Questions
100-101
Zelda: Dr.
Ladlow, a research psychologist, has convincingly demonstrated that his theory
about the determinants of rat behavior generates consistently accurate
predictions about how rats will perform in a maze. On the basis of this
evidence, Dr. Ladlow has claimed that his theory is irrefutably correct.
Anson: Then Dr.
Ladlow is not a responsible psychologist, Dr. Ladlow’s evidence does not
conclusively prove that his theory is correct. Responsible psychologists always
accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are
incorrect.
100. Which one
of the following can be properly inferred from Anson’s argument?
A.
Dr. Ladlow’s evidence that his
theory generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform
in a maze is inaccurate.
B.
Psychologists who can derive
consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze from
their theories cannot responsibly conclude that those theories cannot be
disproved.
C.
No matter how responsible
psychologists are, they can never develop correct theoretical explanations.
D.
Responsible psychologists do
not make predictions about how rats will perform in a maze.
E.
Psychologists who accept the
possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect are
responsible psychologists.
answer：(B)
Anson has taken umbrage at Dr. Ladlow’s conclusion that his theory is “irrefutably
correct.” He argues that Dr. Ladlow isn’t a responsible psychologist, because a responsible
psychologist would always realize that no theory can be called irrefutable, since new
evidence can always come to light. Answer choice (B) essentially restates Anson’s attack on
Dr. Ladlow in general terms. Dr. Ladlow didn’t fit Anson’s criterion of a responsible
psychologist because he didn’t recognize the possibility that contradictory evidence could
refute his theory. Answer choice (B) says that a psychologist who obtains consistent results
can’t responsibly conclude that his theory is irrefutable. This is essentially the principle that
Anson’s argument rests on, so answer choice (B) can be inferred from Anson’s argument.
(A) is a distortion of the argument; Anson doesn’t question the accuracy of Ladlow’s
evidence, he just points out the possibility (which Ladlow ignored) that new evidence
might turn up.
(C) is relatively tricky. Anson doesn’t say that psychologists can never be correct, only that
they can never be absolutely sure that they’re correct. For instance, Ladlow’s theory may
well be correct, but he can’t responsibly claim to know, beyond a shadow of doubt, that it’s
correct.
(D) has nothing to do with Anson’s argument. Anson isn’t questioning the content of
Ladlow’s experiments, only his conclusion that his theory is irrefutable.
(E) makes a familiar error. Anson says: “if a psychologist is responsible, he admits his
theory might be disproved.” (E) states: “if a psychologist admits his theory might be
disproved, he must be responsible.” But there might be other requirements for a
psychologist to be considered responsible.
101. Anson bases
his conclusion about Dr. Ladlow on which one of the following?
A.
an attack on Dr. Ladlow’s
character
B.
the application of a general
principle
C.
the use of an ambiguous term
D.
the discrediting of facts
E.
the rejectiion of a theoretical
explanation
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