ChaseDream
标题: 请站出来说服我prep1-74 [打印本页]
作者: rorarora 时间: 2008-8-18 21:41
标题: 请站出来说服我prep1-74
74. (28503-!-item-!-188;#058&003635)
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
(A) due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are
(B) due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are
(C) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but
(D) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are
(E) because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are
答案选D
题目的not明明跟在are 后面，如果but后面再加are，不就破坏平行了么？
有限的几种解释我都觉得很不convincing.
prep笔记的解释是but还有except的含义，所以应该加are;
还有说法是but后面很容易和enhance并列....
于是我曾经总结：not...but这个词组，用在名词短语前，要小心地补上谓语；
可是
1）前两天翻看LZM, 赫然写着：not ...but....可以用来修饰名词词组！！~
2）OG Diagnostic Test 39题
39. According to scholars, the earliest writing was probable not a direct rendering of speech, but was more likely to begin as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language.
(A) was more likely to begin as
(B) more than likely began as
(C) more than likely beginning from
(D) it was more than likely begun from
(E) it was more likely that it began
The sentence is a comparison in which probably not x is balanced by but more than likely y.
前面一个not后面，跟的也是名词
有没有人能出来说说看法的？
作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2008-8-18 22:47
我认为要不要加谓语动词完全取决于会不会引起歧义。
如果选C，那么句子是：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
这样会造成一个歧义(ambiguous)：好像整个“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments”都在修饰“natural selection”
事实上只有“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival”才是对“natural selection”的解释，这里but是介词。
而把D代入：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
but不可能作介词修饰natural selection,因为它后面有了谓语动词，but只能作为连词，不修饰natural selection，而是跟are not the products of natural selection平行。
OG Diagnostic Test 39题
According to scholars, the earliest writing was probable not a direct rendering of speech, but more than likely began as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language.
Not后面表面上是一个名词短语，实际上not前面是一个实意动词be动词（probable应该是probably吧？），而习惯用法not放在was后面了，所以其实应该是“谓语动词+名词短语”的并列。
[此贴子已经被作者于2009/9/28 17:03:15编辑过]
作者: nemo11 时间: 2008-8-18 22:58
这里but不是跟because 里面的内容平行，而是跟are 平行，not...but...不仅可以接名词也可以接句子。所以不加are ,容易误认为是名词的并列，所以加but打消歧义，因为becasue是插入语，而but要跟主句平行。
作者: dingxiang 时间: 2008-8-19 08:29
第一到里面，如果省略be动词，那么有歧义
我觉得PREP的解释没错
你举的这两个例子，大概告诉我们的是，not but 的平行不像not only,but also, both and 等等的，
发现你太会举例子了。呵呵
[此贴子已经被作者于2008-8-19 8:37:30编辑过]
作者: rorarora 时间: 2008-8-19 09:51
以下是引用aeoluseros在2008-8-18 22:47:00的发言：我认为歧义在于：
but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments 与the products of natural selection并列。表达否定含义的not也是被省略掉了，引起歧义。
prep曾经说过，如果平行部分有一个谓语动词有否定词的话，另一个是不能够省的。否则引起歧义。
Sorry, aeoluseros兄，
你说的这句我没看懂，能不能再详细解释一下？
到底在哪省略了not?
作者: rorarora 时间: 2008-8-19 09:57
以下是引用nemo11在2008-8-18 22:58:00的发言：这里but不是跟because 里面的内容平行，而是跟are 平行，not...but...不仅可以接名词也可以接句子。所以不加are ,容易误认为是名词的并列，所以加but打消歧义，因为becasue是插入语，而but要跟主句平行。
这里的关键在于，
favored because是一个插入语，跟前后的关系不太紧密，
but应该是跳跃和not the products of natural selection连接的，没有什么歧义问题。
而关键恰恰在于not在are之后，很明显这里的并列结构是are not...., but.....; 如果not are...， but are....
就应该是这里的正确答案
作者: rorarora 时间: 2008-8-19 10:09
同志们，
我刚刚总算顿悟了....
not...but...的确是那特殊的一个，前半部分的结构只能是are not...., 只能自己判断后面要不要加谓语........
那么这里就没有破坏parallelism的问题了....
可是为什么OG那道不加谓语呢？
再度陷入沉思......
作者: rorarora 时间: 2008-8-19 10:13
以下是引用aeoluseros在2008-8-18 22:47:00的发言：OG Diagnostic Test 39题
According to scholars, the earliest writing was probable not a direct rendering of speech, but more than likely began as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language.
Not后面表面上是一个名词短语，实际上not前面是一个实意动词be动词（probable应该是probably吧？），而习惯用法not放在was后面了，所以其实应该是“谓语动词+名词短语”的并列。
天才呀....
我这道我总算明白了，那就是这里的not...but其实带出的是probable和more than likely的并列，所以不需要谓语......
作者: rorarora 时间: 2008-8-19 10:22
74的歧义在哪呢？
我还是看不出来？
作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2008-8-19 14:29
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
两种意思：
1、补出的只有are
PSJG说很多生物特征不是自然选择产生的，（自然选择这些特征是因为他们增强了繁殖和生存的能力）（插入语不管他），而仅仅是其他进化发展过程的副产品。
2、补出的是are not
PSJG说很多生物特征不是自然选择产生的，（自然选择这些特征是因为他们增强了繁殖和生存的能力）（插入语不管他），而不仅仅是其他进化发展过程的副产品。
例子：
OG91.
Like many self-taught artists, Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle age.
(A) Like
(B) As have
(C) Just as with
(D) Just like
(E) As did
OG对B,E的解释：
Choices B and E, which replace A's prepositional phrase with clauses introduced by as, use auxiliary verbs that cannot properly be completed by any part of the verb phrase in the main clause: neither have ... did not begin nor did... did not begin is logically or grammatically sound.
(后边是否定，找不到合适的助动词，而且即便这样，也没有用like简洁)
不知道我对OG91有没有理解对，欢迎丢柿子，西红柿，砸砖...
作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2008-8-19 14:31
manhattan的NN对OG91有一个解释：
We could've used "As did", if sentence were something like:
As did many self taught artists, Perle Hessing painted.....
did not begin(斜体引用原文), nothing regarding the auxiliary verb.
作者: SuccessMBA08 时间: 2008-8-21 15:19
以下是引用rorarora在2008-8-18 21:41:00的发言：74. (28503-!-item-!-188;#058&003635)
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
(A) due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are
(B) due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are
(C) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but
(D) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are
(E) because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are
答案选D
题目的not明明跟在are 后面，如果but后面再加are，不就破坏平行了么？
有限的几种解释我都觉得很不convincing.
prep笔记的解释是but还有except的含义，所以应该加are;
还有说法是but后面很容易和enhance并列....
于是我曾经总结：not...but这个词组，用在名词短语前，要小心地补上谓语；
可是
1）前两天翻看LZM, 赫然写着：not ...but....可以用来修饰名词词组！！~
2）OG Diagnostic Test 39题
39. According to scholars, the earliest writing was probable not a direct rendering of speech, but was more likely to begin as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language.
(A) was more likely to begin as
(B) more than likely began as
(C) more than likely beginning from
(D) it was more than likely begun from
(E) it was more likely that it began
The sentence is a comparison in which probably not x is balanced by but more than likely y.
前面一个not后面，跟的也是名词
有没有人能出来说说看法的？
顶一下，好帖。看了后我想说说我对prep-74题的一些想法。也有很多地方希望大家补充：我做题的时候选了D，但回头觉得C也很好。C和D确实很有迷惑性！想了很久，我也逐渐同意prep说C中but是作为介词，可能与前面的插入语because，而没有与实际应该要对称的部分are not the products of natural selection并列，产生歧义。
because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments （但是我始终无法理解这里的句子意思，是否有人能解释一下？）
其次，对于D的not..but..我归结为它的动词并列结构。好像都是be 动词在not 之前，but 后出现动词与其平行。PREP 中有好几道题都是这样。
PREP-73 Evolutionary psychology holds that the human mind is not a "blank slate" but instead comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed to solve specific problems human ancestors faced millions of years ago.
PREP－76By recording the noise of crinkled wrappers as they were slowly stretched out in an otherwise silent chamber, and then digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
By recording the noise of crinkled wrappers as they were slowly stretched out in an otherwise silent chamber, and then digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
Evolutionary psychology holds that the human mind is not a "blank slate" but instead comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed to solve specific problems human ancestors faced millions of years ago.
PREP－76By recording the noise of crinkled wrappers as they were slowly stretched out in an otherwise silent chamber, and then digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
By recording the noise of crinkled wrappers as they were slowly stretched out in an otherwise silent chamber, and then digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
[此贴子已经被作者于2008-8-21 20:37:46编辑过]
作者: SuccessMBA08 时间: 2008-8-21 15:21
怎么贴的时候会出下那么多，大家将就着看一下！
作者: SuccessMBA08 时间: 2008-8-21 15:27
以下是引用aeoluseros在2008-8-19 14:29:00的发言：Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
两种意思：
1、补出的只有are
PSJG说很多生物特征不是自然选择产生的，（自然选择这些特征是因为他们增强了繁殖和生存的能力）（插入语不管他），而仅仅是其他进化发展过程的副产品。
2、补出的是are not
PSJG说很多生物特征不是自然选择产生的，（自然选择这些特征是因为他们增强了繁殖和生存的能力）（插入语不管他），而不仅仅是其他进化发展过程的副产品。
例子：
OG91.
Like many self-taught artists, Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle age.
(A) Like
(B) As have
(C) Just as with
(D) Just like
(E) As did
OG对B,E的解释：
Choices B and E, which replace A's prepositional phrase with clauses introduced by as, use auxiliary verbs that cannot properly be completed by any part of the verb phrase in the main clause: neither have ... did not begin nor did... did not begin is logically or grammatically sound.
(后边是否定，找不到合适的助动词，而且即便这样，也没有用like简洁)
不知道我对OG91有没有理解对，欢迎丢柿子，西红柿，砸砖...
对于aeoluseros兄OG91的理解，我有不同意的地方，想补充一点：
答案A，比较搞的是E选项！这里E错是因为，As did, 这里的did的补出无法对应后面句子中Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle age
划线部分的动词。用like避免了动词补出的歧义！！
作者: SuccessMBA08 时间: 2008-8-21 15:31
以下是引用aeoluseros在2008-8-18 22:47:00的发言：OG Diagnostic Test 39题
According to scholars, the earliest writing was probable not a direct rendering of speech, but
more than likely began as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language.
Not后面表面上是一个名词短语，实际上not前面是一个实意动词be动词（probable应该是probably吧？），而习惯用法not放在was后面了，所以其实应该是“谓语动词+名词短语”的并列。
这里我的理解，but后面省略了was，be likely to 的省略。不知道这样理解是否对！！
作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2008-8-21 15:47
不是的，如果理解成be likely to这个短语的话，那原句
more than likely began as
中to也被省略了，这是不合理的。
be likely to里面LIkely是做adj.
而likely do里面Likely是adv.
adv.+ v.和adv.+v.的并列，前面probably也是adv.
作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2008-8-21 15:53
以下是引用SuccessMBA08在2008-8-21 15:27:00的发言：对于aeoluseros兄OG91的理解，我有不同意的地方，想补充一点：
答案A，比较搞的是E选项！这里E错是因为，As did, 这里的did的补出无法对应后面句子中Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle age
划线部分的动词。用like避免了动词补出的歧义！！
我认为后面的was是系动词,did是不能指代系动词be的，所以did要指代也是指代begin.而不会引起指代was的歧义。
SuccessMBA08你认为呢？
而且manhattan的解释我认为是有一定的权威性的，Ron和tracy两个大牛说的话简直跟ETS,GMAC一样...
作者: AlienX 时间: 2008-8-21 23:50
agree with 16 and 17楼
作者: AlienX 时间: 2008-8-22 00:35
OG91E, "As did many self-taught artists, Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle age."中的did是代began
全補:
As many self-taught artists bagin (to paint), Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle age.
意思改了
作者: easttiger 时间: 2008-8-22 01:01
反正记住 be not... ,but (be)... 就行了.这是因为be动词的特殊性。
作者: dianecarton 时间: 2008-8-22 02:29
以下是引用AlienX在2008-8-22 0:35:00的发言：
OG91E, "As did many self-taught artists, Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle age."中的did是代began
全補:
As many self-taught artists bagin (to paint), Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle age.
意思改了
agree
作者: zjpopo 时间: 2008-10-26 18:16
UP!
此贴仔细看完，又清晰一个知识点！
作者: freshopenair 时间: 2008-11-5 22:58
我想请教一下they指代谁？是products还是traits？
作者: morningjay 时间: 2008-11-7 02:34
以下是引用rorarora在2008-8-19 10:22:00的发言：74的歧义在哪呢？
我还是看不出来？
这里的歧义可能就在于BUT作为介词的情况，表示“除了。。。”而后面又是个名词短语，正好吻合
作者: benzine 时间: 2008-11-11 02:09
总结：
当not...but...结构用在两个名词或名词短语的对比时，一定要注意but可以作介词，可能会产生歧义。如：Prep1-74
当not...but...结构用在两个形容词，介词短语等的对比时，则不会产生歧义。如：Prep1-59, 如：Prep1-73, 如：Prep1-76
作者: jonathan1987 时间: 2008-12-15 20:53
顶
[此贴子已经被作者于2008-12-15 20:55:16编辑过]
作者: songlovegt 时间: 2009-2-25 22:02
另外一个例子 动词分别置于 not only, but also 前后
15.
A substance from the licorice plant, 50 times sweeter than sucrose, was recently discovered, is not only a natural sweetener but also prevents tooth decay.
(A) A substance from the licorice plant, 50 times sweeter than sucrose, was recently discovered
(B) A substance, which was recently discovered, from the licorice plant, 50 times sweeter than sucrose,
(C) A substance from the licorice plant, which was recently discovered to be 50 times sweeter than sucrose,
(D) A substance from the licorice plant, 50 times sweeter than sucrose , which was recently discovered,
(E) A recently discovered substance, 50 times sweeter than sucrose from the licorice plant,
is not only a natural sweetener but also prevents tooth decay.
感觉上系动词位置灵活，置于之前或之后都没问题
作者: AlienX 时间: 2009-2-25 23:33
source?
我認為is not only a natural sweetener but also prevents tooth decay是錯的.
not only...but (also)...要求絶對性的平行(expect inserting adverb).
作者: songlovegt 时间: 2009-2-25 23:36
大全 951
作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2009-2-25 23:53
songlovegt,be动词很特殊，习惯性放在平行结构之外.
作者: songlovegt 时间: 2009-2-26 00:08
多谢版主
作者: smartsky11 时间: 2009-3-27 16:07
up
作者: lcy19812000 时间: 2009-3-29 13:10
以下是引用aeoluseros在2008-8-21 15:53:00的发言：我认为后面的was是系动词,did是不能指代系动词be的，所以did要指代也是指代begin.而不会引起指代was的歧义。
SuccessMBA08你认为呢？
而且manhattan的解释我认为是有一定的权威性的，Ron和tracy两个大牛说的话简直跟ETS,GMAC一样...
可是Ron他们对prep1－74的解释却是说but后面的内容在不加are的情况下可以与插入语部分平行而造成歧义的：
http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=31&t=1413&hilit=Paleontologist+Stephen+Jay+Gould+has+argued+that+many+biological
请大家再看看此题吧。因为如果插入语能与逗号后面的内容发生关系，对我们的语法思维体系是颠覆性的。但是我们也不能轻易否定Ron等人的看法，毕竟英语是他们的母语。
[此贴子已经被作者于2009-3-29 13:10:59编辑过]
作者: 沧海剑客 时间: 2009-4-26 12:14
倾向于74题的原意是not are...but are, 因为“而习惯用法not放在was后面了（版主的话）”，所以就变为了are not...but are.
作者: 蓝飞 时间: 2009-4-26 12:50
其实我觉得74题没有那么复杂,not ...but 当然要求前后结构一样了,前面是特指:the products of natural selection,后面是泛指:simply random by-products of other evolutionary development ,那么前后不对称啊,所以词组和词组不能平行了,就只有句子和句子平行了.
作者: Brilliance 时间: 2009-7-23 08:56
求解
作者: wuyan830308 时间: 2009-8-7 06:28
各大斑竹，我怎么感觉，既然已经说是...but...了，难道还会继续出现与前面一致的现象(即补出be not)么？but代表的不就是转折么？我觉得这种用法与as是不一样的，因为as没有转折的意思。
作者: yangfan8587 时间: 2009-8-10 00:40
kankan
作者: sudagrape 时间: 2009-8-14 00:49
版主好强啊，终于清晰了！
作者: 天蝎座1107 时间: 2009-8-14 21:51
up
[此贴子已经被作者于2009/8/14 21:53:05编辑过]
作者: liuxy1234 时间: 2009-9-16 10:26
...
作者: ivyfeng 时间: 2009-9-28 14:56
以下是引用aeoluseros在2008/8/18 22:47:00的发言：我认为要不要加谓语动词完全取决于会不会引起歧义。
74题先把正确答案代入再把are去掉，
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
我认为歧义在于：
but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments 与the products of natural selection并列。表达否定含义的not也是被省略掉了，引起歧义。
prep曾经说过，如果平行部分有一个谓语动词有否定词的话，另一个是不能够省的。否则引起歧义。
可是如果是这样的话后面应该用or之类的表示啊，用了but应该很难会有人做这样的并列吧，我认为真正引起歧义的是不知道simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments 是和the products of natural selection并列还是和natural selection并列，加上are,说明是和前面的整个noun phrase并列（如果这里补上的是of说明和natural selection并列，原理一样）
[此贴子已经被作者于2009/9/28 15:01:19编辑过]
作者: 赋格 时间: 2009-9-28 16:37
原文的解释很好哇，平行重要的是逻辑结构的平行，而不单单是形式的平行。因为not后面是because引导的原因状语从句，后面接but会产生beacuse...,but的歧义。are not +noun与but are+noun很好啊。
作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2009-9-28 17:00
umm..倒不会产生那样的并列歧义，因为not...but...所对比的东西是很对称的，not A of B but C,那必然是A of B和C的并列。
不过我发现我当初在2楼的说法有误...我后来在另一个帖子里纠正过(http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=23&replyID=3156131&id=354330&skin=0)：
大概意思我再说下：
如果选C，那么句子是：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
这样会造成一个歧义(ambiguous)：好像整个“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments”都在修饰“natural selection”
事实上只有“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival”才是对“natural selection”的解释，这里but是介词。
而把D代入：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
but不可能作介词修饰natural selection,因为它后面有了谓语动词，but只能作为连词，不修饰natural selection，而是跟are not the products of natural selection平行。
作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2009-9-28 17:01
我把2楼编辑下，以免再有误会.
作者: moonwalker 时间: 2009-9-29 22:28
不是说并列结果前面出现了BE动词，后面的BE动词必须省略吗？
作者: aeoluseros 时间: 2009-9-30 04:21
以下是引用moonwalker在2009/9/29 22:28:00的发言：不是说并列结果前面出现了BE动词，后面的BE动词必须省略吗？
省略会产生歧义的话不能省
作者: gsj677 时间: 2009-10-17 11:54
作者: karateguy 时间: 2010-3-24 22:58
E为什么不好，我觉得其他里面they 和their指代都有歧义！
作者: 小鱼1988 时间: 2010-3-24 23:18
记得XDF语法课上讲过，not..but有非词组的用法，此时的not要跟在谓语动词的后面，而but并列的是谓语。
这道题，not跟在are后面，所以应该就是这种用法了，but并列的是谓语，所以要加上are。
小女子拙见，请轻拍。。
作者: cat19bear 时间: 2010-3-24 23:40
刚刚听 赵丽 讲过
看到but 找前面有没有not
如果有not 那是平行并列
如果没有NOT ＋ 主谓宾
作者: hughlv 时间: 2011-2-14 21:21
如果选C，那么句子是：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
这样会造成一个歧义(ambiguous)：好像整个“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments”都在修饰“natural selection”
事实上只有“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival”才是对“natural selection”的解释，这里but是介词。
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
but不可能作介词修饰natural selection,因为它后面有了谓语动词，but只能作为连词，不修饰natural selection，而是跟are not the products of natural selection平行。OG Diagnostic Test 39题
According to scholars, the earliest writing was probable not a direct rendering of speech, but more than likely began as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language.
Not后面表面上是一个名词短语，实际上not前面是一个实意动词be动词（probable应该是probably吧？），而习惯用法not放在was后面了，所以其实应该是“谓语动词+名词短语”的并列。
[此贴子已经被作者于2009/9/28 17:03:15编辑过]
-- by 会员 aeoluseros (2008/8/18 22:47:00)
道理是懂了，但是我没搞明白那个歧义句子的意思：favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
but后面是名词by-products，跟之前的部分组合就成为是they enhance A or B, but C。这不像是一个有意义的结构因此也不可能这么搭配，不知道为何大家都同意这个有歧义呢？
作者: 夜色微蓝 时间: 2011-4-19 11:57
弱问一下，
be not...., but be......
可不可以理解成是句子间的平行呢？ 因为第二个be的存在，所以才是两个句子间的平行？
作者: cynthia628 时间: 2011-8-6 22:03
以下是引用rorarora在2008-8-18 21:41:00的发言：
74. (28503-!-item-!-188;#058&003635)
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
(A) due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are
(B) due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are
(C) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but
(D) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are
(E) because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are
答案选D
题目的not明明跟在are 后面，如果but后面再加are，不就破坏平行了么？
有限的几种解释我都觉得很不convincing.
prep笔记的解释是but还有except的含义，所以应该加are;
还有说法是but后面很容易和enhance并列....
于是我曾经总结：not...but这个词组，用在名词短语前，要小心地补上谓语；
可是
1）前两天翻看LZM, 赫然写着：not ...but....可以用来修饰名词词组！！~
2）OG Diagnostic Test 39题
39. According to scholars, the earliest writing was probable not a direct rendering of speech, but was more likely to begin as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language.
(A) was more likely to begin as
(B) more than likely began as
(C) more than likely beginning from
(D) it was more than likely begun from
(E) it was more likely that it began
(A) was more likely to begin as
(B) more than likely began as
(C) more than likely beginning from
(D) it was more than likely begun from
(E) it was more likely that it began
The sentence is a comparison in which probably not x is balanced by but more than likely y.
前面一个not后面，跟的也是名词
有没有人能出来说说看法的？
顶一下，好帖。看了后我想说说我对prep-74题的一些想法。也有很多地方希望大家补充：我做题的时候选了D，但回头觉得C也很好。C和D确实很有迷惑性！想了很久，我也逐渐同意prep说C中but是作为介词，可能与前面的插入语because，而没有与实际应该要对称的部分
are not the products of natural selection并列，产生歧义。
because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments （但是我始终无法理解这里的句子意思，是否有人能解释一下？）其次，对于D的not..but..我归结为它的动词并列结构。好像都是be 动词在not 之前，but 后出现动词与其平行。PREP 中有好几道题都是这样。PREP-73 Evolutionary psychology holds that the human mind is not a "blank slate" but instead comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed to solve specific problems human ancestors faced millions of years ago.
PREP－76By recording the noise of crinkled wrappers as they were slowly stretched out in an otherwise silent chamber, and then digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
By recording the noise of crinkled wrappers as they were slowly stretched out in an otherwise silent chamber, and then digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
Evolutionary psychology holds that the human mind is not a "blank slate" but instead comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed to solve specific problems human ancestors faced millions of years ago.PREP－76By recording the noise of crinkled wrappers as they were slowly stretched out in an otherwise silent chamber, and then digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
By recording the noise of crinkled wrappers as they were slowly stretched out in an otherwise silent chamber, and then digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not
continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
所以我认为74题D中but are 中are的补出很重要，消除了C的歧义！！
[此贴子已经被作者于2008-8-21 20:37:46编辑过]
-- by 会员 SuccessMBA08 (2008/8/21 15:19:00)
做这道题的时候我看到is not a blank slate...but马上就想到一定有一个选项是but后面直接加名词，可是找半天都没找到，后来发现了but comprises这个选项，才恍然大悟，很赞同版主的观点，be动词在平行结构中的位置是很灵活的，可以独立与平行之外，也就是本来是not be+n...but v+n,然后习惯将be放在not之前，也就变成了,be not+n...but v+n.还有前面一个筒子看到OG上的一个not only的用法也是这样，可以使be not only+n,but also+v+n.
作者: drzard 时间: 2012-1-20 12:56
[quote]
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
两种意思：
1、补出的只有are
PSJG说很多生物特征不是自然选择产生的，（自然选择这些特征是因为他们增强了繁殖和生存的能力）（插入语不管他），而仅仅是其他进化发展过程的副产品。
2、补出的是are not
PSJG说很多生物特征不是自然选择产生的，（自然选择这些特征是因为他们增强了繁殖和生存的能力）（插入语不管他），而不仅仅是其他进化发展过程的副产品。
but可以和谓语平行,也可以和宾语平行,如果不加are就是和宾语平行.那么翻译过来如上,似乎不符原题的意思.所以此题的关键应该不是语法,而是逻辑关系.
作者: 潇湘妃子zwhj 时间: 2012-2-8 20:42
当时做题是就迷惑在favored because..... 上了，后来看解释这个是插入语，但是这个插入语怎么这么别扭呢？什么叫favored because啊？这样说话也太蹩脚了阿？
如果翻译是不是自然选择的产品，然后插入语修饰自然选择的产物这个词，那么应该是起到解释说明作用的，可是这个插入语说的是因为他们增强了繁殖和存活，这是什么意思，总要有问题才能用因为...，有果才有因啊，那么这个because到底是解释什么的？
作者: vivienzht 时间: 2012-2-10 11:04
我最后想通这道题的点是"simply"这个词，通过句意来判断。
最开始我选的是C，而且很自然地认为表达了by-products和products的平行，因为not...but...可以直接跟名词。我不觉得but后面是跟natural selection平行的。所以也就一直想不通大家解释的为什么but后面不补出are就会引起歧义。
但后来仔细看，simply是一个副词，如果它是“仅仅”的意思，那么它应该修饰谓语，而不是random，假如修饰random就成了“仅仅随机”，意思不通顺。所以这时候but后面要补出谓语are，以便于simply有修饰的对象。这时后半句的意思是“而不仅仅是其他进化发展的随机副产品”。
如果它是“简单地”，用来修饰形容词random 的话，整个后半句意思又不太通顺，翻译过来是“而不是其他进化发展的简单随机副产品”。实际上simply random在统计学里是一个固定的词语，一般说simply random sampling，简单随机抽样。
simply表达“简单地”一般说这些：
He lives simply.
to put it simply 简单地说
这样比较下来，simply应该是“仅仅”的意思，它应该修饰谓语动词而不是random。
作者: lyx6117 时间: 2012-4-8 19:30
39. According to scholars, the earliest writing was probable not a direct rendering of speech, but was more likely to begin as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language.
(A) was more likely to begin as
(B) more than likely began as
(C) more than likely beginning from
(D) it was more than likely begun from
(E) it was more likely that it began
看到之前大牛解释，not..but的平行是特殊，要看not前面有没有谓语动词。如有要避免歧义就要加v
上面这道题就是很好的解释啊其实，more than likely的意思是很有可能。
前面是was probable not..后面是but more than likely began..十分平行哟~
作者: FTKJ 时间: 2013-6-15 14:51
Mark之～～～
作者: sherylnome 时间: 2013-7-15 16:40
这道题看完讨论又开始头晕袅~~~~~
作者: Joehe2010 时间: 2013-8-20 21:37
lcy19812000 发表于 2009-3-29 13:10 
以下是引用aeoluseros在2008-8-21 15:53:00的发言：我认为后面的was是系动词,did是不能指代系动词be的，所 ...
个人看法
其实这不是not……but……结构，是A do A1，but do A2结构，只不过but一般都有转折，前面通常都有not
所以给人not X but Y结构，如果是这个结构，前后必须一致那基本上可以说是没有问题的。
many biological traits should be the products of natural selection, but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
如果改成这样，那么应该更少异议了。
作者: qiongle 时间: 2013-8-21 08:59
rorarora 发表于 2008-8-18 21:41
74. (28503-!-item-!-188;#058&003635)Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biol ...
不是manhattan就是OG有提到过 are not，but are是平行，应该是manhattan，仔细看下平行那章吧。
作者: heidiym 时间: 2014-7-30 05:02
老帖新问，关于Ron说的歧义问题，我不是很能赞同，望拍砖
Ron的原话：
1) Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments. --> this is the most obvious reading
2) Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments. --> counterintuitive if you know anything about evolutionary biology, although grammatically ok -- so, a competing interpretation, but not reasonable.
加粗部分是一个unit的意思
但是我觉得虽然语法上看有第二种解读的可能性，但是我觉得because加but这个东西逻辑不对呀？因为但是这是什么逻辑？而且句子意思but后面的内容也不是转折because后面的呀。我很纠结Ron的解释。忽然一看很有道理，但是我在读句子的时候根据语义也不会那么想唉。。
我倒是比较认同说be动词否定位置的特殊性，以后要是见到了be动词的not but平行结构，特别是not but中间有插入的修饰成分要小心对Be动词的补出。
作者: wlc思语 时间: 2014-7-30 12:00
满满自信选C的菜鸟表示好晕~~~
作者: heidiym 时间: 2014-7-30 21:10
dingdingding~!!
作者: ClaireeCheung 时间: 2015-1-31 06:53
get itttt!!!!Thxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
作者: shjtSAIF 时间: 2015-8-18 05:43
请教版主一下favored加在 because前是什么意思呢？
作者: 玛德滞涨 时间: 2016-3-20 18:41
同意！
作者: J-FTD 时间: 2016-3-24 16:30
同意！
作者: 疯狂的狐狸 时间: 2016-4-21 14:40
感谢分享！
作者: Nicole2015 时间: 2016-7-30 19:41
天哪！就没有人想问favored because+句子，是修饰什么的嘛？？？ 那为什么E不对呢？？？各位NN请指教啊！！！
作者: 麦芒的和煦 时间: 2016-7-31 09:55
谢谢各位大牛的解释。我总结下，看看对不对，顺便贴个类似题。
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
* A due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are 分析A选项
B due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are 分析B选项
C because they enhance reproduction or survival, but 分析C选项
D because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are 分析D选项
E because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are 分析E选项
not, but 的用法
1.not.. but中be动词没那么严格要求，be动词可以放在not前，but后加动词
2.but可以作为连词用也可以作为介词用，注意不同选项中but的用法
3.选项C中，but可以理解成为介词，并属于because从句中。一起修饰natural election.所以要补出are
------------------------------------------另外一道题----------------------------------------------------
Evolutionary psychology holds that the human mind is not a "blank slate," but instead that it comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed as a way of solving specific problems human ancestors faced millions of years ago.
* A the human mind is not a "blank slate," but instead that it comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed as a way of solving 分析A选项
B the human mind is not a "blank slate" but instead comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed to solve 分析B选项
C the human mind, instead of a "blank slate," it comprises specialized mental mechanisms that have been developed to solve 分析C选项
D rather than it being a "blank slate," the human mind comprises specialized mental mechanisms that have been developed as a way of solving 分析D选项
E rather than the human mind's being a "blank slate," that it comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed as a way of solving 分析E选项
OA ---B
------------------------------------类似题------------------------------------------------
According to scholars, the earliest writing was probably not a direct rendering of speech, but was more likely to begin as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language.
(A) was more likely to begin as
(B) more than likely began as
(C) more than likely beginning from
(D) it was more than likely begun from
(E) it was more likely that it began
OA---B
作者: 晓嘉听话 时间: 2016-9-1 06:21
我就是选的E，看半天也没有几个人问这个噁心的favored because...是啥意思。。。。难道我们思路和大众不一样。。。
作者: 晓嘉听话 时间: 2016-9-1 06:23
而且我怎么觉得这里they有歧义呢？这里到底指的是traits还是products of natural selection
作者: 旧金山陈冠希 时间: 2016-9-21 11:41
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are by-products of other evolutionary developments.
记住必须选择最好的， D也许不是最好的表达方式，但是选项中最有效的
1, 必须重复are， 不然会和because 里的内容有ambiguity
2, 这里的they 指代is acceptable 因为product 修饰的就是traits，
3， 如果这里使用了： C： because enhancing reproduction or survival , because 后面的ing修饰前面的 clause， 有 ambiguity and hard to process，比如 : nature selection enhanced reproduction?
作者: 旧金山陈冠希 时间: 2016-9-21 11:43
如果这里使用了： e： because enhancing reproduction or survival , because 后面的ing修饰前面的 clause， make this has ambiguity and hard to process，比如 : nature selection enhanced reproduction? or traits ? products enhance the ...?
作者: 旧金山陈冠希 时间: 2016-9-21 11:44
没有歧义，因为句子里没有更好的选项的了
1 必须重复are， 不然会和because 里的内容有ambiguity
2, 这里的they 指代is acceptable 因为product 修饰的就是traits，
3， 如果这里使用了： C： because enhancing reproduction or survival , because 后面的ing修饰前面的 clause， 有 ambiguity and hard to process，比如 : nature selection enhanced reproduction?
作者: 旧金山陈冠希 时间: 2016-9-21 11:47
favored because = the argument is favored by. 意思是这个argument之所以看似成立是因为....
作者: DY567 时间: 2016-12-8 02:52
but后面需要are是因为simply的修饰问题，请看RON的解释：
"Are" is also necessary in that sentence because of "simply".
"Simply" is an adverb that describes the fact that these things are random byproducts; i.e., it describes the verb "are". If you remove "are", then "simply" is an orphan with nothing to describe.
https://www.manhattanprep.com/gmat/forums/by-pressing-a-tiny-amount-of-nitrogen-between-two-diamonds-t1459-30.html
其次关于favored, 个人认为应该理解成被赞同的意思，SJG argue的内容被赞同是因为.....
作者: LuLuanna 时间: 2017-2-21 12:47
Mark一下！
作者: Dreamout 时间: 2017-3-30 09:50
Mark一下！
作者: Dreamout 时间: 2017-3-30 09:51
Mark一下！
作者: 猪小王 时间: 2018-4-7 04:09
分析一下这三道题目:
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
A due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are
B due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are
C because they enhance reproduction or survival, but
D because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are （正确）
E because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are
总结：many biological traits ARE NOT ..., modifier, BUT ARE ... 这里平行的是两个nouns部分，而but后面的are的存在是为了避免平行的歧义。
------------------------------------------另外一道题----------------------------------------------------
Evolutionary psychology holds that the human mind is not a "blank slate," but instead that it comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed as a way of solving specific problems human ancestors faced millions of years ago.
A the human mind is not a "blank slate," but instead that it comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed as a way of solving
B the human mind is not a "blank slate" but instead comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed to solve （正确）
C the human mind, instead of a "blank slate," it comprises specialized mental mechanisms that have been developed to solve
D rather than it being a "blank slate," the human mind comprises specialized mental mechanisms that have been developed as a way of solving
E rather than the human mind's being a "blank slate," that it comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed as a way of solving
总结：这里的平行是两个变换的verbs，而不是nouns，IS NOT ... BUT COMPRISES ...。
------------------------------------类似题------------------------------------------------
According to scholars, the earliest writing was probably not a direct rendering of speech, but was more likely to begin as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language.
(A) was more likely to begin as（more likely to do X THAN to do Y, 这里缺少than）
(B) more than likely began as （正确；more than作为副词修饰likely，而likely和probably对应）
(C) more than likely beginning from
(D) it was more than likely begun from
(E) it was more likely that it began
总结：这里是verbs之间的平行，WAS NOT ..., BUT BEGAN AS ..., AND MERGED WITH ...
作者: emonsyy 时间: 2018-9-9 15:18
贴一下Ron神的解释：
https://www.manhattanprep.com/gmat/forums/by-pressing-a-tiny-amount-of-nitrogen-between-two-diamonds-t1459-45.html
basically, here's the difference:
• "not X but Y":
this construction implies that X is what's "normal" or "expected", and that Y is what's actually true.
e.g.,
I was surprised to learn that Ella was not Clint's biological daughter but in fact his adopted daughter, since her facial features so closely resemble his.
(here, since the girl looks so much like her dad, we EXPECT to find out that she's his biological daughter.)
• "X but Y":
this just implies a contrast, but NOT any expectation.
(in THIS PARTICULAR sentence—as already explained in this thread—the "X" part includes the word "not".)
e.g.,
I am not a mechanic, but can perform basic maintenance on non-hybrid cars.
__
this sentence DOES describe a contrast—these things aren't products of natural selection, BUT they ARE products of essentially random selection processes.
on the other hand, it DOES NOT describe any sort of situation with an "expected" or "predictable" result.
thus it should not use the first construction; it should use the second one.
to make this sentence into "X, but Y", we need to include the are on the right-hand side.
作者: 徐HaHa 时间: 2018-9-18 11:42
名词并列的歧义句很难接受 enhance后面都是抽象名词怎么可能和by-product平行
作者: 子栖 时间: 2019-12-27 10:40
Mark一下！
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