Historian: There is no direct evidence that timber was traded between the ancient nations of Poran and Nayal, but the fact that a law setting tariffs on timber imports from Poran was enacted during the third Nayalese dynasty does suggest that during that period a timber trade was conducted.
Critic: Your reasoning is flawed. During its third dynasty, Nayal may well have imported timber from Poran, but certainly on today’s statute books there remain many laws regulating activities that were once common but in which people no longer engage.
22. The critic’s response to the historian is flawed because it
(A) produces evidence that is consistent with there not having been any timber trade between Poran and Nayal during the third Nayalese dynasty
(B) cites current laws without indicating whether the laws cited are relevant to the timber trade
(C) fails to recognize that the historian’s conclusion was based on indirect evidence rather than direct evidence
(D) takes no account of the difference between a law’s enactment at a particular time and a law’s existence as part of a legal code at a particular time
(E) accepts without question that assumption about the purpose of laws that underlies the historian’s argument
答案是D
谁能告诉我D是什么意思啊
再问一道~~
3 Citizen of Mooresville: Mooresville’s current city council is having a ruinous effect on municipal finances. Since a majority of the incumbents are running for reelection, I am going to campaign against all these incumbents in the upcoming city council election. The only incumbent I will support and vote for is the one who represents my own neighborhood, because she has the experience necessary to ensure that our neighborhoods interests are served. If everyone in Mooresville would follow my example, we could substantially change the council’s membership.
Assuming that each citizen of Mooresville is allowed to vote only for a city council representative from his or her own neighborhood, for the council’s membership to be changed substantially, it must be true that
(A) at least some other voters in Mooresville do not make the same exception for their own incumbent in the upcoming election
(B) most of the eligible voters in Mooresville vote in the upcoming election
(C) few of the incumbents on the Mooresville city council have run for reelection in previous elections
(D) all of the seats on the Mooresville city council are filled by incumbents whose terms are expiring
(E) none of the challengers in the upcoming election for seats on Mooresville’s city council are better able to serve the interests of their neighborhoods than were the incumbents
答案A, 不太明白A的意思 make the same exception for.. 是指什么？
再问~
8. In Malsenia sales of classical records are soaring. The buyers responsible for this boom are quite new to classical music and were drawn to it either by classical scores from television commercials or by theme tunes introducing major sports events on television. Audiences at classical concerts, however, are continually shrinking in Malsenia. It can be concluded from this that the new Malsenian converts to classical music, having initially experienced this music as recorded music, are most comfortable with classical music as recorded music and really have no desire to hear live performances.
The argument assumes which one of the following?
(A) To sell well in Malsenia, a classical record must include at least one piece familiar from television.
(B) At least some of the new Malsenian buyers of classical records have available to them the option of attending classical concerts.
(C) The number of classical concerts performed in Malsenia has not decreased in response to smaller audiences.
(D) The classical records available in Malsenia are, for the most part, not recordings of actual public concerts.
(E) Classical concerts in Malsenia are not limited to music that is readily available on recordings.
答案给的C 这我没意见 C是排除他因 但是B为什么不对呢
“至少有一些买磁带的人有能够去听音乐会的选择”这个前提不满足的话，题干结论一样不能成立啊
再问~
8. In Malsenia sales of classical records are soaring. The buyers responsible for this boom are quite new to classical music and were drawn to it either by classical scores from television commercials or by theme tunes introducing major sports events on television. Audiences at classical concerts, however, are continually shrinking in Malsenia. It can be concluded from this that the new Malsenian converts to classical music, having initially experienced this music as recorded music, are most comfortable with classical music as recorded music and really have no desire to hear live performances.
The argument assumes which one of the following?
(A) To sell well in Malsenia, a classical record must include at least one piece familiar from television.
(B) At least some of the new Malsenian buyers of classical records have available to them the option of attending classical concerts.
(C) The number of classical concerts performed in Malsenia has not decreased in response to smaller audiences.
(D) The classical records available in Malsenia are, for the most part, not recordings of actual public concerts.
(E) Classical concerts in Malsenia are not limited to music that is readily available on recordings.
答案给的C 这我没意见 C是排除他因 但是B为什么不对呢
“至少有一些买磁带的人有能够去听音乐会的选择”这个前提不满足的话，题干结论一样不能成立啊
9. Brain scans of people exposed to certain neurotoxins reveal brain damage identical to that found in people suffering from Parkinson’s disease. This fact shows not only that these neurotoxins cause this type of brain damage, but also that the brain damage itself causes Parkinson’s disease. Thus brain scans can be used to determine who is likely to develop Parkinson’s disease.
The argument contains which one of the following reasoning errors?
(A) It fails to establish that other methods that can be used to diagnose Parkinson’s disease are less accurate than brain scans.
(B) It overestimates the importance of early diagnosis in determining appropriate treatments for people suffering from Parkinson’s disease.
(C) It mistakes a correlation between the type of brain damage described and Parkinson’s disease for a causal relation between the two.
(D) It assumes that people would want to know as early as possible whether they were likely to develop Parkinson’s disease.（B）
(E) It neglects to specify how the information provided by brain scans could be used either in treating Parkinson’s disease or in monitoring the progression of the disease.
还有这一道 答案给的B 我怎么觉得答案错了啊 我选的C
8. In
Malsenia sales of classical records are soaring. The buyers responsible
for this boom are quite new to classical music and were drawn to it
either by classical scores from television commercials or by theme
tunes introducing major sports events on television. Audiences at
classical concerts, however, are continually shrinking in Malsenia. It
can be concluded from this that the new Malsenian converts to classical
music, having initially experienced this music as recorded music, are
most comfortable with classical music as recorded music and really have
no desire to hear live performances.
The argument assumes which one of the following?
(A) To sell well in Malsenia, a classical record must include at least one piece familiar from television.
(B)
At least some of the new Malsenian buyers of classical records have
available to them the option of attending classical concerts.
(C) The number of classical concerts performed in Malsenia has not decreased in response to smaller audiences.
(D) The classical records available in Malsenia are, for the most part, not recordings of actual public concerts.
(E) Classical concerts in Malsenia are not limited to music that is readily available on recordings.
答案给的C 这我没意见 C是排除他因 但是B为什么不对呢
“至少有一些买磁带的人有能够去听音乐会的选择”这个前提不满足的话，题干结论一样不能成立啊
的确，这一点不满足，结论一样不成立。
不过，B和C哪一个更assume原文你2？请看“however, are continually shrinking in Malsenia”，however之后的转折，往往就是要注意的地方，原文中仅就continually shrinking这个趋势做了解释，说明，答案中需要的假设条件应该是从数量或比例上进行的“趋势”性的。C答案的“The number of ”就是很明显的标志词。
9. Brain
scans of people exposed to certain neurotoxins reveal brain damage
identical to that found in people suffering from Parkinson’s disease.
This fact shows not only that these neurotoxins cause this type of
brain damage, but also that the brain damage itself causes Parkinson’s
disease. Thus brain scans can be used to determine who is likely to
develop Parkinson’s disease.
(B)
It overestimates the importance of early diagnosis in determining
appropriate treatments for people suffering from Parkinson’s disease.
(C)
It mistakes a correlation between the type of brain damage described
and Parkinson’s disease for a causal relation between the two.
这题我又仔细看了看，收回前面的戏言。
Brain
scans of people exposed to certain neurotoxins reveal brain damage
identical to that found in people suffering from Parkinson’s disease.
This fact shows not only that these neurotoxins cause this type of
brain damage, but also that the brain damage itself causes Parkinson’s
disease. Thus brain scans can be used to determine who is likely to
develop Parkinson’s disease.
This fact shows not only that these neurotoxins cause this type of
brain damage, but also that the brain damage itself causes Parkinson’s
disease. 是对事实的陈述，逻辑是 neurotoxins导致brain damage，而brain damage导致Parkinson’s
disease，因此，便是neurotoxins导致Parkinson’s
disease。
题干意思是由于“Brain
scans”揭示了brain damage导致Parkinson’s
disease的事实，因此，就断定who is likely to
develop Parkinson’s disease，这显然是很草率的。
由此，从宏观上看，B答案是说得过去的。
(B)
It overestimates the importance of early diagnosis in determining
appropriate treatments for people suffering from Parkinson’s disease.
反观C答案：
(C)
It mistakes a correlation between the type of brain damage described
and Parkinson’s disease for a causal relation between the two.
damage的问题，已经是作为evidence告知了，因此，考虑correlation between the type of brain damage，是多余的。
这里我纠正一下前面的解释及结论。
crusoecrusoe太负责了 我都没来得及看你前面的“戏言”~~
“从宏观上看” 这点我还不太明白
是不是可以这样理解
B换句话说就是过分强调了brain scans和Parkinson’s disease的关系
而C中的“brain damages"和"Parkinson's disease"的因果关系并不是题目中的一个reasoning，而是作为一个客观事实出现的？
谢谢mm的回复 这是这麽久以来 第一次有除了crusoecrusoe大牛以外的热心人回复俺的问题
第8题 尽管我认为B选项有一定道理 但是C是正确选项是无疑的
我是这样思考的：
条件：sales of records soar 同时 Audiences at classical concerts shrink
结论：人们prefer records and have no desires to go to concerts
如果按照你的方法对C项取非 则相当于一个他因削弱 解释人们是出于客观concerts减少而不是主观have no desires
所以C是个一定要满足的assumption
关于B和C的比较，还是看看crusoecrusoe的回复，比较有启发
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