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标题: 两道OG迷糊逻辑题og-168,og-195 [打印本页]

作者: 5332649    时间: 2004-2-19 17:49
标题: 两道OG迷糊逻辑题og-168,og-195
各位大侠,
请教:

168. In the United States in 1986, the average rate of violent crime in states with strict



gun-control laws was 645 crimes per 100,000 persons—about 50 percent higher than the



average rate in the eleven states where strict gun-control laws have never been passed.



Thus one way to reduce violent crime is to repeal strict gun control laws.



Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?



(A) The annual rate of violent crime in states with strict gun-control laws has decreased



since the passage of those laws.



(B) In states with strict gun-control laws, few individuals are prosecuted for violating such



laws.



(C) In states without strict gun-control laws, many individuals have had no formal training in



the use of firearms.



(D) The annual rate of nonviolent crime is lower in states with strict gun-control laws than in



states without such laws.



(E) Less than half of the individuals who reside in states without strict gun-control laws own



a gun.





B 为何不对,有此条件,原因推不出结果



195.



A proposed change to federal income tax laws would eliminate deductions from taxable



income for donations a taxpayer has made to charitable and educational institutions. If this



change were adopted, wealthy individuals would no longer be permitted such deductions.



Therefore, many charitable and educational institutions would have to reduce services, and



some would have to close their doors.



The argument above assumes which of the following?



(A) Without the incentives offered by federal income tax laws, at least some wealthy



individuals would not donate as much money to charitable and educational institutions as



they otherwise would have.



(B) Money contributed by individuals who make their donations because of provisions in the



federal tax laws provides the only source of funding for many charitable and educational



institutions.



(C) The primary reason for not adopting the proposed change in the federal income tax laws



cited above is to protect wealthy individuals from having to pay higher taxes.



(D) Wealthy individuals who donate money to charitable and educational institutions are the



only individuals who donate money to such institutions.



(E) Income tax laws should be changed to make donations to charitable and educational



institutions the only permissible deductions from taxable income.





如果还有其他捐,就不会关门



作者: cranberry    时间: 2004-2-19 19:29
1,B是无关选项


    


2,文章的结构是     慈善捐款不能减免税负——一些靠捐款的慈善机关就可能运行不了,则中间的联系是没有这个减免,人们可能就不捐款了。B说的一是过于绝对,不需要这个假设也可以,比如,提供了大部分的资金而非全部。二是含糊,到底为了什么规定,是新的还是旧的,都没有说。


作者: 我爱欧洲    时间: 2005-5-17 01:16
168.B说有枪支管制的国家很少人触犯该法律。而推理的FOCUS是暴力犯罪,所以是无关。
作者: xinfaxian    时间: 2005-5-17 17:19

有没有哪位nn 可以再解释一下195那题,我同意A是对

的,可是D为什么不对呢?看了半天OG,还是没有明白。先谢谢了!


作者: liliy4gmat    时间: 2005-5-17 22:22

其实无论 Wealthy individuals 是不是唯一的捐款人,charitable and educational institutions 恐怕都要紧衣缩食了,毕竟捐款会减少。


作者: julia_ju    时间: 2005-5-17 22:54
是呀,D太绝对了吧。
作者: 我爱欧洲    时间: 2005-5-30 23:48
195题B和D的意思不是一样吗?都说个人捐款是慈善机构的唯一资金来源。
作者: roberto0220    时间: 2005-5-31 21:53

这道题我也错了,想了半天。现在想来是否是因为:assumption是必要的条件,而从文章中不能直接推出个人捐款是慈善机构的唯一资金来源,也就是b和d说的。所以b和d不对,就象楼上julia说的太绝对。


我的问题是:答案a的取非是什么?og就是用取非,但这种at least + not的取非是什么以及如何理解?请大家解答。有什么资料可以参考。


作者: jerrold0023    时间: 2005-5-31 23:28
OG said: An assumption of the argument is something that has to be true in order for the evidence presented to establish the conclusion.


作者: likui    时间: 2005-7-2 16:45
以下是引用xinfaxian在2005-5-17 17:19:00的发言:

有没有哪位nn 可以再解释一下195那题,我同意A是对


的,可是D为什么不对呢?看了半天OG,还是没有明白。先谢谢了!


看到题中的这句:

many charitable and educational institutions would have to reduce services, and some would have to close their doors.

如果只有wealthy individuals作为资助人,那么这些institutions必然是都close,而不会出现many institutions只是reduce services


作者: sensornet    时间: 2005-7-31 07:16

看到169题,发现大家好像很少讨论。其实B选项时隔很好的迷惑项,至少迷惑我。我觉得B虽然是错的,但不是无关。B中点出了原题的几个逻辑错误。原文说的是枪支管理法和暴力犯罪的关系。推出的结论是暴力犯罪和枪支管理法的因果关系。第一个错误,也是最重要的,就是这种因果关系是否存在。我不认为所有暴力犯罪都用枪支,比如说我用原子弹把日本炸了,枪支管理法就管不到。再比如,最近炸英国的巴三用了炸药,枪支管理法是否管得到?(有可能,这得问lawyer)。很多这样的例子。B选项点出了这点,只提及和枪支管理法相关的犯罪。原文的第二个错误就是比较方案有效性时不考虑参量的变化。A点出了第二个错误。B错就错在只考虑到第一个,但忘记了比较。如果把B改称Fewer individuals in states with that law than are prosecuted for violating such laws than those in other states without that law的话,会是个很好的选项。


另,我认为OG上对B的解释错了,至少我得到的版本现实作者当时没走大脑。


作者: drift_er    时间: 2005-8-23 08:26
195从本质上是个归纳题而不是假设题。问的是从文中能够归纳出的结论,而假设题是从答案中推出题中结论,注意问法。
作者: puccamummy    时间: 2005-11-8 00:01
以下是引用xinfaxian在2005-5-17 17:19:00的发言:

有没有哪位nn 可以再解释一下195那题,我同意A是对


的,可是D为什么不对呢?看了半天OG,还是没有明白。先谢谢了!



我原来也选D,但是原文已经表明有钱人不是唯一的捐款来源人。来源是所有因为捐款而可以免除赋税的纳税人。



作者: juliet01192000    时间: 2006-3-8 22:09
以下是引用sensornet在2005-7-31 7:16:00的发言:

看到169题,发现大家好像很少讨论。其实B选项时隔很好的迷惑项,至少迷惑我。我觉得B虽然是错的,但不是无关。B中点出了原题的几个逻辑错误。原文说的是枪支管理法和暴力犯罪的关系。推出的结论是暴力犯罪和枪支管理法的因果关系。第一个错误,也是最重要的,就是这种因果关系是否存在。我不认为所有暴力犯罪都用枪支,比如说我用原子弹把日本炸了,枪支管理法就管不到。再比如,最近炸英国的巴三用了炸药,枪支管理法是否管得到?(有可能,这得问lawyer)。很多这样的例子。B选项点出了这点,只提及和枪支管理法相关的犯罪。原文的第二个错误就是比较方案有效性时不考虑参量的变化。A点出了第二个错误。B错就错在只考虑到第一个,但忘记了比较。如果把B改称Fewer individuals in states with that law than are prosecuted for violating such laws than those in other states without that law的话,会是个很好的选项。


我也认为这道题值得好好讨论一下!

sensornet 你说的用红笔标出的部分我不太明白,可否麻烦你详细解释一下,谢谢!:)

我选了B,我的思路:

正如b所说,有strict gun-control laws的地方,很少有人触犯该法律,所以也就说明该法律是有效的不应该废除。

这也进一步说明,之所以states with strict gun-control laws的暴力犯罪高,是因为其他类型的暴力犯罪,而非枪支暴力犯罪。

盼解答,谢谢! :)


作者: juliet01192000    时间: 2006-3-8 22:10
不好意思刚刚题号标错了,应该是168!:)
作者: boochxu    时间: 2006-10-20 23:08

个人认为:B及D当然也应算是假设,只是在本题中过于绝对了,也就说“过分”了。由于ETS的答案不需要充分性,所以,在本题中B和D错。


作者: christlulu    时间: 2006-10-21 16:48
以下是引用liliy4gmat在2005-5-17 22:22:00的发言:

其实无论 Wealthy individuals 是不是唯一的捐款人,charitable and educational institutions 恐怕都要紧衣缩食了,毕竟捐款会减少。

同意此说法。。。而且也认为B和D的意思应该是差不多的。。
作者: christlulu    时间: 2006-10-21 16:50
以下是引用sensornet在2005-7-31 7:16:00的发言:

看到169题,发现大家好像很少讨论。其实B选项时隔很好的迷惑项,至少迷惑我。我觉得B虽然是错的,但不是无关。B中点出了原题的几个逻辑错误。原文说的是枪支管理法和暴力犯罪的关系。推出的结论是暴力犯罪和枪支管理法的因果关系。第一个错误,也是最重要的,就是这种因果关系是否存在。我不认为所有暴力犯罪都用枪支,比如说我用原子弹把日本炸了,枪支管理法就管不到。再比如,最近炸英国的巴三用了炸药,枪支管理法是否管得到?(有可能,这得问lawyer)。很多这样的例子。B选项点出了这点,只提及和枪支管理法相关的犯罪。原文的第二个错误就是比较方案有效性时不考虑参量的变化。A点出了第二个错误。B错就错在只考虑到第一个,但忘记了比较。如果把B改称Fewer individuals in states with that law than are prosecuted for violating such laws than those in other states without that law的话,会是个很好的选项。

另,我认为OG上对B的解释错了,至少我得到的版本现实作者当时没走大脑。

说得有道理,应该要比较。。。不过不明白你说的第二个错误。。。
作者: KATIEUS    时间: 2006-11-15 03:54
UP
作者: KATIEUS    时间: 2006-12-2 06:49

对于168 的B选项的错误应该是?

无关还是缺乏全面性?

 


作者: KATIEUS    时间: 2006-12-2 06:50

同意 sensornet 的观点。

 

继续讨论!


作者: melior    时间: 2007-4-8 01:57
以下是引用roberto0220在2005-5-31 21:53:00的发言:

这道题我也错了,想了半天。现在想来是否是因为:assumption是必要的条件,而从文章中不能直接推出个人捐款是慈善机构的唯一资金来源,也就是b和d说的。所以b和d不对,就象楼上julia说的太绝对。

我的问题是:答案a的取非是什么?og就是用取非,但这种at least + not的取非是什么以及如何理解?请大家解答。有什么资料可以参考。

将A取非:at least some --> none。None … not = All。
A取非后变成:Without the incentive offered by federal income tax laws, all wealthy individuals would donate as much money to charitable and educational insitutions as they otherwise would have. 则原文结论不成立,故A是assumption。


作者: asupls    时间: 2007-5-8 18:24
以下是引用likui在2005-7-2 16:45:00的发言:

看到题中的这句:

many charitable and educational institutions would have to reduce services, and some would have to close their doors.

如果只有wealthy individuals作为资助人,那么这些institutions必然是都close,而不会出现many institutions只是reduce services

我同意BD都太绝对,但是感觉A也有漏洞。

请问是否存在这样一种可能性,那就是不能抵税之后,富人照捐不误,但是很多穷人不捐了。结果那些慈善机构的钱就少了,所以有些要关门了。。。

或者说,这里不能去考虑穷人?因为提干只说了富人不再能抵税了,没说穷人?感觉这样有点牵强啊。

请指教,谢谢


[此贴子已经被作者于2007-5-8 18:28:33编辑过]

作者: huangyh03    时间: 2007-9-11 00:49
楼上的问题好有意思,其实这是个税收政策的问题,因为我们国家没有抵减个人所得税的政策所以可能有些xdjm不是很了解。通常税收会有低税率区间,正常税率区间和高税率区间。穷人收入大多都落在低税率和正常税率区间,富人收入肯定是超过高税率了。慈善捐款的数目可以延伸正常税率区间,也就是说本应征收高税率的一部分钱按照正常税率收税,所以纳税人少交了税。这个税率差别可是很大的,高税率有时会是正常税率的一倍,所以很多有钱人还是会选择慈善捐款来减少纳税额。但是穷人就不用了,因为本身交的就是低税率和正常税率,如果要捐,真的是无私的奉献了。
作者: neverblue203    时间: 2008-3-31 23:04

1,
            
注意题目:

the average rate of violent crime with strict gun-control laws is higer than the average rate without strict gun-control laws.

找到A项中的相同点:the annual rate of violent crimesince the passage of the those law. Decreased

 

2, In states with strict gun-control laws, few individuals are prosecuted for violating such laws.

首先,它违反了1中比较点:violent crime, gun law 的关系。

其次,理解下它的意思:在有严格枪支法律的州,很少有人因为违反该法律而被起诉。

即:按照ETS的理解,does not indicate that these laws have no effect on violent crime

没有显示:这些法律没有影响犯罪率。实际上,也没有显示:这些法律有影响犯罪率。

To be truth:  law violent crime在文中,并没有提到他们的关系。可以说信息不足(关键)

大家很喜欢去imagination:(ETStrick

怎么信息不足呢?很少有人因为违反该法律而被起诉。可能没有违反法律,人们的crime很高。也可能人们的crime 也很低。

 

3,还有一种理解不知道对不对。

In states with strict gun-control laws, few individuals are prosecuted for violating such laws

说明:人们没有违反法律,很守法,但是crime 高。说明laws形同虚设。Lawscrime无关,(与Achoice比较,反对程度不如A:直接减低。)――――正如:可能没有违反法律,人们的crime很高。也可能人们的crime 也很低。————信息不足。所以这种理解大家随便看看,这也是一种中了“ets陷阱的思想”——ets就是想让我们去imagine,进行进一步逻辑。即以前人说的无关逻辑。。所以这样是不对。

 

4,实际上B的问题,在于信息不足,给我们一些进一步推理的空间。从而上套。

有点罗唆。


作者: KooZhang    时间: 2008-6-13 16:06
嗯 犯罪一定是违法的 而违法不一定犯罪
作者: katrinaxy520    时间: 2008-9-17 20:39

B说在有枪支管理的地区很少有人违反该法律.这里就是偷换概念吧.违反法律并不是犯罪.所以对结论无作用.


作者: kz2000110    时间: 2008-9-17 22:23

楼上几个注意了,B选项的意思是违犯了枪支管制法,而原题的意思是violent crime即暴力犯罪率降低,B选项根本就是无关选项。及时违犯了枪支管制法,也不能算是暴力犯罪,可能连犯罪都算不上。


作者: helenzane    时间: 2008-9-19 21:46

我觉得吧,B好多问题,因为我完全不知该从何更改B。

我觉得,原文说的是犯罪率,而B说的是人数,好像看过lawyer说过,美国人反应不过来从数字到百分比,比如一个村子,只有10个人,然后有1个人因为触犯法律而被起诉,也可以说“few people”吧,但是百分比很大啊。

而且呢,很少有人因为触犯那种法律而被起诉,不代表很少有人触犯法律吧,可能触犯也不被起诉呢,突然想到那个安雷达的车因为超速而被罚款,那道题不久有个缺陷,说也许有人超速,但警察就是不抓,就抓安雷达超速的~。

总之,我觉得B完全无关


作者: kevin070707    时间: 2008-9-20 21:38
以下是引用5332649在2004-2-19 17:49:00的发言:
各位大侠,
请教:

168. In the United States in 1986, the average rate of violent crime in states with strict



gun-control laws was 645 crimes per 100,000 persons—about 50 percent higher than the



average rate in the eleven states where strict gun-control laws have never been passed.



Thus one way to reduce violent crime is to repeal strict gun control laws.



Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?



(A) The annual rate of violent crime in states with strict gun-control laws has decreased



since the passage of those laws.



(B) In states with strict gun-control laws, few individuals are prosecuted for violating such



laws.



(C) In states without strict gun-control laws, many individuals have had no formal training in



the use of firearms.



(D) The annual rate of nonviolent crime is lower in states with strict gun-control laws than in



states without such laws.



(E) Less than half of the individuals who reside in states without strict gun-control laws own



a gun.





B 为何不对,有此条件,原因推不出结果
            


To weaken,

Premise: a fact that avg rate with restrict gun's status higher than without restrict gun's.

A: repeal restrict gun's law

B: reduce crime.

A->B.

To weaken, not A.

Current status is desceing the avg rate of crime. thus, Choice A is the best.

Regarding Choice B,  few individuals are prosecuted --> law is effected.

Any relationship with the avg rate of crime? Pls don't 联想.


作者: kevin070707    时间: 2008-9-20 21:48
以下是引用5332649在2004-2-19 17:49:00的发言:
各位大侠,
请教:

195.

A proposed change to federal income tax laws would eliminate deductions from taxable

income for donations a taxpayer has made to charitable and educational institutions. If this

change were adopted, wealthy individuals would no longer be permitted such deductions.

Therefore, many charitable and educational institutions would have to reduce services, and

some would have to close their doors.

The argument above assumes which of the following?

(A) Without the incentives offered by federal income tax laws, at least some wealthy

individuals would not donate as much money to charitable and educational institutions as

they otherwise would have.

(B) Money contributed by individuals who make their donations because of provisions in the

federal tax laws provides the only source of funding for many charitable and educational

institutions.

(C) The primary reason for not adopting the proposed change in the federal income tax laws

cited above is to protect wealthy individuals from having to pay higher taxes.

(D) Wealthy individuals who donate money to charitable and educational institutions are the

only individuals who donate money to such institutions.

(E) Income tax laws should be changed to make donations to charitable and educational

institutions the only permissible deductions from taxable income.

如果还有其他捐,就不会关门

Premise: a proposal that  eliminate deductions from taxable income for donations a taxpayer has made to charitable and educational institutions.

A: wealthy individuals would no longer be permitted such deductions

B:  C and E I reduce services, and some would have to close their doors.

A--> B

to assumes, then not weaken.

if wealthy individuals would not reduce their donations, C and E I should not have to close.

A is correct.

Both B and D indicated the only source is wealthy individuals.

But if these people don't reduce donations, the C and E I also should not have to close.

The Key Point is reduce money, not source.


[此贴子已经被作者于2008-9-20 21:57:56编辑过]

作者: kevin070707    时间: 2008-9-20 21:51
以下是引用xinfaxian在2005-5-17 17:19:00的发言:

有没有哪位nn 可以再解释一下195那题,我同意A是对

的,可是D为什么不对呢?看了半天OG,还是没有明白。先谢谢了!

D indicated the avg rate of nonviolent crime.

Although this sentence is corrent, you can't compare the avg rate of noneviolent crime and the avg rate of crime.

Understand?


作者: Hystericalx    时间: 2010-12-6 10:04
195的D很好理解啊,D说有钱人是唯一捐款来源
但是这个还不是必须假设
虽然有钱人是唯一捐款来源,但是若是他们还是继续提供同样的资金支持的话,则对慈善机构无影响啊。D没有体现这一点。唯一是唯一,但是我不改变捐款数即使是唯一也不影响的
A正好比D进一步说明了没有incentive所以捐的少了。这样子的话即使捐款人多,有钱人捐少了,肯定会大大影响慈善机构的发展




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