a说循环论证 这里没有
A confused
student argues: “You can’t give me a C. I’m an A student!”
Circular reasoning is
problematic because the claim is made on grounds that cannot be accepted
as true — because those very grounds are in dispute. How can a student
claim to be an A student when he just earned a C?
To clarify, no one is
an “A student” by definition. Grades are earned in every class and
are derived from a variety of different methods. The requirements
in one class are set by the school and the instructor, so the same class
taught by a different teacher or in a different location should yield two
very different results (final grades). Merely claiming to be an A
student does not make the claim valid.
NOTE: The false authority
fallacy also applies here — you cannot use yourself as your own authority
with total certainty. A doctor is more qualified to diagnose your
shoulder pain than you are; your teachers are better qualified to evaluate
your performance than a student.
EXAMPLE
2
A satisfied
citizen says: “Richardson is the most successful mayor the town has ever
had because he's the best mayor of our history.”
The second part of this
sentence offers no evidence — it simply repeats the claim that was already
presented. Don’t be fooled into believing that using the word “because”
in an argument automatically provides a valid reason. Be sure to
provide clear evidence to support your claims, not a version of the premise
(the initial statement in an argument).
EXAMPLE
3
An
obvious non-smoker blurts: “Can a person quit smoking? Of course
— as long as he has sufficient willpower and really wants to quit.”
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