ChaseDream

标题: prep1-3 句子结构 [打印本页]

作者: balabaladou7 时间: 2009-2-10 16:20
标题: prep1-3 句子结构

3. (24557-!-item-!-188;#058&001027)

Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.

(A) Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

(B) In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

(D) It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, when

(E) It took less than the 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, and then

我的问题是：

1）这个句子的结构是什么，Less than 35 years after 在句中的成分是什么

2）关于主句使用过去完成时，请问有什么线索可以确定用这个时态吗？是after吗？

3）release 在这里怎么翻译呢？

谢谢指教。

作者: balabaladou7 时间: 2009-2-10 22:55
请教。

作者: alohabrian 时间: 2009-2-10 23:45
Manhattan Gmat上的高手，RPurewal的回答。

this is a tricky one.

if you were narrating in the present tense, you'd say the following: 'as of today, the bees have migrated
as far north as southern texas.' therefore, since this sentence
describes a situation in the past (it describes the situation 35 years
after the release, which is before the present), you translate all
present-tense verbs into the past tense. this turns 'have migrated' into 'had migrated'.

there
is no explicit description of the 'second event' you're looking for in
this problem, which is what makes it difficult. instead, the 'second
event' is the point on the timeline, 35 years after the release of the
bees. because the sentence describes a trend whose relevance continues up to and through that point, a perfect tense is appropriate.

wrong answers:
*
choice b implies that the honeybees' descendants somehow released them
(perhaps a very bizarre case of karmic cycles, but absurd no matter
what).
* choice c: 'the 35 years since' implies that the present
is 35 years after the release date. not only does this conflict with
the meaning of the original, but it also renders the past perfect (from
the underlined part) inappropriate: you'd need present perfect in this
case. also, since the release is a point event, it would belong in the
simple past.
* choice d: in this sentence, the commas +
non-essential modifier ('..., when') seem to imply that the
descendants' migration took place simultaneously with the release of
the original honeybees. in addition, in this sentence, 'it' refers to
some unspecified event (it can't refer to the descendants' migration,
for the aforementioned reasons).
* choice e: all kinds of problems with this one. if you don't see what's wrong with it, reply and we will elaborate.

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-2-10 23:45:33编辑过]

作者: balabaladou7 时间: 2009-2-11 00:44

thanks.

我之前看过他的解释。就解释过去完成时这个问题的话，这个说法和语法中的“after表示以过去时间为起点的一段时间以后，且通常与过去时态连用”多少可以作为佐证。但，始终觉得哪里不对。

再请教

1）这个句子的结构是什么，Less than 35 years after 在句中的成分是什么？

作者: alohabrian 时间: 2009-2-11 00:56

其实我觉得RPurewal蛮清楚的，我们平时用现在完成时，隐含的时间点是现在。强调动词从过去发生，持续至现在或对现在的影响。

这里被隐含的时间按点是,African honeybees离开Sao Paulo的第35年，从这第三十五年之前到第三十五年，蜜蜂全部风走了。所以用完成时。

如果说现在时，就是到现在为止才飞走。

我认为Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil作状语。

但是细究less做什么成分，than做什么成分。

有些说不清， less indefinite pronoun 倒是可以。但是它怎么能修饰years可数名词复数。

作者: alohabrian 时间: 2009-2-11 01:04

我有点理解了，Less做pronoun, than 做 prepositon 构成常见的less than连用结构。

作者: balabaladou7 时间: 2009-2-11 15:13
顶起来继续请教。

作者: Mayanist 时间: 2009-2-11 16:33

以下是引用balabaladou7在2009-2-10 16:20:00的发言：

3. (24557-!-item-!-188;#058&001027)

Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.

(A) Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

(B) In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

(D) It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, when

(E) It took less than the 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, and then

我的问题是：

1）这个句子的结构是什么，Less than 35 years after 在句中的成分是什么

2）关于主句使用过去完成时，请问有什么线索可以确定用这个时态吗？是after吗？

3）release 在这里怎么翻译呢？

谢谢指教。

1）than是介词，Less是代词/量词，表示少量，修饰35years，朗文上有例子：less than 10/100 etc ：a distance of less than 100 metres；35 years after ...是介词短语做时间状语

2）35 years after the release 表示过去的一段时间，不再延续；作为对比，since这样从过去开始一直延续。有since引导的时间状语，主句用现在完成时；35年的结束的那个时间点，相对作者而言已经是个过去时间点了，就是这个时间点决定了谓语用过去时，而migrate的动作是在一段时间内发生，所以用过去完成时。------- 其实我同意alohabrian 的说法 -------- RPurewal蛮清楚的 -------- 希望我的表述没有起副作用

3）release就是释放的意思，可能是巴西因某种原因从非洲引入了这个物种，在不到35年的时间内，这个物种就向北迁徙到南德州了。

作者: balabaladou7 时间: 2009-2-11 17:02

以下是引用Mayanist在2009-2-11 16:33:00的发言：

3）release就是释放的意思，可能是巴西因某种原因从非洲引入了这个物种，在不到35年的时间内，这个物种就向北迁徙到南德州了。

非常感谢。

关于1）

我也找了些句子，比如，（before/after的成分在这里一样）

If an object that requires a permit for permanent export entered Canada less
        than
        35
        years before its proposed export, the export permit must be issued automatically, and cannot be refused.

less
        than
        35
        years before its proposed export 做时间状语。

less than 具有形容词和副词词性，这里我认为是形容词词性--adj+n+after(prep)--形容词短语作时间状语。

不知对否，请NN继续指正。

关于2）的解释也更清楚了。

谢谢alohabrian 和Mayanist

作者: alohabrian 时间: 2009-2-11 22:11
“less than 具有形容词和副词词性，这里我认为是形容词词性--adj+n+after(prep)--形容词短语作时间状语。”

如果你查字典就会知道。其实less只有三个词性。

1.predeterminer 前者限定词。
2.idefinite pronoun 不定代词。
3.adverb 副词

less是从little而来。但是little比less多一个语法功能就是adj。（随便说一下：当little做形容词，Little不可以表示quantity的多少。只能表示时间time/距离distance/尺寸size。）

词典上规定less是不能做形容词的。

我个人倾向于把less than+35 years看成：代词+介词+名词的结构比如 Both of the students

另外关于less是否可以修饰可数名词：我个人倾向于可以。但基本上都是要在less than 结构之后出现数字

参考：

Less than

The Grammar Book (p.728) states that
"Separation of fewer from the head noun encourages the
use of less" followed by the
example of "less than 50 people". So let's finally consider the case
of less than. There are 142 examples
of less than in MICASE, only five of
which are adverbials like "women are paid less than men". Of the
remaining 137, 97 (71%) have singular or uncountable complements. Therefore,
some 40 instances remain to be accounted for.

Around 10 are
clear cases where fewer would be
formally preferred, and would most likely be chosen in writing:

5) and I think
there's less than a hundred of these left,

6) and then there's
been less than a hundred cases total in the past seven years

7) there's like less
than five other places in Europe

8) now way at the
bottom, less than ten thousand bucks

9) in United States
less than five percent of the C-E-Os are women.

On the other hand,
there would seem to be a rather different rule that applies to certain
mathematical or numerical calculations, a number of which are quite common in
some speech events:

10) the order must
be less than or equal to ten, by Fermatt's theorem.

11) the probability
that X is less than six

12) photoelectrons are
scattered forward at less than forty degrees.

Less in these cases seems to be
operating as "some lower number than", as in:

10a) the order
must be ten or some lower number than ten, by Fermatt's theorem.

Finally, there are
cases like:

13) it'll go
through in less than ten seconds

This seems
perfectly reasonable if we interpret it as:

13a) it'll go
through in less time than ten seconds

Rather than:

13b) it'll go
though in fewer seconds than ten.

Since the great
majority of these instances of less than with plural complements were
spoken by faculty or senior graduate students, in this case there is no real
evidence of any generational shift in usage.

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-2-11 22:15:20编辑过]

作者: Mayanist 时间: 2009-2-12 00:10

谢谢你们的进一步讨论。13/13a的理解符合直觉：因为这里less than其实不表示比较，所以这种数字加可数名词是作为一个整体看的，例如10 years表示一段时间，20 meters表示一段距离。

作者: AlienX 时间: 2009-2-12 02:44
10 floor has some good points.
But I want to add more:
- in
general, "less than" 不可用在countable的東東上, 可是有exceptions: scientific units
(e.g. second, pound, etc), time, distance, percentage, etc.
-
there are infinite many exceptions in English. e.g. "10 or fewer
items" vs. "10 or less items" item本身不是scientific units, 也不是time,
distance, percentage, 這裡之所以用less是因為一個非常無奈的原因 -
美國人都習慣...(如果xdjm有機可以注意一下美式的超市, 會有類似的牌"10 or less items" (10 or
少於10個items的排這裡))
P.S. 以上是從Garner's Modern American Usage中搬出來....

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-2-12 2:59:54编辑过]

作者: Mayanist 时间: 2009-2-12 02:58

以下是引用AlienX在2009-2-12 2:44:00的发言：
10 floor has some good points.
But I want to add more:
- in general, "less than" 不可用在countable的東東上, 可是有exceptions: scientific units (e.g. second, pound, etc), time, distance, percentage, mass noun, etc.
- there are infinite many exceptions in English. e.g. "10 or fewer items" vs. "10 or less items" item本身不是scientific units, 也不是time, distance, percentage, 這裡之所以用less是因為一個非常無奈的原因 - 美國人都習慣...(如果xdjm有機可以注意一下美式的超市, 會有類似的牌"10 or less items" (10 or 少於10個items的排這裡))
P.S. 以上是從Garner's Modern American Usage中搬出來....

DX举的10 or less还是和数字放在一起，一起修饰items的，没有与 less than 10 items 用法不一样，只要没有less than items （造一个）/ less items 这样的用法就不算例外了。

10 or fewer items = 10 (items) or fewer items，fewer items联系紧密；而 10 or less items 中 10 or less 联系紧密

作者: AlienX 时间: 2009-2-12 03:07
hehe
not really...
will you say, "I have 10 less apples than John has"? or will you say, "I have 10 fewer apples than John has"?

Let's look at more reputable examples (I know I am not that reputable ;-)):
P1#165. Researchers have determined that, because of poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, and that these leopards are thus many times more rare than China's giant pandas.
P2#185. When drive-ins were at the height of their popularity in the late 1950s, some 4,000 existed in the United States, but today there are fewer than one-quarter as many.

作者: AlienX 时间: 2009-2-12 03:09
even more interesting news about this subject:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7591905.stm

作者: songlovegt 时间: 2009-2-12 03:38
我倒是有个问题，

Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.

(A) Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

(B) In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

(D) It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, when

(E) It took less than the 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, and then

如果 A 前面加 in，是否还正确？
In less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.
和原句比较呢？是否还表达同样的意思？

作者: songlovegt 时间: 2009-2-12 03:57
感觉有 in 和没有 in 还是很值得研究的。
比如
She graduated last year.
She graduated in last year.

作者: songlovegt 时间: 2009-2-12 04:08
查到了另外一个帖中的相似讨论
引用如下

以下是引用joe11在2005-6-12 11:55:00的发言：
欧对于本题理解的延拓解释：

To illustrate:

e.g.1. I wasn't born last year.

born 是去年中任何一时间点的事件，一次性动作。

e.g.2. 2 million AOL subscribers quit in last year.

in last year, 表示去年一年中的事件,从1/1 到 12/31，时间段。重复性动作。

大家看看本题是不是同理呢？

再回到这个题里，

Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.

(A) Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

(B) In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

(D) It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, when

(E) It took less than the 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, and then

整个划线部分作为全句的状语，是不是和上面例子中的 last year 修饰方式类似呢？
请NN解惑

作者: songlovegt 时间: 2009-2-12 04:40
好像想通了

Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.

在这个句子中

Less than 35 years 其实是做状语修饰 the release 的，这也符合上面例子的解释，即无 in 表示任何一时间点的事件，一次性动作。
有 in 表示时间段。重复性动作。release 是一次性动作而非重复性动作，故即便是其他部分不变，改成 in less than 也是不正确的。
In less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.

通过此点，可以排除 B,C
另外全句的实际状语是　after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,　而非 Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

仔细比较他们的差异
Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.

After the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.

作者: songlovegt 时间: 2009-2-12 20:52
顶上来，继续讨论

作者: Mayanist 时间: 2009-2-13 05:11

以下是引用AlienX在2009-2-12 3:07:00的发言：
hehe
not really...
will you say, "I have 10 less apples than John has"? or will you say, "I have 10 fewer apples than John has"?

Let's look at more reputable examples (I know I am not that reputable ;-)):
P1#165. Researchers have determined that, because of poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, and that these leopards are thus many times more rare than China's giant pandas.
P2#185. When drive-ins were at the height of their popularity in the late 1950s, some 4,000 existed in the United States, but today there are fewer than one-quarter as many.

说明一下，我上面的帖子没有说可以用 10 less apples，相反，我是说按照10 or less items的用法，可以用 10 or fewer apples，或者10 or less apples. 同时这种用法与在两物之间的比较不同。不过看了 http://blogs.warwick.ac.uk/richardwinskill/entry/10_items_or/ ，说现在鬼子也怀疑10 or less items了，将它改为 up to 10 items.

你后面的两个例子确实好，说明10 or less apples 肯定不好。谢谢！

特别是和下面的转贴放在一起看就很清晰了 http://blogs.warwick.ac.uk/richardwinskill/entry/10_items_or/

Would you say Reading is fewer than 100 miles from London?

No, because miles are an amount and thus use “less”. You could describe the distance as 160.9 km, 176,000 yards, 1.7×10^-11 lightyears, 94,567.2 smoots, 1.6×10¹⁵ Angstroms, or any unit of distance you like because you are describing an amount using arbitrary units. However there are no other ways to describe 10 items other than “10 items”, since the items are indivisible.

Since “10 items” is a number, but “100 miles” is an amount, you have fewer items and less miles.

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-2-13 5:28:48编辑过]

作者: Mayanist 时间: 2009-2-13 13:46

大全164--fewer和less的修饰

以下是引用笨笨可可在2008-7-2 3:57:00的发言：

164. Because natural gas is composed mostly of methane, a simple hydrocarbon, vehicles powered by natural gas emit less of certain pollutants than the burning of gasoline or diesel fuel.

(A) less of certain pollutants than the burning of gasoline or diesel fuel

(B) fewer of certain pollutants than burning gasoline or diesel fuel do

(D) fewer of certain pollutants than does burning gasoline or diesel fuel（E）

(E) less of certain pollutants than those burning gasoline or diesel fuel

首先我对于D和E的看法是这样的。。D fewer修饰的是可数名词pullutants，than后面补足了助动词does，但是缺陷就是than后面不对称了。

E的看法是less of我认为修饰不可数名词，than后面对称，但是我认为最好补充出do。。

所以这都有问题，那不存在正确答案。。

图片点击可在新窗口打开查看

open to dicusss.

这一题体现逻辑至上！ Vehicles emit less x than those (vehicles do) x，唯一满足这个逻辑对等关系的是E，更具体一点是：Vehicles powered by NG emit less than those burning GD （do）

我将less of certain pollutants 理解为 less amount of certain pollutants, certain某些（种类），不然就会写成fewer certain pollutants，因为longman dictionary of comtemporay english 就有这个例子：Although low-sulfur coal produces fewer pollutants, it's more expensive to mine.

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-2-13 13:58:17编辑过]

作者: lcy19812000 时间: 2009-2-14 23:21

以下是引用songlovegt在2009-2-12 3:57:00的发言：
感觉有 in 和没有 in 还是很值得研究的。
比如
She graduated last year.
She graduated in last year.

ZT:

i'd likewise prefer a wording such as 'in
        less
        than
        35
        years
        after...', because, in my opinion, it better conveys the idea that the migrations took place continuously over the
        35-year period. just plain 'less
        than' seemed to me, and possibly to you as well, to suggest that the migrations might have occurred all at once.

in any case, though, you've got to remember that correctness trumps clarity (and definitely trumps concision as well). therefore, differences in wording, such as this one, are trifling in comparison to actual errors in usage, grammar, diction, or idiom. i think both of us will agree that there is no idiom error in the wording chosen here; it's just a somewhat awkward wording (a situation by no means uncommon on the real test).

作者: alohabrian 时间: 2009-2-14 23:26

我总感觉似乎ETS想告诉我们，用less还是fewer,用many还是much和它所修饰的名词的冠词，单复数形式无关。这只是本人猜测。

作者: songlovegt 时间: 2009-2-15 00:42
引用
lcy19812000
in any case, though, you've got to remember that correctness trumps
clarity (and definitely trumps concision as well). therefore,
differences in wording, such as this one, are trifling in comparison to
actual errors in usage, grammar, diction, or idiom. i think both of us will agree that there is no idiom error in the wording chosen here; it's just a somewhat awkward wording (a situation by no means uncommon on the real test).

totally agree.
Thank

作者: lovebbshin 时间: 2009-3-21 02:07
关于songlovegt对有in无in的解释正确吗？

作者: lovebbshin 时间: 2009-3-26 00:20

关于songlovegt对有in无in的解释正确吗？

作者: smartsky11 时间: 2009-3-26 15:12
是

作者: xiaoniuren 时间: 2009-4-29 09:46
up

作者: vivian0331 时间: 2009-7-4 01:08

我想问个问题：我们不经常强调逻辑主语一致么？这道题的主语是their descendants，那么前面跟它对应的应该是African honeybees，选项Ａ的主语是the release of African honeybees.这个怎么解释？

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-7-4 1:08:40编辑过]

作者: vivian0331 时间: 2009-7-7 16:10

请允许我就这道题再问几个问题：

1)看prep语法解释上说，分词短语在句首起状语作用,逻辑主语等于句子主语，其实就是指B这种情况吧？

(B) In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

2)答案A的解释中after + n.结构避免了逻辑主语问题;这一点是什么意思啊？我怎么不太明白？

这道题我最关心的就是逻辑主语问题，以上几点还请大家指教。

谢谢！

(B) In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

2)答案A的解释中after + n.结构避免了逻辑主语问题;这一点是什么意思啊？我怎么不太明白？

这道题我最关心的就是逻辑主语问题，以上几点还请大家指教。

谢谢！

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-7-7 20:21:31编辑过]

作者: vivian0331 时间: 2009-7-7 23:34
up

作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2009-7-8 02:37

以下是引用vivian0331在2009-7-4 1:08:00的发言：

逻辑主语一致不是说主从句的主语都要同一个...

作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2009-7-8 02:40

以下是引用vivian0331在2009-7-7 16:10:00的发言：

请允许我就这道题再问几个问题：

1)看prep语法解释上说，分词短语在句首起状语作用,逻辑主语等于句子主语，其实就是指B这种情况吧？

(B) In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

2)答案A的解释中after + n.结构避免了逻辑主语问题;这一点是什么意思啊？我怎么不太明白？

这道题我最关心的就是逻辑主语问题，以上几点还请大家指教。

谢谢！

(B) In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

2)答案A的解释中after + n.结构避免了逻辑主语问题;这一点是什么意思啊？我怎么不太明白？

这道题我最关心的就是逻辑主语问题，以上几点还请大家指教。

谢谢！

(B) In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

2)答案A的解释中after + n.结构避免了逻辑主语问题;这一点是什么意思啊？我怎么不太明白？

这道题我最关心的就是逻辑主语问题，以上几点还请大家指教。

谢谢！

B的错误在于releasing显得是descendants的动作(releasing修饰descendants).
而A中releasing变成了release，那就没有修饰关系了

作者: vivian0331 时间: 2009-7-8 12:51

以下是引用aeoluseros在2009-7-8 2:37:00的发言：

逻辑主语一致不是说主从句的主语都要同一个...

有点明白了，我之前的想法太死板。

以后多注意这方面的case。谢谢！

作者: Brilliance 时间: 2009-7-19 17:52

怎么看不到回复？

作者: 天蝎座1107 时间: 2009-8-10 20:02
标题: 一点想法

Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.

(A) Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

(B) In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

(D) It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, when

(E) It took less than the 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, and then

1. 关于加不加in---不加in是时间点，加了in是一个period。把the release of African honeybees outside SPB作为时间点X, 那么less than 35 years after X就是X-35这个时间点。举个例子，如果X是1950那么X-35就是1925; 然而如果加了in就像是在1950到1925这段period中怎样怎样。

2. 主句用了过去完成时是过去的过去那么句中 less than 35 years这是一个过去的时间点点例如1925 release是一个过去的时间点然而their descendants had migrated这件事情发生在release之前---即less than 35 years这个点也就是一个过去的时间点的过去例如1950再往前推了35 years

作者: dalphia 时间: 2009-8-10 20:35
我觉得A选项的结构属于‘<N>短语+<

rep>短语’的独立主格，其中
<n>短语＝less than 35 years
<prep>短语＝after ...
此独立主格有自己的逻辑主语就是' < 35 years', 同类的例子比如'books in hand, the professor...'

另外关于in的解释（朗文）：
expressing a period of time during which an event takes place or a situation remains the case : they met in 1885 | at one o'clock in the morning | I hadn't seen him in years.

也就是说‘in+时间’后不能接完成时(持续的动作)，只能接过去时的动作或一个持续的状态，所以 ‘in less than 35 years..., ... had migrated’ 是错的(BC同理)，但是可以把A选项前加上'within', 不影响

注意未划线的主句中的谓语动词'had migrated'

如果想说持续的动作，要用during或within, 不能用in：
during/within + time, ... have/had done
in + time, ... did...
in + time, ... 持续的状态...

绝对错(如BC)：in + time, ...have done...

还有in+时间不表示反复的动作

作者: 没办法1987 时间: 2009-8-25 15:12

* choice c: 'the 35 years since' implies that the present
is 35 years after the release date. not only does this conflict with
the meaning of the original, but it also renders the past perfect (from
the underlined part) inappropriate: you'd need present perfect in this
case. also, since the release is a point event, it would belong in the
simple past.
* choice d: in this sentence, the commas +
non-essential modifier ('..., when') seem to imply that the
descendants' migration took place simultaneously with the release of
the original honeybees. in addition, in this sentence, 'it' refers to
some unspecified event (it can't refer to the descendants' migration,
for the aforementioned reasons).
* choice e: all kinds of problems with this one. if you don't see what's wrong with it, reply and we will elaborate.

确认一点：他这么说，那么since就只能是指：从过去开始持续至今了，是么？？那么就是说，最后的时间点在现在，后面不可能跟过去完成时了？？这也是prep讲的？

我在langman上面查，since的解释似乎也是这样：

since S1 W1

1 [generally used with a perfect tense in the main clause]
from a particular time or event in the past until the present, or in that period of time:

但是他有一个例句：It was exactly five years since her father had died.

他这样的感觉好像是“现在就是过去”

这样不是很奇怪么？

作者: yinan 时间: 2009-9-15 00:03
顶，同ls，问since后面的时态

作者: verylotus 时间: 2009-10-11 20:18
同问，since后面可以接过去完成时的吧。。C错会不会是因为since的主句和从句不能时态相同啊？

作者: zouchengru 时间: 2010-8-18 22:46
顶上来，c错的原始究竟是加不加in，还是SINCE后面的时态不对

作者: jaze 时间: 2011-2-20 19:13

好像想通了

Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.

在这个句子中

Less than 35 years 其实是做状语修饰 the release 的，这也符合上面例子的解释，即无 in 表示任何一时间点的事件，一次性动作。
有 in 表示时间段。重复性动作。release 是一次性动作而非重复性动作，故即便是其他部分不变，改成 in less than 也是不正确的。
In less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.

通过此点，可以排除 B,C
另外全句的实际状语是　after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,　而非 Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,

仔细比较他们的差异
Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.

After the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.

-- by 会员 songlovegt (2009/2/12 4:40:00)

好像不是这样的吧，
Less than 35 years 其实是做状语修饰 the release 的这怎么可能？ the release 是after的宾语，这里应该是介宾短语 == 形容词来修饰 35 years的吧。而且 less than 的逻辑主语是 their descendants ， less than 在句中作状语修饰的是 migrate 这个动作

整句话简要意思就是在它们释放还不到 35年就迁徙到了。。。。。

作者: kevinjpcn 时间: 2013-6-4 17:20
被这道题考到了，开始做的时候，觉得所有选项都不对，最后无奈只有选择B
。因为没有见过less than的这种做状语用法。
太奇怪了，语法点太多了。GMAT的语法是参考哪本书出题的啊。

作者: kakadinho 时间: 2013-10-2 11:01
这道题C选项不对的原因其实很简单：

对于过去完成时，在句中应该有一个明确的specific time of past可以对应，才能表达“过去的过去”。

而划线部分的时间状语（先不管正确选项是啥），给主句的had migrated提供了那个specific time of past; 但是如果在划线部分又出现一个had been released, 这个动作对应的specific time of past是没有在句中出现的，所以划线部分不能再用过去完成时了。当然，C还有一个小错误，就是the应该去掉。

而至于A为什么不能用“in”，我觉得原因是这样的：

“（less than 35 years） after X” 只表达了一个“在X之后某个小于35年的时间点” ； “In less than 35 years after X" 表示 ”在X之后的不到35年间“。一个是过去的时间点，一个是过去的时间段，这个时候如何选择就要看谓语动词的意思了:

而migrate用了过去完成时had migrated，表示过去已经完成了，而且migrate是一个动作（虽然所有蜜蜂不可能完全同时一次性迁移，但迁移本身就是一个动作），动作的过去完成时就是在某个过去的时间点之前该动作全部完成了；(如果有人纠结在"即使是一个动作，但migrate不是应该是35年间不断发生的么”，那好，这样是否应该用had been migrating呢)

而migrate不是一个状态，状态的过去完成时才可能是”在过去某个时间段之间都已经是某个状态了“。

所以：had migrated less than 35 years after X = 在X之后不到35年的某个时间点之前，所有descendants都迁移完了；

综上，总结一下：
1. 每个在句中出现的过去完成时，都应该有一个specific time of past与之形成时间的对应；
2. 关于过去完成时对应的specific time of past是时间段，还是时间点，要看谓语动词的情况是：1）时间点：一次性动作；2）时间段：持续性或重复性动作，或者状态
可以再举个例子：
I had married 2 years before the Second World War. 我在二战前2年就已经结过婚了。
I had been single in 2 years before the Second World War. 我在二战之前的2年内已经是单身了。

作者: zwhjzwhj 时间: 2015-3-8 13:03
这道题真是晕忽忽，而且题号还不好搜，最怕这种单数的题号了。搜一个prep 3，出来19页搜索结果，只要带3的都有。什么时候CD可以按内容搜索而不单单按标题搜索就好了。。。

作者: cherrywyr 时间: 2016-12-7 03:26
关于有没有in的说法，以下是Ron的解释
Why the option A uses "Less than 35 years after..." rather than "In less than 35 years after..." ?

i'm with you on this one; i'd likewise prefer a wording such as 'in less than 35 years after...', because, in my opinion, it better conveys the idea that the migrations took place continuously over the 35-year period. just plain 'less than' seemed to me, and possibly to you as well, to suggest that the migrations might have occurred all at once.

in any case, though, you've got to remember that correctness trumps clarity (and definitely trumps concision as well). therefore, differences in wording, such as this one, are trifling in comparison to actual errors in usage, grammar, diction, or idiom. i think both of us will agree that there is no idiom error in the wording chosen here; it's just a somewhat awkward wording (a situation by no means uncommon on the real test).

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