之前的我认为夹心应该有两种:
(1)S,v-ing........,V O。
v-ing.......作为主谓之间的插入成分。这种情况往往容易造成v-ing.......一方面做定语就近修饰前面的名词主语S,另一方面做伴随动作状语向后修饰谓语动词V。向前向后修饰不确定,带来了歧义。
(2)....V1.....(从句),v-ing.....,........V2.......(主句)。
v-ing.......作为伴随动作状语同时向前向后修饰V1、V2引起歧义。
后来看了大牛的夹心总结帖
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=23&id=235781&star=1#3160835
里面有关于夹心的定义:
什么是“夹心”:所谓“夹心”,既可以作为定语修饰主语,又可以作为状语修饰后面的谓语)很多时候的“夹心”是指在主语和谓语之间加入分词修饰。
我开始思考我的第二种夹心现象是否为夹心,看到了prep 2 - 43:
43. (26724-!-item-!-188;#058&003285)
Although ice particles in the upper atmosphere benefit Earth in that they reflect and absorb solar radiation, acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up or freezing over, they also accelerate the destruction of the ozone layer by reacting with chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's).
(A) acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up or freezing over, they also accelerate(A)
(B) acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth either from burning up or freezing over, while also accelerating
(C) act as a global thermostat and thus keep Earth from either burning up or freezing over, while also accelerating
(D) they act as a global thermostat that thus keeps Earth either from burning up or freezing over, even though it also accelerates
(E) they act as a global thermostat to thus keep Earth from either burning up or freezing over, but they also accelerate
解释说A中acting只能向前修饰,不存在歧义,因为如果要向后修饰,必须在Although从句和acting之间加上连词,因为这都是修饰主句的状语,没有连词无法并列存在。
OK,看到这里我彻底否掉了我第二种夹心现象:(2)....V1.....(从句),v-ing.....,........V2.......(主句)。的确是要在现在分词和从句之间加连词才可以并列做状语修饰主句。对吧?
在认为夹心现象只有第一种的时候,我又看到了一个题:
prep test2
32. (26170-!-item-!-188;#058&003042)
The Chicago and Calumet Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing canals so that the water now empties into the Mississippi by way of the Illinois River.
(A) Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing
(B) Rivers had originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but they have been redirected by constructing
(C) Rivers, which originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan but have been redirected by the construction of
(D) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by the construction of
(E) Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, have been redirected through the construction of(E)
第一眼看上去正确答案出现了夹心现象,我一下子就蒙了,以为连现象一也有例外,是不是根本就没有夹心现象?
但是现在想想,不能象那个大牛那样定义主谓之间加个现在分词就算是夹心了,还要具体问题具体分析。
说到这里,置顶帖中关于分词的帖子给我很大启发http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=23&ID=48928
如果本题E为夹心现象,那么flowing肯定可以做伴随状语修饰redirected,然而,注意这里,伴随状语一定是要同时发生的!
比如:
可以同时发生的句子:
He scored 100,making him the best student in the class. 伴随结果状语,前后动作同时发生
He is sitting under the tree,reading a book.伴随动作状语,前后动作同时发生
再举个不能同时发生的句子:
He went into the classroom, sitting on the chair. 这里就很荒谬了,在进教室的同时,坐椅子的动作发生
也就是说,如果两个动作一前一后是不能采用伴随状语形式的,而应该还原成:
He went into the classroom and sit on the chair.
回到prep 2-32
originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, have been redirected through the construction 这里的flow into和redirect是不能同时发生的。
originally说明flow into的动作在前,have been说明redirect的动作在后,也就是从这里看出originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan只
能向前修饰,不能象后修饰!
小结:
一 我彻底否掉了我第二种夹心现象:(2)....V1.....(从句),v-ing.....,........V2.......(主句)。的确是要在现在分词和从句之间加连词才可以并列做状语修饰主句。
二 (1)S,v-ing........,V O。这种经典夹心现象在实战中要注意一点,也就是分词动作和后面的谓语动作是否可以同时发生,如果可以,那么为夹心现象,如果不行,一个动作在前,一个动作在后,那分词只能向前修饰,不会产生夹心现象。不要看见这种模式就把它当成错误选项排除。
大家看看对不?如果不对共同讨论,一起进步!
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
补充:
一 10楼更新夹心的又一种情况:
....N1,v-ing,N2....这里现在分词同时向前向后修饰N1和N2引起歧义
二 11楼更新夹心的定义:(正因为有了新情况,所以原来局限在主谓之间的定义被打破了)
凡分词结构做插入语,其修饰对象可前可后存在歧义的情况,称之为夹心。(这里的分词可以包括现在分词和过去分词)
注:由于考虑到分类的复杂性,暂时不把句尾情况也看成是夹心,避免混乱。
大家讨论一下吧
自己沙发休息一下
我也被夹心现象折磨了一段时间,总悟不出,看了LS的我有点觉悟了
还有一题也是选的夹心现象
Unlike crested wheatgrass, an alien species from Siberia that forms only shallow roots and produces tall above-ground shoots, native North American grasses develop an extensive root system, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but do not grow to be very tall.
(A) native North American grasses develop an extensive root system, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but do not grow to be very
(B) native North American grasses develop an extensive root system, which allows for their greater enrichment of the soil, but without growing to be that
(C) the root system of native North American grasses is extensive, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but they do not grow to be very
(D) the root system of native North American grasses is more extensive, allowing for the greater enrichment of the soil, but these grasses do not grow to be very
(E) the extensiveness of the root system of native North American grasses allows for their greater enrichment of the soil, but they do not grow to be that
选A
选A
还有一题也是选的夹心现象
Unlike crested wheatgrass, an alien species from Siberia that forms only shallow roots and produces tall above-ground shoots, native North American grasses develop an extensive root system, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but do not grow to be very tall.
(A) native North American grasses develop an extensive root system, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but do not grow to be very
(B) native North American grasses develop an extensive root system, which allows for their greater enrichment of the soil, but without growing to be that
(C) the root system of native North American grasses is extensive, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but they do not grow to be very
(D) the root system of native North American grasses is more extensive, allowing for the greater enrichment of the soil, but these grasses do not grow to be very
(E) the extensiveness of the root system of native North American grasses allows for their greater enrichment of the soil, but they do not grow to be that
选A
选A
本题来自prep 2-56
这里不是夹心现象
develop ....but do not grow 中develop和do是两个并列的谓语,主语(或者说动作发出者)为native North American grasses
allowing for 动作发出者为an extensive root system
allowing和do not grow 的动作发出者不同,何来伴随动作一说
回忆一下夹心现象的模型:
S, V1-ing, V2 O
这里的V1和V2两个动作都是S发出的,且同时发生,才产生夹心现象
明白了吗?
赞一个,我有个疑问...ing短语在句中和句尾是不是不一样呢?在句尾好似除了前面句子是系表结构或者插入语,印象中基本上是做状语的啊?
楼主请看大全中的一道夹心考题,还有LES引用的OG245
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=23&replyid=2497338&id=27383&page=1&skin=0&Star=1
这两题都是是楼主否定掉的情况哦,但是连OG也承认是夹心。
楼主请看大全中的一道夹心考题,还有LES引用的OG245
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=23&replyid=2497338&id=27383&page=1&skin=0&Star=1
这两题都是是楼主否定掉的情况哦,但是连OG也承认是夹心。
首先,感谢你给我的夹心新情况,呵呵,发上来讨论比一个人默默总结好多了。
但是,我必须指出,你说的夹心和我的夹心讨论的不是同一类。
造成这种误解有两种原因:(1)我的符号或表达可能过于简单,容易造成误解;(2)你看的时候没有明白我的真正意思;
我们最关键的区别在于:你的夹心是ing分词短语在修饰紧前名词1的同时,能够向后修饰名词2
而我说的夹心是向后修饰谓语动词:
(1)ing分词短语放在主谓之间,在修饰紧前名词(主语)的同时,向后做伴随状语修饰谓语动作(即这个主语发出的动作)
(2)状语从句.....V1.....,ing分词.....,主句....V2.....(V1\V2都是同一个主语发出)具体见我1楼帖出的prep 2 - 43。这里ing分词同时向前、向后修饰V1、V2的夹心情况被我否掉,因为这个时候ing分词向后修饰主句做伴随状语,而状语从句也是修饰主句做状语成分,两个状语成分的并列要加连词,而非逗号。此思想来自prep笔记解释。情况(2)被我否掉,其实也是被prep笔记否掉了,所以我们就研究情况一好了。
拿(1)说,我的夹心是向后修饰谓语动作的,你的夹心是向后修饰名词2的,我没有否掉你说的情况。
把你的证据贴出来:
这个选项是典型的:"squinting modifier"修饰,请参考OG245的解释:
245. Unlike Schoenberg’s twelve-tone system that dominated the music of the postwar period, Bartok founded no school and left behind only a handful of disciples.
(A) Schoenberg’s twelve-tone system that dominated (B) Schoenberg and his twelve-tone system which dominated (C) Schoenberg, whose twelve-tone system dominated (D) the twelve-tone system of Schoenberg that has dominated(C) (E) Schoenberg and the twelve-tone system, dominating
C, the best answer, is the only choice that makes a logical comparison: Unlike Schoenberg,... Bartok. In A, B, and D, Bartok, a person, is compared either to Schoenberg’s twelve-tone system or to Schoenberg and his twelve-tone system as a unit. Such comparisons are neither logically sound nor semantically parallel. Consequently, A and D illogically suggest that Schoenberg’s twelve-tone system founded a school and left behind many disciples. Choice B suggests that Schoenberg and his twelve-tone system together accomplished these feats. In E, the comparison is illogical and the modification is ambiguous. Schoenberg and his system, as a unit, are not only compared to Bartok, an individual, but also credited with having formed a school. The verb phrase dominating... is called a “squinting modifier (a modifier (as often in *getting dressed often is a nuisance*) so placed in a sentence that it can be interpreted as modifying either what precedes or what follows)” because it looks in both directions: given the structure of the sentence, it could be meant to modify either Schoenberg and the twelve-tone system or Bartok.
这里的og-245中ing分词在修饰 Schoenberg and the twelve-tone system
的同时,向后修饰名词 Bartok.而我的夹心是向后修饰谓语动词
同理,B) After passing through a red giant stage, depending on its mass, a star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.
中ing分词向后修饰a star也是名词
讨论到这里,此帖关于夹心现象的定义已经不够准确
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=23&id=235781&star=1#3160835
什么是“夹心”:所谓“夹心”,既可以作为定语修饰主语,又可以作为状语修饰后面的谓语)很多时候的“夹心”是指在主语和谓语之间加入分词修饰。 它定义的向后修饰谓语做状语没有考虑到你说的做定语同时向前向后修饰名词1名词2的情况 所以我要在此楼补充一个夹心的另一种情况 名词1,ing分词,名词2:这里ing分词做定语同时向前向后修饰名词1名词2,造成歧异。
它定义的向后修饰谓语做状语没有考虑到你说的做定语同时向前向后修饰名词1名词2的情况
所以我要在此楼补充一个夹心的另一种情况
名词1,ing分词,名词2:这里ing分词做定语同时向前向后修饰名词1名词2,造成歧异。
它定义的向后修饰谓语做状语没有考虑到你说的做定语同时向前向后修饰名词1名词2的情况
所以我要在此楼补充一个夹心的另一种情况
名词1,ing分词,名词2:这里ing分词做定语同时向前向后修饰名词1名词2,造成歧异。
恩,确实是我没有完全理解楼主的说法,可能是先入为主吧,并没有看太仔细呵呵。。。
首先对你引用的对“夹心”定义不太认同。个人认为,
凡分词结构做插入语,其修饰对象可前可后存在歧义的情况,称之为夹心。
至于是插入句子的主谓之间,还是插入分句之间,是修饰名词还是谓语动词,则为子类。
楼主提出的正反几个例子很有代表性,或许除了这三种还有别的情况。容我想想先。。。一起讨论哦
恩,确实是我没有完全理解楼主的说法,可能是先入为主吧,并没有看太仔细呵呵。。。
首先对你引用的对“夹心”定义不太认同。个人认为,
凡分词结构做插入语,其修饰对象可前可后存在歧义的情况,称之为夹心。
至于是插入句子的主谓之间,还是插入分句之间,是修饰名词还是谓语动词,则为子类。
楼主提出的正反几个例子很有代表性,或许除了这三种还有别的情况。容我想想先。。。一起讨论哦
我在10楼已经否掉了那个定义
我之所以被你反驳,也是受那个定义的限制和误导
恩,你的定义我同意
欢迎探讨
对了,夹心现象并不限于现在分词,过去分词作插入语同样属于此类。
记得prep里面对过去分词做插入语反复强调过,其存在修饰最近的名词和作伴随状语修饰全句的歧义(当然,有时候可能都在它前面,虽然不“夹”,但姑且也看做此类吧)。prep不认为这种结构错,只是强调要特别小心,如不存在歧义其实是很好的答案。(我记得n多类似题,一时比较懒就不找了,楼主prep熟的话应该有印象。)所以针对楼主所说现在分词的夹心,同样应该辩证的看待。比如像楼主说的,两个动作不能同时发生就是消除歧义的一个方法。
你说的过去分词夹心是这种吗:
She,greatly amazed, watched all the gifts .(原句是She watched all the gifts,greatly amazed)
分词在句尾的情况我觉得还是和夹心分开来看,二者有区别
想了一下,对上面的定义还不是很满意。其实这个问题应该指所有分词结构修饰对象歧义问题。现修正如下:
狭义“夹心”论:凡分词结构做插入语,其修饰对象可前可后存在歧义的情况,称之为夹心。
广义“夹心”论:凡分词结构修饰对象产生歧义的情况,称之为“夹心”。
在此基础上,可以参照楼主引用的大牛贴 现在分词伴随状语的正反向考法 分析问题的方法作一个总结。包括,错误的类型有哪些,迷惑选项的类型有哪些,哪些情况可以消除歧义,正确的结构有哪些(比如让分词结构位于句首。。。)然后给出一些典型的题目。这类题目挺多的,我觉得是除了代词指代问题、比较结构中的省略问题之外另一个重要的知识点。值得好好总结一下。
你说的过去分词夹心是这种吗:
She,greatly amazed, watched all the gifts .(原句是She watched all the gifts,greatly amazed)
分词在句尾的情况我觉得还是和夹心分开来看,二者有区别
不是这个。随便找一个吧,可能不是很典型。
prep2-6的A选项(错误选项)
From studies of the bony house of the brain, which is the cranium, located in the back of the skull,
come what scientists know about dinosaur brains.
考点:逻辑表达、主谓一致
1) 逻辑表达-过去分词结构,过去分词结构如果作定语,一定要尽可能紧临其修饰词,用逗号隔离之
后修饰对象可能是邻近的名词,可能是主语,也可能修饰后面的词,也可以做状语。
(A) which就近指代brain错误;过去分词定语located in…修饰对象不清楚,可能是cranium,也可能是brain;
不知楼主是否明白我的意思?
不是这个。随便找一个吧,可能不是很典型。
prep2-6的A选项(错误选项)
From studies of the bony house of the brain, which is the cranium, located in the back of the skull,
come what scientists know about dinosaur brains.
考点:逻辑表达、主谓一致
1) 逻辑表达-过去分词结构,过去分词结构如果作定语,一定要尽可能紧临其修饰词,用逗号隔离之
后修饰对象可能是邻近的名词,可能是主语,也可能修饰后面的词,也可以做状语。
(A) which就近指代brain错误;过去分词定语located in…修饰对象不清楚,可能是cranium,也可能是brain;
不知楼主是否明白我的意思?
恩,明白了,我碰见过的GMAT题中关于过去分词的正确答案都是紧临它所要修饰的前面的名词,放在句尾做伴随状语的过去分词短语(前面加逗号那种)比较少,一般都把它提到句首。
比如:
V-ed....,S V O。这种情况比较多,逻辑主语为S
S V O,V-ed....这种情况好多就是就近修饰O了。虽然过去分词也可以做状语修饰V,但在G中碰到为正确答案的情况比较少
n + V-ed 后置定语的也比较多
想了一下,对上面的定义还不是很满意。其实这个问题应该指所有分词结构修饰对象歧义问题。现修正如下:
狭义“夹心”论:凡分词结构做插入语,其修饰对象可前可后存在歧义的情况,称之为夹心。
广义“夹心”论:凡分词结构修饰对象产生歧义的情况,称之为“夹心”。
在此基础上,可以参照楼主引用的大牛贴 现在分词伴随状语的正反向考法 分析问题的方法作一个总结。包括,错误的类型有哪些,迷惑选项的类型有哪些,哪些情况可以消除歧义,正确的结构有哪些(比如让分词结构位于句首。。。)然后给出一些典型的题目。这类题目挺多的,我觉得是除了代词指代问题、比较结构中的省略问题之外另一个重要的知识点。值得好好总结一下。
恭喜MM提出的相对论,爱因斯坦看了绝对会甘拜下风的!
不明白你的意思,你是说你将要做一个总结吗
我倒是想啊...可是我太懒了...
其实我本来的意思是你可以这么总结...当我没说...
ps,想起古龙的一段名言,一笑...
我想的事很多,有时我想做皇帝,又怕寂寞,有时我想当宰相,又怕事多,有时我想发财,又怕人偷,有时我想要老婆,又怕罗嗦,有时我想烧肉吃,又怕洗锅,有时我甚至还想打你一巴掌,又怕惹祸。
我3天后要上考场三战了,总结考后再说吧,是比较庞大,尤其是那个广义的,要考虑很多东西
43. (26724-!-item-!-188;#058&003285)
Although ice particles in the upper atmosphere benefit Earth in that they reflect and absorb solar radiation, acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up or freezing over, they also accelerate the destruction of the ozone layer by reacting with chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's).
(A) acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up or freezing over, they also accelerate(A)
(A) acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up or freezing over, they also accelerate(A)
(B) acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth either from burning up or freezing over, while also accelerating
(C) act as a global thermostat and thus keep Earth from either burning up or freezing over, while also accelerating
(D) they act as a global thermostat that thus keeps Earth either from burning up or freezing over, even though it also accelerates
(E) they act as a global thermostat to thus keep Earth from either burning up or freezing over, but they also accelerate
解释说A中acting只能向前修饰,不存在歧义,因为如果要向后修饰,必须在Although从句和acting之间加上连词,因为这都是修饰主句的状语,没有连词无法并列存在。
umm,基本赞同..既然现在式短语前面有逗号了还可以做定语,为什么acting不可能修饰solar radiation?我觉得scored和make两个动作一前一后怎么是同时发生呢?应该是得到了100分然后进行排名后他的100分让他成为了最好的学生,中间有一个逻辑假设就是,“按分数进行了比较”,这点是不可忽略的,也证明了这两个动作不是同时发生,用AWA七宗罪里的话说就是“前后发生非因果”。
245. Unlike Schoenberg’s twelve-tone system that dominated the music of the postwar period, Bartok founded no school and left behind only a handful of disciples.
(A) Schoenberg’s twelve-tone system that dominated (B) Schoenberg and his twelve-tone system which dominated (C) Schoenberg, whose twelve-tone system dominated (D) the twelve-tone system of Schoenberg that has dominated(C) (E) Schoenberg and the twelve-tone system, dominating
C, the best answer, is the only choice that makes a logical comparison: Unlike Schoenberg,... Bartok. In A, B, and D, Bartok, a person, is compared either to Schoenberg’s twelve-tone system or to Schoenberg and his twelve-tone system as a unit. Such comparisons are neither logically sound nor semantically parallel. Consequently, A and D illogically suggest that Schoenberg’s twelve-tone system founded a school and left behind many disciples. Choice B suggests that Schoenberg and his twelve-tone system together accomplished these feats. In E, the comparison is illogical and the modification is ambiguous. Schoenberg and his system, as a unit, are not only compared to Bartok, an individual, but also credited with having formed a school. The verb phrase dominating... is called a “squinting modifier (a modifier (as often in *getting dressed often is a nuisance*) so placed in a sentence that it can be interpreted as modifying either what precedes or what follows)” because it looks in both directions: given the structure of the sentence, it could be meant to modify either Schoenberg and the twelve-tone system or Bartok.
umm...肯定rpch2004总结的第一种夹心现象。
不过我补充一种:
S, attributive clause, ing短语, O V. 这种ing短语可能向前做attributvie clause的状语,因为如果都是做定语的话,ing短语和attributive之间应该加上and。
245. Unlike Schoenberg’s twelve-tone system that dominated the music of the postwar period, Bartok founded no school and left behind only a handful of disciples.
(A) Schoenberg’s twelve-tone system that dominated (B) Schoenberg and his twelve-tone system which dominated (C) Schoenberg, whose twelve-tone system dominated (D) the twelve-tone system of Schoenberg that has dominated(C) (E) Schoenberg and the twelve-tone system, dominating
C, the best answer, is the only choice that makes a logical comparison: Unlike Schoenberg,... Bartok. In A, B, and D, Bartok, a person, is compared either to Schoenberg’s twelve-tone system or to Schoenberg and his twelve-tone system as a unit. Such comparisons are neither logically sound nor semantically parallel. Consequently, A and D illogically suggest that Schoenberg’s twelve-tone system founded a school and left behind many disciples. Choice B suggests that Schoenberg and his twelve-tone system together accomplished these feats. In E, the comparison is illogical and the modification is ambiguous. Schoenberg and his system, as a unit, are not only compared to Bartok, an individual, but also credited with having formed a school. The verb phrase dominating... is called a “squinting modifier (a modifier (as often in *getting dressed often is a nuisance*) so placed in a sentence that it can be interpreted as modifying either what precedes or what follows)” because it looks in both directions: given the structure of the sentence, it could be meant to modify either Schoenberg and the twelve-tone system or Bartok.
为保持版面整洁...此楼删除
umm...谁能confirm一下我在楼上提的夹心观点?
先试着回答你这个问题。
前面提出的有向前修饰名词歧义的例子,不知楼上注意到没有,前面都是名词性结构而非完整的句子。现在分词作伴随状语,与被修饰的成分存在逻辑上的主谓关系,所以即使是那两个例子也不能说现在分词作定语,只能说作状语。
比如He scored 100,making him the best student in the class. 理解为整个主句作making的主语,而不会产生100作making的主语的歧义。
btw,umm是啥意思啊??
这两道题倒是不矛盾的,prep2-43前面是although引导的让步状从,后面接现在分词引导的伴随状语,如果要一起修饰主句的话,需要形式上对称。因为他们功能上是对称的。但一个是句子,一个不是,就排除了这种可能。所以分词状语只能向前修饰让步状从。
OG那题,前面是名词性结构,后面也是名词性结构(动名词,反正不是句子),就有并列修饰主句的可能。
呵呵,试着解释了一下,不知是不是很牵强啊。不过这个问题水好深,大家慢慢研究
先试着回答你这个问题。
前面提出的有向前修饰名词歧义的例子,不知楼上注意到没有,前面都是名词性结构而非完整的句子。现在分词作伴随状语,与被修饰的成分存在逻辑上的主谓关系,所以即使是那两个例子也不能说现在分词作定语,只能说作状语。
比如He scored 100,making him the best student in the class. 理解为整个主句作making的主语,而不会产生100作making的主语的歧义。
btw,umm是啥意思啊??
ing短语伴随结果是不用找逻辑主语的。
这两道题倒是不矛盾的,prep2-43前面是although引导的让步状从,后面接现在分词引导的伴随状语,如果要一起修饰主句的话,需要形式上对称。因为他们功能上是对称的。但一个是句子,一个不是,就排除了这种可能。所以分词状语只能向前修饰让步状从。
OG那题,前面是名词性结构,后面也是名词性结构(动名词,反正不是句子),就有并列修饰主句的可能。
呵呵,试着解释了一下,不知是不是很牵强啊。不过这个问题水好深,大家慢慢研究
我的意思是说现在分词与其中心词是主谓关系,而不是偏正关系。所以是状语成分,而不是定语成分。
你还没告诉我umm是啥意思呐,呵呵。。。先试着回答你这个问题。
前面提出的有向前修饰名词歧义的例子,不知楼上注意到没有,前面都是名词性结构而非完整的句子。现在分词作伴随状语,与被修饰的成分存在逻辑上的主谓关系,所以即使是那两个例子也不能说现在分词作定语,只能说作状语。
比如He scored 100,making him the best student in the class. 理解为整个主句作making的主语,而不会产生100作making的主语的歧义。
btw,umm是啥意思啊??
关键问题就是:ing短语前面隔一个逗号,排除一些干扰因素,它有可能做定语,但更优先做状语。
LESNN指出的那道题目,也是可以解释为如果前面所说,作状语向前向后修饰。
而且应该指出的是,只有当ing短语做定语,或者做伴随动作状态状语的时候,才与其所修饰名词有主谓关系。
lol,是语气词,哈哈...带一点点肯定。
再补个题目吧:
For the farmer who takes care to keep them cool, providing them with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly,
A) providing them with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly,
B) providing them with high-energy feed, and milked regularly, the
C) provided with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly,
D) provided with high-energy feed, and milked regularly, the
E) provided with high-energy feed, and milked regularly, 我选E,基本上争议就在A和E了,GOOGLE上面的原句是E。 我认为A里面很严重的夹心,前后都能做状语。
我选E,基本上争议就在A和E了,GOOGLE上面的原句是E。
我认为A里面很严重的夹心,前后都能做状语。
2-43的A与GWD-25-37原题有点类似:不过它是关于介词短语的。
Though the law will require emissions testing of all diesel vehicles, from tractor trailers to excursion buses, it will have no effect on sport utility vehicles, almost all of which are gasoline powered, and will not be subjected to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for diesel-powered vehicles.
不是这个。随便找一个吧,可能不是很典型。
prep2-6的A选项(错误选项)
From studies of the bony house of the brain, which is the cranium, located in the back of the skull,
come what scientists know about dinosaur brains.
考点:逻辑表达、主谓一致
1) 逻辑表达-过去分词结构,过去分词结构如果作定语,一定要尽可能紧临其修饰词,用逗号隔离之
后修饰对象可能是邻近的名词,可能是主语,也可能修饰后面的词,也可以做状语。
(A) which就近指代brain错误;过去分词定语located in…修饰对象不清楚,可能是cranium,也可能是brain;
不知楼主是否明白我的意思?
觉得这个解释不对。如果located会造成修饰不清那么prep2-139怎么解释,那里的located是跳跃修饰的(AlienX引用的800score大牛的解释是说,去掉前面的插入语看看是不是能够合理修饰插入语前面的名词(短语),如果可以合理修饰,那么就应该是跳跃修饰)。
in fact, the entirety of the following is the modifier:
each of which has fingerlike projections poking through the opening, called the taste pore, located at the top of taste bud
the underlined part is actually a modifier within a modifier. if you remove that, it becomes much easier to see that what's left is ALL a modifier:
each of which has fingerlike projections poking through the opening located at the top of taste bud
therefore, the remaining skeleton sentence is just
Taste buds are onion-shaped structures with between 50 and 100 taste cells.
which逻辑上讲没有指代brain的歧义。located的修饰也没有歧义。
错误点除了come应该改成comes,还有就是应该用the bony house of the brain来解释cranium,因为前者更加通俗。
回楼上,这两题选的很好,其实这个帖子的意图就是搞清楚什么时候会有夹心歧义,什么时候没有。这个例子很典型。
仔细看了一下,仍然保留原来的意见,即前一题夹心而后一题没有。因为2-6中 located in the back of the skull本身作插入成分,后面有主句的主谓成分。所以他的修饰对象不清楚。而2-139中located at the top of taste bud 不是插入成分,本身是作主句的主谓。所以当去掉插入语后可以强制修饰最近的名词。
38楼的问题不太清楚,能不能说的详细点?
而2-139中located at the top of taste bud 不是插入成分,本身是作主句的主谓。所以当去掉插入语后可以强制修饰最近的名词。
iser注意located at the top of taste bud 不是主谓哦...
38楼的问题不太清楚,能不能说的详细点?
momo...这个问题被我编辑掉了,暂时先不讨论介词短语,咱先讨论分词
iser注意located at the top of taste bud 不是主谓哦...
哈哈,确实说错了。。。应该算是作后置定语吧。any way,我的意思是2-139里面located at the top of... 是和插入语前面的句子紧密联系的,去掉插入语后是一句完整的话,所以他前面那个逗号在语法上可以忽略。
但是2-6就不同了,分词结构后面还有一个逗号,他也是作插入语,所以就搞不清楚他跟前面一个插入语的关系啦!
哈哈,确实说错了。。。应该算是作后置定语吧。any way,我的意思是这一句里面located at the top of... 是和插入语前面的句子紧密联系的,去掉插入语后是一句完整的话,所以他前面那个逗号在语法上可以忽略。很有道理
这里...那么如果这一个句子先排除掉我39楼说的那个毛病(应该用the bony house of the brain来解释cranium,因为前者更加通俗。),变成:
From studies of the cranium, which is the bony house of the brain, located in the back of the skull, comes what scientists know about dinosaur brains.
那么,依照"和插入语前面的句子紧密联系的,去掉插入语后是一句完整的话,所以他前面那个逗号在语法上可以忽略"这个规则,located in the back of skull不是也应该是修饰cranium吗?
不是这样。这一个句子在结构上就存在问题。
这里,主句是From studies of the cranium comes what scientists know about dinosaur brains.
中间which...和located...两个都做插入语,修饰关系是混乱的。如果这两个插入语是平行的(也就是都修饰cranium)那么中间似乎应该有个连词。要是located是修饰brain的,逻辑上又不对了。。。总之,两个插入语这么着肯定是错的。
不是这样。这一个句子在结构上就存在问题。
这里,主句是From studies of the cranium comes what scientists know about dinosaur brains.
中间which...和located...两个都做插入语,修饰关系是混乱的。如果这两个插入语是平行的(也就是都修饰cranium)那么中间似乎应该有个连词。要是located是修饰brain的,逻辑上又不对了。。。总之,两个插入语这么着肯定是错的。
umm...确实没有见过两个插入语是对的情况---至少结构上太复杂。
但是,修饰同一个对象中间不一定要连词,刚才的2-139就是一个例子。
umm...确实没有见过两个插入语是对的情况---至少结构上太复杂。
但是,修饰同一个对象中间不一定要连词,刚才的2-139就是一个例子。
呵呵,他们是作为不同的成分修饰同一个对象,所以不用连词。我说的是作为相同的成分修饰同一个对象要用连词
2-139里面两个都是后置定语。
From studies of the cranium, which is the bony house of the brain, located in the back of the skull, comes what scientists know about dinosaur brains.里面这两个也是做后置定语,只是以插入语的形式。
umm...什么区别呢?不明白
明白了,就是说定从不是插入语,所以过去分词短语跳不过去,那located修饰cranium,所以还是没有修饰歧义,对不对?
From studies of the bony house of the brain, which is the cranium(插入语1), located in the back of the skull(插入语2),
come what scientists know about dinosaur brains.(主句。当然,是个倒装句,具体成分暂时不管)
each of which has fingerlike projections poking through the opening,
called the taste pore,(插入语)
located at the top of taste bud.(主句,located是主句的一部分,所以有资格作后置定语,其修饰对象不存在歧义。因为中间的插入语可以忽略)
明白了吧?
From studies of the bony house of the brain, which is the cranium(插入语1), located in the back of the skull(插入语2),
come what scientists know about dinosaur brains.(主句。当然,是个倒装句,具体成分暂时不管)
each of which has fingerlike projections poking through the opening,
called the taste pore,(插入语)
located at the top of taste bud.(主句,located是主句的一部分,所以有资格作后置定语,其修饰对象不存在歧义。因为中间的插入语可以忽略)
明白了吧?
From studies of the bony house of the brain, which is the cranium,located in the back of the skull, comes what scientists know about dinosaur brains.
恩,我现在认为,这里只有located in the back of the skull是插入语,而这个插入语只能修饰cranium.
呵呵,我也被你问的答不上来了。。。还是请语法得满分的楼主来回答吧。。。
先吃饭去了。。。
呵呵,我也被你问的答不上来了。。。还是请语法得满分的楼主来回答吧。。。
先吃饭去了。。。
别那么说我啊,被你说得
我只是语法做得顺了点,呵呵
觉得G比T有意思多了,T真无聊
我怎么一看夹心就困,可能是太晚了吧
其实夹心也是我心中的痛,汗。。。
大家继续,嘿嘿。。
BTW,你们俩都快要考了吧,祝福你们好成绩哦!
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