413 In the mid-1920’s the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company was the scene of an intensive series of experiments that would investigate changes in working conditions as to their effects on workers’ performance.
(A) That would investigate changes in working conditions as to their effects on workers’ performance
(B) Investigating the effects that changes in working conditions would have on workers’ performance
(C) for investigating what are the effects in workers’ performance that changes in working conditions would cause
(D) that investigated changes in working conditions’ effects on workers’ performance（B）
(E) to investigate what the effects changes in working conditions would have on workers’ performance
一直以来对that的修饰不是很明了，which好办就是直接修饰它前面的词，ing形式也是修饰前面的词，但是that作定语的时候有跳跃修饰的功能，往往就搞得有点糊涂了。我想问问当句子里有that修饰介词短语的时候，如何判定that修饰的是紧靠that的名词还是修饰前面的名词。如这道题中that前面是一堆of+名词；如何判断呢？
希望大家支援一下，问得问题有点弱，希望大牛小牛走过路过帮帮忙；
What "that" modifies is determined by the logical meaning of the sentence.
谢谢laipiyu,
那就是that 的指代没有指代不清这一说了?
从我自己的个人理解，that一般是不做跳跃修饰的，做跳跃修饰的时候往往是修饰前面一个意群（即最近的一组意群）中的中心词，并且每当这个时候作者会尽量安排这个中心词后面的其他名词性单词以不同的单复数形式出现以避免歧义。
很抽象，拿你这道题来举例：that前面的意群是scene of an intensive series of experiments Investigating the effects ，因为修饰限定scene的部分“of an intensive series of experiments Investigating the effects ” 过长，很难把它提到scene的前面去，所以没有办法that只能在这个意群结束以后出现，但是为了让that 没有歧义，作者把所有的series，experiments, effects都安排成了复数，可以让exchanges的出现清楚地界定that的修饰对象为最近的一个单数名词scene。
一家之言，还需要经过多道实战题目验证，目前来看OG上面有道Market的题目也是这样，题号想不起来了，prep 等等的也可以看看，GWD因为没有标准答案就很不好说，这个点上我看争议蛮多的。
which的跳跃修饰也是类似的，特殊情况是可以跳跃的，但往往是修饰中心词的，不能胡乱跳跃。
谢谢 cecila, 现在感觉明朗多了，以后做题的时候边做边验证；
cecila基本说对了
但是注意 A of B 结构，不同于其他的介词结构组，正如介词指代可以指代A也可以指代B一样，定从也是
但其他的介词结构，后面的定从肯定是跳过介词结构，直接指向介词结构修饰的名词（也就是cecila说的中心词）
错了, 是Effects的同位语
应该是定语从句没有错吧,如果是同位语,应该有个逗号再加一个跟前面的experiment有关的名词,然后跟that从句;
不知道对不....
今天做题碰到一个
大全-675 Studies show that young people with higher-than-average blood pressure and their families have a history of high blood pressure are more likely than others to develop a severe form of the condition.
(A) and their families have a history of high blood pressure
(B) whose families have a history of high blood pressure
(C) and a history of high blood pressure runs in the family
(D) whose families have a history of high blood pressure running in them（B）
(E) with a history of high blood pressure running in their family
这里面的whose的修饰就是跃过with短语的限定直接修饰yong people的
这里的which能跳到前面修饰吗?
大全- 678 Television programs developed in conjunction with the marketing of toys, which was once prohibited by federal regulations, are thriving in the free market conditions permitted by the current Federal Communications Commission.
(A) Television programs developed in conjunction with the marketing of toys, which was once prohibited by federal regulations, are
(B) Television programs developed in conjunction with the marketing of toys, a practice that federal regulations once prohibited, is
(C) Developing television programs in conjunction with the marketing of toys, as once prohibited by federal regulations, is;
(D) Federal regulations once prohibited developing television programs in conjunction with the marketing of toys, but they are; （E）
(E) Federal regulations once prohibited developing television programs in conjunction with the marketing of toys, but such programs are
当时自己做题是靠which修饰前面的toys而排除的,但是后来看到大牛的帖子,没有提到这一点的,都是通过A中的was的主位不一致来排除的,那么到底这里的which修饰的是哪个呢?我一直以来做题就用which肯定直接修饰靠前的名词来排除选项的,屡试不爽;这次要把跳跃修饰给彻底搞清楚了,希望大家懂的帮帮忙;
我是语法白痴 这几个问题想了一下午都没想通 可能基础太差了希望nn指点！！！！！
1 From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
上面这道题我会选答案但是我不明白 which could carry four 这个句子怎么能修饰canoe去，为什么不能修饰 cedar，或者修饰 rails of cedar；
三个问题：
1. 定语从句不是就近修饰吗？？为什么不能修饰介词短语中的名词呢？？因为是非限？？还是因为介词短语与主句是独立主格的关系？
2 如果是n of n'这样的结构 定语从句修饰哪个名词？？限制性定语从句和非限制性在这样的情况下有没有区别？
3.。。。。with短语不能向后修饰从句吗？？？？
2 还有一句话：。。。。。many others in the film industry, however, contend that the technique degrades major works of art, which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue.
这个也是选项没有问题 但这里的which指代是什么呢 major works of art 还是art呢
名词性从句和定语从句在这样的修饰指代上面有什么区别吗 就是这种 n of n 形式的 是修饰后面的 N呢 还是修饰整个的n of n???
3.关于it 的指代问题
我一直觉得从句中的it指代主句中的单数中心词 但有时候主语宾语都是单数名词 优先哪个呢？
As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision.
这里的第一个it肯定指代a rudimentary sense of vision，但是为什么不能是baby呢？？？
还有上面那句many others in the film industry, however, contend that the technique degrades major works of art, which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue. 如果major works of art变成单数 it能否指代major work呢
同问同问~
ETS的SC好像很活,难题都是逻辑为主
说到that的跳跃修饰，对比OG11-116
Out of America's fascination with all thing antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing back the ...
要硬从语法上讲that也可以修饰furniture呀
有人有这方面的总结吗？谢谢 谢谢
这句THAT不可能修饰furnitureS(复数),THAT后是IS只能修饰a market
这里的which能跳到前面修饰吗?
大全- 678 Television programs developed in conjunction with the marketing of toys, which was once prohibited by federal regulations, are thriving in the free market conditions permitted by the current Federal Communications Commission.
(A) Television programs developed in conjunction with the marketing of toys, which was once prohibited by federal regulations, are
(B) Television programs developed in conjunction with the marketing of toys, a practice that federal regulations once prohibited, is
(C) Developing television programs in conjunction with the marketing of toys, as once prohibited by federal regulations, is;
(D) Federal regulations once prohibited developing television programs in conjunction with the marketing of toys, but they are; （E）
(E) Federal regulations once prohibited developing television programs in conjunction with the marketing of toys, but such programs are
当时自己做题是靠which修饰前面的toys而排除的,但是后来看到大牛的帖子,没有提到这一点的,都是通过A中的was的主位不一致来排除的,那么到底这里的which修饰的是哪个呢?我一直以来做题就用which肯定直接修饰靠前的名词来排除选项的,屡试不爽;这次要把跳跃修饰给彻底搞清楚了,希望大家懂的帮帮忙;
这里的which能跳到前面修饰吗?
大全- 678 Television programs developed in conjunction with the marketing of toys, which was once prohibited by federal regulations, are thriving in the free market conditions permitted by the current Federal Communications Commission.
(A) Television programs developed in conjunction with the marketing of toys, which was once prohibited by federal regulations, are
(B) Television programs developed in conjunction with the marketing of toys, a practice that federal regulations once prohibited, is
(C) Developing television programs in conjunction with the marketing of toys, as once prohibited by federal regulations, is;
(D) Federal regulations once prohibited developing television programs in conjunction with the marketing of toys, but they are; （E）
(E) Federal regulations once prohibited developing television programs in conjunction with the marketing of toys, but such programs are
当时自己做题是靠which修饰前面的toys而排除的,但是后来看到大牛的帖子,没有提到这一点的,都是通过A中的was的主位不一致来排除的,那么到底这里的which修饰的是哪个呢?我一直以来做题就用which肯定直接修饰靠前的名词来排除选项的,屡试不爽;这次要把跳跃修饰给彻底搞清楚了,希望大家懂的帮帮忙;
兄弟,我觉得你的排除方法也可以(逻辑意思不对),其他NN的排除方法也不错,可能这个错IS更隐蔽.大家觉得哪,讨论一下!
我觉得这里我用which修饰toys而说逻辑不对排除,那么就默认which不可能跳跃修饰了,N们说which后面的was主谓不一致就是默认which是跳跃修饰前面的programs所以要用were;我觉得还是不能确定which是就近修饰还是跳跃修饰,看OG解释一直是说which就近修饰的;
OG 11- 9. Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator.
(A) are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on
(B) are visible as dark spots that never have been sighted on the surface of the Sun
(C) appear on the surface of the Sun as dark spots although never sighted at
(D) appear as dark spots on the surface of the Sun, although never having been sighted at
(E) appear as dark spots on the Sun’s surface, which have never been sighted on
OG 解释: E The relative pronoun which should immediately follow its referent; here which illogically follows surface,
and its intended referent, either sunspots or dark spots, becomes unclear
照理说这里的which的逻辑修饰应该是跳跃修饰sunspots,但是根据解释看GMAC好像不认可which的跳跃修饰,不知道是个例还是在gmat中通用,
一般人我不告诉他;
不好意思，才看到这个帖子
我上次的回帖有误。
其实我想说的是，
当定从前面有介词结构， 要看这个介词结构是做什么成分，如果是做修饰语，修饰介词结构更前面的核心词，那么不用担心定从会指代介词结构里面的名词。
但是当介词结构是做状语，那么就有定从的指代问题了
你前面举的几个例子，似乎都通用。
所以不要随便用“定从跳跃修饰”这种说法，其实根本的原因还是要掌握哪个成分才是核心词。
open to discuss
兄弟,我觉得你的排除方法也可以(逻辑意思不对),其他NN的排除方法也不错,可能这个错IS更隐蔽.大家觉得哪,讨论一下!
我觉得这里我用which修饰toys而说逻辑不对排除,那么就默认which不可能跳跃修饰了,N们说which后面的was主谓不一致就是默认which是跳跃修饰前面的programs所以要用were;我觉得还是不能确定which是就近修饰还是跳跃修饰,看OG解释一直是说which就近修饰的;
我是觉得which引导的句子作为一个单句列出，前后用逗号隔开，这样就像一个插入成分一样，就不是直接修饰前面从句中的的market of toys， 而应该是修饰的是主句中的中心词。
大家看看这样分析可否？
GWD26-Q24 关于跳跃修饰
According to
A. while there was about one-third of mothers with young children working outside the home in 1975, in 2000, almost two-thirds of those mothers were employed outside the home.
B. there were about one-third of mothers with young children who worked outside the home in 1975; in 2000, almost two-thirds of those mothers were employed outside the home
C. in 1975 about one-third of mothers with young children worked outside the home; in 2000, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home
D. even though in 1975 there were about one-third of mothers with young children who worked outside the home, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home in 2000
E. with about one-third of mothers with young children working outside the home in 1975, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home in 2000
答案为C，D错在who worked outside 修饰children逻辑错误
我当时选D的理由是：
这里的with young children 可不可以看成一个介词短语，然后who ....跳跃修饰前面的名词mothers ？？
In terms of physics, the characteristic feature of the roller coaster is that the cars' potential energy, gained through their being lifted by a chain drive through the Earth's gravity to the top of the first drop ,
has been converted to kinetic energy by the time the ride ends.
A cars' potential energy , gained through their being lifted by a chain drive
B cars' potential energy , a gain achieved as they are lifted by a chain drive
C potential energy from the cars' being lifted by a chain drive
D potential energy of the cars , gained as a chain drive lifts them
E potential energy gained by the cars , being achieved while a chain drive lifts them
答案是D 我不懂的是解释里提到 -ed分词gained跳过介词短语of the cars修饰potential energy
为什么这里不能用-ed分词可能就近修饰介词短语of the cars逻辑意思不合理 来作为排除D的理由？？
最近复习貌似总是遇见类似的问题 有时可以用就近修饰导致逻辑意思不合理来排除某个选项
有时却在答案的补充说明里提到是属于跳跃修饰
那么到底该怎么去判断呢？
这里是-ed分词的跳跃修饰，和that从句有没有同点呢？
这题有该怎么理解呢？
GWD26-Q24 关于跳跃修饰
According to
A. while there was about one-third of mothers with young children working outside the home in 1975, in 2000, almost two-thirds of those mothers were employed outside the home.
B. there were about one-third of mothers with young children who worked outside the home in 1975; in 2000, almost two-thirds of those mothers were employed outside the home
C. in 1975 about one-third of mothers with young children worked outside the home; in 2000, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home
D. even though in 1975 there were about one-third of mothers with young children who worked outside the home, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home in 2000
E. with about one-third of mothers with young children working outside the home in 1975, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home in 2000
答案为C，D错在who worked outside 修饰children逻辑错误
我当时选D的理由是：
这里的with young children 可不可以看成一个介词短语，然后who ....跳跃修饰前面的名词mothers ？？
我不同意你的理解： 我认为D不是错在定从的指代，注意到这里是限制性定从， 其特点我之前说过是指代中心词的， 介词结构with young children 并不影响定从的指代， 定从是指代mothers的，没有问题。 但D最关键的错误，在于， there were句型， 非常awkward, 而且更严重的是逻辑意思的错误，如果你仔细看原句，原句用的是while从句表对比，表示对比， 而C自说自话改为了even though从句表转折， 严重的扭曲逻辑意思。
C 的正确性：
1）完美的平行 ，两个分句的结构平行， 各个成分的位置平行，意思平行。
in 1975
about one-third of mothers 【with young children】 worked （outside the home）; in 2000, almost two-thirds of such mothers
were employed （outside the home ）
2）从OG的例子来看， 分号是ETS偏爱的选项。（如果需要举例，我可以补充）
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