often helps eliminate one or more of the answer choices. You can often predict the occurrence of Must Be True questions because the stimulus of most Must Be True questions does not contain a conclusion. Correct Answer Types: Paraphrased answers are answers that restate a portion of the stimulus in different terms. When these answers mirror the
stimulus, they are correct. Combination answers result from combining two or more statements in the stimulus.
所以E 选项可以来根据原文中的含义来选择，在野外怎样怎样（IN the wild… ）但在C‘s experiment里，当读到 food Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. 我就想为啥要在不同的地方呢？鸟会这么做吗？把吃的放在两个地方，于是我想这肯定是人工来做的。并且要让鸟出现food scarcity的时候也是要喂的。所以E选项是对原文含义的一个梳理，或者是一个总结，所以must be true.
而最开始我选的A，用这个理论来想想，其实很简单，不用想太多，这只是一个未提的内容，文中只是说了一些现象，但是并没有提到说 On the first occasion时是怎样的，所以不能说这个到底是不是must be true.
真是比较偷懒的想法啦。但我觉得实战的时候需要快速决定的想法，纠结就好容易错。

作者: DeliciaAn 时间: 2015-6-22 11:20
我觉得楼主的所有分析都是对的，但是出发点是不是搞错了。问题问的是must be true的是episodic-like memory,而不是episodic memory. 那两个条件也是episodic memory的条件。而现在是在episodic-like memory的前提下。如果是这样的话，符合1）multiple components of a single event这个条件就已经完成了episodic-like memory的这个前提。如果加上了条件2）bond together，就变成了episodic memory了。
所以A是个episodic memory而不是个episodic-like memory.
d说能够retrieve a cricket or a peanut,但是没吃。就满足条件1），而没满足条件2）。所以就符合题干所说的：epsodic-like memory.

一点晚了好几年的拙见。嘿嘿
还请后人继续探讨。

作者: 780一次过 时间: 2017-10-23 10:28
【must be true】＋【逻辑：找前提】
实验证明鸟有episodic-like memory，哪项是必要的？
原文：In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity.
Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another
对照原文“In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. ”实验是需要模拟野外的状况的，所以就是控制变量也就是E中的“ fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.“
A选项本身可能是正确的，但是不是实验的内容或前提，无法“in order for”

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