21. Historian: We can learn about the medical history of individuals through chemical analysis of their hair. It is likely, for example, that Isaac Newton’s psychological problems were due to mercury poisoning; traces of mercury were found in his hair. Analysis is now being done on a lock of Beethoven’s hair. Although no convincing argument has shown that Beethoven ever had a venereal disease, some people hypothesize that venereal disease caused his deafness. Since mercury was commonly ingested in Beethoven’s time to treat venereal disease, if researchers find a trace of mercury in his hair, we can conclude that this hypothesis is correct.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the historian’s argument depends?
(A) None of the mercury introduced into the body can be eliminated.
(B) Some people in Beethoven’s time did not ingest mercury.
(C) Mercury is an effective treatment for venereal disease.
(D) Mercury poisoning can cause deafness in people with venereal disease.
(E) Beethoven suffered from psychological problems of the same severity as
答案为B
There should be 2 assumptions to support the hypothesis. The 1st assumption of the author is that only venereal disease will be treated by mercury in Beethoven’s time. The 2nd assumption is only some people in Beethoven's time will ingest mercury, if all people ingest mercury, the evidence is not useful. So, some people in Beethoven's time did not ingest mercury. The answer should be B.
答案的解释看不懂，牛牛的解释太深奥了，当然也是因为自己太愚钝了。。555。。。。
不管怎么样，说说我的解题思路，望路过的牛牛们，能指教一下，说说我的思路到底是哪里出问题了，拜谢了！！！！
看了题目最后一句，if researchers find a trace of mercury in his hair, we can conclude that this hypothesis is correct.
觉得因果间没有什么太明确的关系，觉得取非应该是最节省时间的方法（对hypothesis有weaken的就是对的）。。
hypothesis'vew: 1) venereal disease caused his deafness; 2) mercury was commonly ingested in Beethoven’s time to treat venereal disease
总的来说，a,c,d,e都很好排除了（a为无关选项，c里面多了一个effective,错，原文没讨论那么远，d混淆视听，cause deafness 是venereal disease，整个顺序都乱套了 ，e错误比较，题目没涉及）
可是郁闷的是我觉得b也不对 （汗如雨下啊。。）
觉得B取非，并没有weaken到hypothesis,最多只能算是与hypothesis比较一致，support。。
请走过路过的xdjm，把自己的正确解题思路留下，也让我有机会学习进步一下。。
23. On a certain day, nine scheduled flights on Swift Airlines were canceled. Ordinarily, a cancellation is due to mechanical problems with the airplane scheduled for a certain flight. However, since it is unlikely that Swift would have the mechanical problems with more than one or two scheduled flights on a single day, some of the nine cancellations were probably due to something else.
(A) More than one or two airplanes were scheduled for the nine canceled flights.
(B) Swift Airlines has fewer mechanical problems than do other airlines of the same size.
(C) Each of the canceled flights would have been longer than the average flight on Swift Airlines.
(D) Swift Airlines had never before canceled more than one or two scheduled flights on a single day.
(E) All of the airplanes scheduled for the canceled flights are based at the same airport.
还有一道assumption的题，看来这类题还没弄通啊。。。
大家一起看看吧。。
答案为a,说是取非weaken到结论了，反而是support，说明“mechanical problems with more than one or two scheduled flights on a single day“视unlikely发生的，也就支持了可能是其他原因。。。
我觉得结论是：some of the nine cancellations were probably due to something else.
个人觉得d取非，weaken到结论了，说明原文unlikely的部分是可能的，也就削弱了，可能没有其他原因，就是机械故障而以
请各位指出我的分析错误，谢谢了！！！！
咦？真的贴错位置了。。。做题做晕了。。有办法换去对的地方吗？。。。。
这位NN，你能不能讲的细一点。
“B的取非:some->no(ne): No people in Beethoven’s time did not ingest mercury.=>All people in Beethoven’s time DID ingest mercury。”
你说的意思是Some people in Beethoven’s time did not ingest mercury，这句话的取非是No people in Beethoven’s time did not ingest mercury？
我还以为b的取非应该是Some people in Beethoven’s time did ingest mercury咧，（照着墙再擂一下。。哎哟！）
还想再问一下，hypothesis'view 是什么？我有没有分析对？
你要是能随便帮我把下一题也看看，那就太太感谢了！
1. all----not all/some---none/always----not always/sometimes----never/everywhere---not everywhere/somewhere---nowhere/only one, exactly one---none, more than one/at least one, some---none
2.对于选项为条件句，将必要条件取非。
3.直接将谓语肯定变否定
LAYER NN的取非准则
建议LZ不要太执着于取非，这只是一个求证答案的方法，不是挑选答案的好方法，很容易出现逻辑盲点。
如some...not取非的问题。some...do本身就是some...not的另一种说法，而不是反面。举个极端些的例子，世界上只有两种颜色，白色和非白色，有一些东西是白色，当然另外一些是非白色了，如果要否定这个关系，只有一种可能，就是所有东西都是白色。显而易见了，some...do取非是all...do,some..not取非是all...not.
如果要问什么时候才能谓语取非，这个就太难了……具体情况气体分析……
最简单的概括之，一个圆全部都是白色，那么取非它一定非白色，不要再去思考非白色包括什么颜色了，这是我们和西方人思维方式的区别，取非是对我们不利的方式……
额……sorry,当作病例吧
世界上只有两种颜色，白色和非白色，有一些东西是白色，当然另外一些是非白色了，取非应当是排除“有一些东西是白色”的可能，只有所有东西都是非白色才可以……即是some...do...是all...not...（none...do...）……海涵海涵
非常谢谢二位，使我对some..not的取非有了较深的理解。不过想问问我对hypothesis'view 有没有分析对？
hypothesis'vew: 1) venereal disease caused his deafness; 2) mercury was commonly ingested in Beethoven’s time to treat venereal disease
希望多多指教！
还有7楼说“不要太执着于取非，这只是一个求证答案的方法，不是挑选答案的好方法，很容易出现逻辑盲点。”
请问你在做assumption的时候，有什么高招啊？想听一听，看对我有没有启发！
谢谢！
同时请大家帮我看看第二题啊！！
这位NN，能不能具体说说，没太明白。
你是说在题目由more than one or two scheduled flights
改为more than one or two airplanes，a,d选项不改的情况下，A就为正确选项？
为什么呀？如果题目改后，我就完全不会做了，请恕我愚钝。。。
觉得一个是airplane，一个是scheduled flight，不是一码事，a,d就算取不取非，好像说得也只是关于scheduled flight，跟airplane没关系。。
能不能细说一下你的思路啊？谢谢了！非常感谢！
MM，hypothesis'view指的是什么?
我觉得作者企图通过下面的方式得出结论
在头发里发现水银，那么他服用过水银，（因为水银在那个时代通常被服用来治疗venereal disease），所以他一定得过venereal disease。最后得出结论venereal disease是deafness的原因。
个人理解呢，这个逻辑链里assume的东西比较多：1、头发里发现水银-〉服用过水银（从牛顿的那个事实中我能得到的信息是 mercury poisoning; traces of mercury in his hair这两个现象的关系，但仅从这些信息，不能完全得出该假设成立）2、服用过水银-〉得过venereal disease（“only venereal disease will be treated by mercury in Beethoven’s time.”）3、venereal disease是deafness的原因，而不是其他原因。
挑选答案用排除，确定答案用取非，（虽然有些看着答案找不相关的嫌疑，但是一些与题目内容完全无关的选项还是能去除的）
(A) None of the mercury introduced into the body can be eliminated. （eliminated，无关，因为题目已经有if researchers find a trace of mercury in his hair）
(B) Some people in Beethoven’s time did not ingest mercury.
(C) Mercury is an effective treatment for venereal disease. （effective，严重无关词）
(D) Mercury poisoning can cause deafness in people with venereal disease.
(E) Beethoven suffered from psychological problems of the same severity as
D取非，Mercury poisoning不是deafness 的原因，反而支持了venereal disease是deafness原因的结论。我觉得D选项是削弱。
B取非，所有人都服用了水银，那么显然，假设2是不可能成立的，从而打断了推理链。
个人理解，欢迎讨论
回lz
如果scheduled flight改成plane，确实题目会好理解很多，
推理是，不可能有1-2架飞机同一天出故障-〉一天取消的9条航线中有一些不是因为机械故障
因为只要安排了3架飞机去服务这9条航线，就算有2架出故障了，还有一架飞机必然不会导致9条航线全部取消，所以部分取消有他因。
回AlienX
题目没有错
参考http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=24&ID=234281&replyID=2198269&skin=1
说回来plane更像GMAT题，flight更像LSAT题，
希望有帮助。
MM，hypothesis'view指的是什么?
我觉得作者企图通过下面的方式得出结论
在头发里发现水银，那么他服用过水银，（因为水银在那个时代通常被服用来治疗venereal disease），所以他一定得过venereal disease。最后得出结论venereal disease是deafness的原因。
个人理解呢，这个逻辑链里assume的东西比较多：1、头发里发现水银-〉服用过水银（从牛顿的那个事实中我能得到的信息是 mercury poisoning; traces of mercury in his hair这两个现象的关系，但仅从这些信息，不能完全得出该假设成立）2、服用过水银-〉得过venereal disease（“only venereal disease will be treated by mercury in Beethoven’s time.”）3、venereal disease是deafness的原因，而不是其他原因。
挑选答案用排除，确定答案用取非，（虽然有些看着答案找不相关的嫌疑，但是一些与题目内容完全无关的选项还是能去除的）
(A) None of the mercury introduced into the body can be eliminated. （eliminated，无关，因为题目已经有if researchers find a trace of mercury in his hair）
(B) Some people in Beethoven’s time did not ingest mercury.
(C) Mercury is an effective treatment for venereal disease. （effective，严重无关词）
(D) Mercury poisoning can cause deafness in people with venereal disease.
(E) Beethoven suffered from psychological problems of the same severity as
D取非，Mercury poisoning不是deafness 的原因，反而支持了venereal disease是deafness原因的结论。我觉得D选项是削弱。
B取非，所有人都服用了水银，那么显然，假设2是不可能成立的，从而打断了推理链。
个人理解，欢迎讨论
谢谢，经过大家的悉心解答，我总算明白了。不过个人觉得d比较像无关讨论，原文没讨论Mercury poisoning 和deafness /venereal disease的问题。
还有一个问题，刚刚想到的，想确定一下。
some...not的取非是none...not
请问a选项中的none of....do的取非是什么？是some of...do 吗？
对的~none---some
回lz
如果scheduled flight改成plane，确实题目会好理解很多，
推理是，不可能有1-2架飞机同一天出故障-〉一天取消的9条航线中有一些不是因为机械故障
因为只要安排了3架飞机去服务这9条航线，就算有2架出故障了，还有一架飞机必然不会导致9条航线全部取消，所以部分取消有他因。
回AlienX
题目没有错
参考http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=24&ID=234281&replyID=2198269&skin=1
说回来plane更像GMAT题，flight更像LSAT题，
希望有帮助。
太谢谢了！
看了那个链接，觉得豁然开朗。。
不过个人觉得23题挺难的，如果在做题之前没想清楚flight和plane的差异，D选项的干扰性挺大的，几乎就是题干的重复。 。
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