Research during the past several decades on the nature of language and the processes that produce and make it understandable has revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity.
A. that produce and make it understandable has revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity
B. of producing and understanding it have revealed not underlying simplicity but great complexity
C. by which it is produced and understood has revealed not underlying simplicity but great complexity
D. by which it is produced and understood have revealed great complexity rather than underlying simplicity
E. by which one produces and understands it have revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity
正确答案为 A
为什么不选B，因为A中Research 和 the processes并列做主语，所以说这样的话谓语应该用have啊，不应该用has啊，而且not……but……构成并列并且结构对称，要比instead of 要好啊。
第一research是主语，所以用单数，还有考了平行结构，that引导的定语从句等。建议楼主看PREP语法解析。
首先，process是和nature并列的。所以要用has
其次，在A和C当中，C存在逻辑错误，变成understood by processes，这个逻辑上是不对的，应该是被人理解，A就避免了这个问题，虽然instead of不是很好，但只是个effectiveness的错误啦~~
希望能帮到你~
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