产生participle phrases原点是为了to reduce wordiness by replacing longer adverbial or relative clauses，另外要强调的重要讯息不会写成participle phrases，因为分词修饰语属于次等地位(The
modifier is subordinate to the main clause)。也就是说A….and B…(A与B一样重要)，如果A…V..,B...Ving (就重要性而言A>B)
简单一句：分词构句是主要句子的意义延伸。
目前我看到有几种句意：
1. 因果(★★★★★)
2. 补述：解释某事(★★★)、描述状态并列或伴随(★★)、纯举例
participle
phrases如此具困扰性是因为可以改写的来源多
1.由adj. clauses (如who, which开头)可改写成分词词组。考题中可分形容词子句限制性、非限制性改分词的考法。
2. 副词子句(有连接词开头的)也可改分词词组，所以有因果关系或时间关系，单纯就时间关系看，可以有先后或同时，会有动作是伴随或是并列关系。
3.当三个以上的动词用and相连时，后面的部分也改写成分词(V, Ving... and Ving...)。
我看过的说法中，觉得Manhatan GMAT备考网站，里面指导员所讲的分词概念不错，但是他的目的在卖书，所以讲的真的不多。
1.当分词构句放句首，修饰后面句子的主词。前几天看到有人发帖的整理，讲到分词在句首，表示此动作先于主要句子的动作，讲的真好。
2.当分词构句不放在句首时:
if
there's NO COMMA before a participle, then the participle creates an adjective phrase that modifies the noun immediately
preceding.
if
there's a COMMA before a participle, then the participle creates an adverb phrase that modifies the action of the preceding
clause.
PS：逗号的产生可能是插入语，遇到插入语可以跳过不看，不代表分词修饰这个插入语。
判断上抓前句的动词与主词，如果用中文想就是「此主体这个动作的行为导致或表示.....」(to modify the action of)。而且不可以只有思考主词或动词。
如果遇到前句有数个动词，以找最近的动词为主，譬如V1 to V2，分词构句修饰V2
3.
participle (V-ing) after the comma can not modify the subject of the preceding clause's
noun.
這個考「什么情况下不可以改成分词构句?」除了需要有对等连接词的句子，不可改分词构句，因为句意重要性会被改变外，
打逗号的Ving分词，无法修饰逗号之前的名词，所以非限制的形容词子句最好不要改分词Ving构句(有7個考題)，但是Ved分词例外(有两个考题)
非限制的形容词子句，不可以改为Ving分词 | |
Y79 | The Parthenon was a church from 1204 until 1456, when Athens was taken * 不可改成establishing会变成修饰Athens |
非限制的形容词子句，改成Ved分词 ,-ed 修饰逗号之前的名词 | |
The ancient Anasazi harvested such native desert vegetation as the purple-flowered * ancient暗示古人 * which is called | |
GWD 4-Q34 | Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mochica * which is based on * A of (B and C) |
这整理，一定有不全处，因为GMAT喜欢创造例外。
分词确实是个蛮难的topic, 我整理的OG对分词的考点有:
分词与从句取舍
分词与不定式取舍
分词与谓语动词的取舍
现在分词与过去分词的取舍
先写个大概, 抛砖引玉
請問你所謂的：
分詞與不定式取捨
分詞與謂語動詞的取捨
可否告知考題一下，謝謝！
participle (V-ing) after the comma can not modify the subject of the preceding clause's
noun.
打逗号又立即修饰前面那个名词的考题，我目前没有看到，若有看到请告诉我。
OG11有一题，很突兀的，我的理解是分词这里是修饰前面的名词。分词的确是比较多考又相对变化多端的一个点，一起讨论吧：
哦，还是我理解错你的意思了呢，MM还是说是不能修饰句子的主语？
For members of the seventeenth-century
(A) a method to protect
(B) as a method protecting
(C) protecting
(D) as a protection of
(E) to protect
Logical predication + rhetorical construction
The underlined part of the sentence begins a phrase describing items of military equipment. It is awkward and inaccurate to describe items as a method. Replacing the underlined phrase with the participle protecting creates a modifying phrase that clearly explains the purpose of the items of military equipment.
A A method to protect is an awkward reference to items
B The singular a method should not refer to the plural items, as a method protecting is not idiomatic
C Correct. In this sentence, protecting properly introduces a modifying phrase revealing the purpose of the items.
D Beginning the phrase with as is incorrect; using the noun form protection creates wordiness
E The infinitive to protect cannot act as an adjective modifying items; the participial form of the verb, protecting, is required
The correct answer is C.
分词打逗号，如果修饰前句动词，遇到动词是BE，这种没有实际意思的动词，我感觉是看该修饰句的主词或be动词后的N，意思都都说的通。
只是BE动词后面的常会出现一串东西，
像是此题就是落在
A is... N1 of N2
而C选项的解释也落在N1，不是N2
C Correct.
In this sentence, protecting properly introduces a modifying phrase revealing
the purpose of the items.
我上面没写的就是我还在思考分词修饰动词中，动词有两类：一般动词跟BE动词，怎样判断修饰对象比较好？这一点我思考中...
以下是我附檔的一部份
解释目的或功能(通常前句是有be动词) | |
橙24 | For members of the seventeenth-century * the participle explains the purpose of the items of military equipment. |
| Hydrocarbons, with which fruit flies perfume themselves in species-specific |
橙104 | Nuclear fusion is the force * 可以写Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen |
PS:
800Bob是国外教GMAT的老师，已经20年
For members of the seventeenth-century
我一直有个疑问，难道protecting就不能直接修饰前面的名词equipment吗？没有歧义吗？
能不能认为protecting修饰主语 animal-hide shields ，这样不就没有歧义了
同样，104，merging到底修是谁？按照24地解释，似乎是修饰 the force
N1 be N2 of N3, Ving 如何判断Ving的修饰关系，在逻辑判断上有没有什么优先顺序呢？还是肯定修饰N2?
橙64 | The (X) term is a process |
MM回帖好快啊
因為be 动词是等号的意思
A is B ....A=B
我也有类似的感觉，大的平行
分词打逗号，如果修饰前句动词，遇到动词是BE，这种没有实际意思的动词，我感觉是看该修饰句的主词或be动词后的N，意思都都说的通。
只是BE动词后面的常会出现一串东西，
像是此题就是落在
A is... N1 of N2
而C选项的解释也落在N1，不是N2
C Correct.
In this sentence, protecting properly introduces a modifying phrase revealing
the purpose of the items.
我上面没写的就是我还在思考分词修饰动词中，动词有两类：一般动词跟BE动词，怎样判断修饰对象比较好？这一点我思考中...
以下是我附檔的一部份
解释目的或功能(通常前句是有be动词) | |
橙24 | For members of the seventeenth-century * the participle explains the purpose of the items of military equipment. |
| Hydrocarbons, with which fruit flies perfume themselves in species-specific |
橙104 | Nuclear fusion is the force * 可以写Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen |
PS:
800Bob是国外教GMAT的老师，已经20年
再来一个OG的例子：
In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Corps of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, so that it absorbs the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.
(A) act as a buffer, so that it absorbs
(B) act like a buffer so as to absorb
(C) act as a buffer, absorbing
(D) acting as a buffer, absorbing（C）
(E) acting like a buffer, absorb
OG的解释是“The last part of the sentence describes the breakwater and should consist of two grammatically parallel phrases, absorbing ... and protecting, in order to show two equal functions. ”，不过这个应该是分词作状语，修饰实义动词act更为恰当，虽然也同样和24题是作为function。
再来一个OG的例子：
In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Corps of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, so that it absorbs the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.
(A) act as a buffer, so that it absorbs
(B) act like a buffer so as to absorb
(C) act as a buffer, absorbing
(D) acting as a buffer, absorbing（C）
(E) acting like a buffer, absorb
OG的解释是“The last part of the sentence describes the breakwater and should consist of two grammatically parallel phrases, absorbing ... and protecting, in order to show two equal functions. ”，不过这个应该是分词作状语，修饰实义动词act更为恰当，虽然也同样和24题是作为function。
24题感觉怪怪的，这道题很清楚，作结果状语，应该是修饰的是整个句子
请指正
In a
plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Corps of Engineers
proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet
above the waterline and act as a buffer,
absorbing the energy of crashing waves and
protecting the beaches.
請問你所謂的：
分詞與不定式取捨
分詞與謂語動詞的取捨
可否告知考題一下，謝謝！
分詞與不定式取捨:
OG11-49:
Many house builders offer rent-to-buy programs that enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to be able to move into new housing and to apply part of the rent to a purchase later.
(A) programs that enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to be able to move into new housing and to apply
(B) programs that enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing and to apply
(C) programs; that enables a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing, to apply
(D) programs, which enables a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down
payment to move into new housing, applying
(E) programs, which enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to be able to move into new housing, applying
不能将apply变为分词, 如D,E ,分词 做状语修饰谓语, 逻辑意思错误
OG 11-88:
88. The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation's air-traffic control system, to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports, and prompts fears among some officials that safety is being compromised.
(A) to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports, and prompts
(B) leading to 55 percent more delay at airports and prompting .
(C) to lead to a 55 percent increase in delay at airports and prompt
(D) to lead to an increase of 55 percent in delays at airports, and prompted
(E) leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting
C 的错误: 两个动词lead prompt 不是谓语的目的, 如果是目的, 那么可以用不定式
不是谓语的目的, 如果是目的, 那么可以用不定式
不是谓语的目的, 如果是目的, 那么可以用不定式
OG-11-93:
93. By a vote of 9 to 0, the Supreme Court awarded the Central Intelligence Agency broad discretionary powers enabling it to withhold from the public the identities of its sources of intelligence information.
(A)
(B) for it to withhold from the public
(C) for withholding disclosure to the public of
(D) that enable them to withhold from public disclosure
(E) that they can withhold public disclosure of
此处用分词, 来修饰diescretionary powers, 虽然选项中没有出现从句, 但即使出现定从修饰powers , 我认为此处还是应该用分词为好, 因为分词表示的是持续的现在的动作, 而从句多用于已经完成的一次性的动作
另外更不能用不定式, 如B, 因为一用不定式, 成了谓语的目的状语, withhold的主语成了句子的主语court, 违背了原句的意思
另外此处用分词似乎还与是法令有关
此处的迷惑项是for 引导的状语,
the Supreme Court awarded the Central Intelligence Agency broad discretionary powers for it to withhold from the public
体会一下句子的意思, for 在此处成了谓语award的状语, 目的状语 , 也就是说for 后面的内容实际是主语来做的, 是主语的目的了, 违背了原句的意思; 另外it指代主语 court
以上是我自己的总结的笔记,请大家指正
另外分词与谓语动词的取舍, 我得再找找, 主要就是要从逻辑意思来考虑到底是用哪个形式, 但有的时候真是难以判断, 就比如下面这道迷惑性爆强的OG11-104:
104. Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs, merging the
nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as
in nuclear reactors.
(A) merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in nuclear reactors
(B) merging the nuclei of atoms instead of splitting them apart, like nuclear reactors
(C) merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do
(D) and merges the nuclei of atoms but does not split them apart, as is done in nudear reactors
(E) and merges the nuclei of atoms, unlike atomic reactors that split them apart
这道题目很难用逻辑意思来判断到底用谓语动词,还是分词,也就是C和E的区别
OG11 从语法上排除了E. 这也提醒了我们一种思路: 逻辑上走不通, 看看语法上是否可以
另外分词与谓语动词的取舍, 我得再找找, 主要就是要从逻辑意思来考虑到底是用哪个形式, 但有的时候真是难以判断, 就比如下面这道迷惑性爆强的OG11-104:
104. Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs, merging the
nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as
in nuclear reactors.
(A) merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in nuclear reactors
(B) merging the nuclei of atoms instead of splitting them apart, like nuclear reactors
(C) merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do
(D) and merges the nuclei of atoms but does not split them apart, as is done in nudear reactors
(E) and merges the nuclei of atoms, unlike atomic reactors that split them apart
这道题目很难用逻辑意思来判断到底用谓语动词,还是分词,也就是C和E的区别
OG11 从语法上排除了E. 这也提醒了我们一种思路: 逻辑上走不通, 看看语法上是否可以
这题的确是逻辑上挺难分辨，至少在考试那么短的时间内有难度。不过用语法还是很好排除的，因为前面有个逗号没有划线划进去，“句子，and+v.”的形式错误一眼就看出来了。这样想出考题的人还是挺仁慈的，呵呵。
OG-11-93:
93. By a vote of 9 to 0, the Supreme Court awarded the Central Intelligence Agency broad discretionary powers enabling it to withhold from the public the identities of its sources of intelligence information.
(A)
(B) for it to withhold from the public
(C) for withholding disclosure to the public of
(D) that enable them to withhold from public disclosure
(E) that they can withhold public disclosure of
此处用分词, 来修饰diescretionary powers, 虽然选项中没有出现从句, 但即使出现定从修饰powers , 我认为此处还是应该用分词为好, 因为分词表示的是持续的现在的动作, 而从句多用于已经完成的一次性的动作
另外更不能用不定式, 如B, 因为一用不定式, 成了谓语的目的状语, withhold的主语成了句子的主语court, 违背了原句的意思
另外此处用分词似乎还与是法令有关
此处的迷惑项是for 引导的状语,
the Supreme Court awarded the Central Intelligence Agency broad discretionary powers for it to withhold from the public
体会一下句子的意思, for 在此处成了谓语award的状语, 目的状语 , 也就是说for 后面的内容实际是主语来做的, 是主语的目的了, 违背了原句的意思; 另外it指代主语 court
以上是我自己的总结的笔记,请大家指正
我怎么觉得这里B的it是有指代歧义的呢？前面supreme court和CIA一个主语一个宾语，没有哪一个是有优先指代的。for it夹在宾语和不定式之间就象一个夹心饼干，不知道要往哪个方向去。其次，我也同意LS说的，不定式表目的，便把宾语发出的动作变成了主语的目的了，而前面又是一个不知方向的for it，OG说for it to是unidiomatic，可能也就是这层意思吧。
其实，withhold与powers最恰当的逻辑关系应该是“power使得CIA能够发出这个动作”，所以用表示的目的不定式不如用分词作定语修饰powers来得清晰。而enabling方向很清楚，是powers enable, 其宾语it指代CIA，更加清晰。
open to discussion!
24题感觉怪怪的，这道题很清楚，作结果状语，应该是修饰的是整个句子
请指正
的确，这里应该是xxx rise....act as...的结果是absorbing.... protecting！
再来一个PREP的例子，是JJ版里看到的，也可以看作分词VS谓语动词的例子：
96. (29707-!-item-!-188;#058&003977)
In some species of cricket, the number of chirps per minute used by the male for attracting females rise and fall in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and they can in fact serve as an approximate thermometer.
(A) for attracting females rise and fall in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and they can in fact serve
(B) for attracting females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, which can in fact serve
(C) in attracting females rise and fall in accordance with the surrounding temperature, in fact possibly serving
(D) to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and it can in fact serve
(E) to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, in fact possibly serving
答案是D，有考友认为E是现在分词有歧义修饰前面的temperature的可能，定状歧义。大家有什么看法呢？
连接：http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=326549&page=1
是个好例子!
我的第一反应也是句末的该是个分词,来修饰前面的句子,表结果
不过仔细想想, 应该可以用逻辑意思来解题: 搞清楚这里到底是哪个东东serve, 再看serve后面的介宾, 是approximate thermometer, 显然这里serve的主语肯定是个东西, 是名词, 也就是number
我的2 cents, 不知道大家同意否, open to discuss.
1.如果作定语，从逻辑含义上可以排出serving修饰temperature
2.如果做壮语，无论是表伴随，还是表结果，都不合逻辑
3.D中用it指代主语the number of chirps per minute 逻辑表达清晰，而且原文给了强烈的暗示
4.原文的情态动词不能随意改变(XDF),can似乎要更好一些
答案真的是比较出来的，而且逻辑至上
请指正
Among
lower-paid workers, union members are less likely than nonunion members to be
enrolled in lower-end insurance plans that
impose
stricter limits on medical services and
require
doctors to see more patients,
spending less time with each.
今天做大全，碰到的
35. A star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole after it passes through a red giant stage, depending on mass.
(A) A star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole after it passes through a red giant stage, depending on mass.
(B) After passing through a red giant stage, depending on its mass, a star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.
(C) After passing through a red giant stage, a star’s mass will determine if it compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.
(D) Mass determines whether a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.（D）
(E) The mass of a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will determine whether it compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.
再来一个PREP的例子，是JJ版里看到的，也可以看作分词VS谓语动词的例子：
96. (29707-!-item-!-188;#058&003977)
In some species of cricket, the number of chirps per minute used by the male for attracting females rise and fall in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and they can in fact serve as an approximate thermometer.
(A) for attracting females rise and fall in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and they can in fact serve
(B) for attracting females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, which can in fact serve
(C) in attracting females rise and fall in accordance with the surrounding temperature, in fact possibly serving
(D) to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and it can in fact serve
(E) to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, in fact possibly serving
答案是D，有考友认为E是现在分词有歧义修饰前面的temperature的可能，定状歧义。大家有什么看法呢？
连接：http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=326549&page=1
仔细体会一下，it can serve as a thermometer 与possibly serving as a thermometer是有区别的。虽然这样的例子之前从来没有碰到过，但我觉得，can serve是用情态动词+动词原形表示一种可能性，目前也许并未这么做，the number对旁人可以起到thermometer的作用；而如果用了分词serving，是否有定状歧义我还是不很肯定（因为目前为止又似乎没有明确的判断标准），但即使是作状语，无论是表伴随还是表结果，都表示是真实存在的，这与句子要表达的可能性是不符合的。也许这也正好应验了XDF规则之一，原文的情态动词不能随意改变吧。
一点琐碎的想法，供讨论。
A New York City
ordinance of 1897 regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of
eight miles an hour, required of cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on
handlebars at all times, and it granted pedestrians right-of-way.
Ans: E (反白)
A New York City
ordinance of 1897 regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of
eight miles an hour, required of cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on
handlebars at all times, and it granted pedestrians right-of-way.
Ans: E (反白)
错选了B, 555
但确实B是错的, 因为即使不看逻辑意思, 如果B要对, 也要符合平行. 最后一个谓语动词要加and
? MM是什么意思? 什么叫分词结构的主语与谓语要一起判断?
E里面的分词是 overcome和 falling , 但我觉得它们修饰bird 没错亚, 倒是后面的谓语动词, 成了现在进行时, 时态错误
而且 主语bird 与谓语prompt并没有逻辑关系, 不是bird本身prompt而是bird掉的这个现象prompt, 所以必须是前面说个现象,后面用分词指出现象的结果,影响
外国人念此句，只会读到birds were prompting，中间的overcome ...and falling...修饰birds，就如你讲的birds不会prompting而是falling才会。
选项D: In the mid
Angeles
prompting officials in
emissions.
主词birds + 动词fell from，分词prompting修饰动词fell from，读起来是birds + fell from造成prompt...
换句话中，在考虑使用分词构句(particular phrase)要同时前句考虑主词以及动词，缺一不可。请大家讨论下这道题目为什么OG用定从,而非分词?
黄皮
40. The plot of The Bostonians centers on the rivalry
between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with
her charminq and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom, when they find themselves drawn to the same radiant young woman whose talent for public speaking has won her an ardent following.
(A) rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom
(B) rivals Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, against her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom
(C) rivalry that develops between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, and Basil Ransom, her charming and cynical cousin
(D) developing rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with Basil Ransom, her charming and cynical cousin
(E) active feminist, Olive Chancellor, and the rivalry with her charming and cynical cousin Basil Ransom
C里面, rivalry that develops 可以换作 rivalry developing么?
问题有点钻牛角尖, 但烦请大家不吝指教
再来一个
黄皮
98. As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited.
(A) whose access to water was less limited
(B) where there was access to water that was less limited
(C) where they had less limited water access
(D) with less limitations on water access
(E) having less limitations to water access
OG说E : having is ambiguous because it is unclear whether it refers to the Anasazi or other clans
为啥这么说呢?分词作定语的指代不是其紧接的成分么?
此题是考同位语，that子句在OG的定义是critical information, 分词是relevant但不critical information。所以应最好不要改分词。
The plot
of The Bostonians centers on the
rivalry that develops between
Olive
Chancellor, an active feminist, and
Basil Ransom, her
charming and cynical cousin, when they find themselves drawn to the same
radiant young woman whose talent for public speaking has won her an ardent
following.
另一题，having让我想到那题国王离婚的so as to，不过我也不太清楚为何不能用having如果此选项没有其他的错误的话。
此题是考同位语，that子句在OG的定义是critical information, 分词是relevant但不critical information。所以应最好不要改分词。
为何呢? 怎么判断定从和分词是否critical?
有点道理哦
也就是常说的分词代表非限定性的定从
是这样说的, OG里面明确的, 有好几处一定要用that 限定性定从, 而非逗号+which 非限定性定从的例子
比如:
OG11-7,49,103,107等等
For members of the seventeenth-century
我一直有个疑问，难道protecting就不能直接修饰前面的名词equipment吗？没有歧义吗？
能不能认为protecting修饰主语 animal-hide shields ，这样不就没有歧义了
同样，104，merging到底修是谁？按照24地解释，似乎是修饰 the force
N1 be N2 of N3, Ving 如何判断Ving的修饰关系，在逻辑判断上有没有什么优先顺序呢？还是肯定修饰N2?
我认为这个帖子有很多有意义的讨论，所以想顶上来。
下面是我对两个相关题的看法，不对之处请大家指正：
下面两题中的分词结构都做状语：protecting做方式状语，解释怎么样were essential；emerging做方式状语，进一步解释怎么样成为一个force
OG10-39. For members of the seventeenth-century
(C) protecting
OG11-104. Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs, (C) merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do
(C) merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do
Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs,(C) merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do
GMAT中只用两种情况: that 前没有逗号的限定性定语从句和which前有逗号的非限定性定语从句
是这样说的, OG里面明确的, 有好几处一定要用that 限定性定从, 而非逗号+which 非限定性定从的例子
比如:
OG11-7,49,103,107等等
关键是这些“非逗号+which 非限定性定从的例子”都是在错误选项，而且刚好OG11-7的解说中明确说明了that / which 在引导定语从句中的区别。
98. As rainfall began to decrease in
the Southwest t the middle of the twelfth century, most of monument
Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited.
(A) whose access to water was less limited
(B) where there was access to water that was less limited
(C) where they had less limited water access
(D) with less limitations on water access
(E) having less limitations to water access
看了前辈们的讨论,我的总结如下.希望指教---特别受44楼启发和其他几位提点,感谢啊.
having 的歧义在于有可能做定语修饰clans，也有可能做状语修饰Anasazi,表示对于abandon的伴随。
也就是说,如果doing前面没有逗号的情况下,可能做壮语,也可能做定语.而不是一定做定语.从逻辑意思上看.having 可以做修饰anasazi做伴随壮语,也可以修饰clans做定语.----有岐义
所以总结如下:
有逗号,doing-----一般情况下,就是做伴随壮语.
没有逗号doing-----定语or伴随壮语.
如:39
39. Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending
for more than 30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.
Extending/spawned做定语修饰--- an interwoven filigree
为什么它不是状语---因为它没有动作.
91. The Senate approved immigration legislation that would grant permanent residency to millions of aliens currently residing here and penalize employers who hire illegal aliens.
Residing修饰alien,做定语成分.
为什么它不是壮语呢?----从逻辑意思上,senate residing吗?不合理,还是senate的行为伴随着residing.都不合理.--à它不可能做壮语.
98. most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans having less limitations to water access
having 的歧义在于有可能做定语修饰clans，也有可能做状语修饰Anasazi,表示对于abandon的伴随。
注意:doing没有逗号的时候,要特别小心.
Sb do sth (to do )---介宾结构中,还有noun./ sb do sb(有主语和宾语时)---宾语后面紧接doing时,那这个doing可以修饰宾语,如果从逻辑意思上,看是否可以修饰句子,做伴随壮语or目的壮语.----如果可以就会产生岐义---如本题目的E选项.
可以看出be动词和一般动词其后接现在分词确实有区别。
主句, + doing 分词做状语。（有逗号）
主句（其中，be动词谓语) + doing 分词，现在分词只能做定语修饰其紧跟名词。（无逗号）
主句（其中一般动词谓语) + doing 分词，现在分词可能做定语修饰其紧跟名词，也可能做状语修饰主句，此时须考虑现在分词修饰逻辑问题。（无逗号）
好贴，谢谢！想请教下面两个句子的分词短语怎么理解，它们前面都有逗号，主句谓语都是be动词：
OG10-39. For members of the seventeenth-century OG11-104. Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs, (C) merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do
OG10-39. For members of the seventeenth-century
OG11-104. Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs, (C) merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do
如:39
39. Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending
for more than 30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.
Extending/spawned做定语修饰--- an interwoven filigree
再谢，分析得非常好，受益匪浅！
按照你的分析，我觉得做定语更合理，于是查了一下薄冰的语法，发现其中有一个分词/短语做非限定性定语的例子：He was a great realist, writing ordinary men and women in their misfortunes. 与我们OG10-39/OG11-104的句子结构几乎一样，这就印证了你的第二种分析。
这样你的分析就可以帮我们理解四种常见情况了，现引用如下，请确认/指正：
songlovegt：可以看出be动词和一般动词其后接现在分词确实有区别。
(1) 主句（其中一般动词谓语) + doing 分词，现在分词可能做定语修饰其紧跟名词，也可能做状语修饰主句，此时须考虑现在分词修饰逻辑问题。（无逗号）
(2) 主句（其中是be动词谓语) + doing 分词，现在分词只能做定语修饰其紧跟名词。（无逗号）
(3) 主句（其中一般动词谓语), + doing 分词做状语。（有逗号）
(4) 主句（其中是be动词谓语) ，+ doing 分词，分词做非限定性定语。（有逗号）
其中第一种情况最为复杂，希望能找到合适的例子多多体会
大全877好像是个挺好的一个例子：
Traveling the back roads of Hungary, in 1905 Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály began their pioneering work in ethnomusicology, and they were armed only with an Edison phonograph and insatiable curiosity.
(A) Traveling the back roads of Hungary, in 1905 Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály began their pioneering work in ethnomusicology, and they were armed only
(B) In 1905, Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály, traveling the back roads of Hungary, began their pioneering work in ethnomusicology, and they were only armed
(C) In 1905 Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály began their pioneering work in ethnomusicology, traveling the back roads of Hungary armed only
(D) Having traveled the back roads of Hungary, in 1905 Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály began their pioneering work in ethnomusicology; they were only armed（C）
(E) Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály, in 1905 began their pioneering work in ethnomusicology, traveling the back roads of Hungary, arming themselves only
值得讨论的是答案C中armed的作用，前人们大量讨论都没有结果，请看看是否是前面省略了and，与现在分词traveling并列作状语。谢谢！
Two questions below are also relevant:
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=23&ID=184283&page=1
刘振民的2个矛盾的题，请大家赐教！
LZM：12-18题，in one of the most stunning reversals in the history of marketing, the coca-cola company in july 1985 yielded to thousands of irate consumers demanding that it should bring back the original coke fomula.
B: demanding it to
D: who demanded that it
答案选D,为什么不选B
7-2题，by a vote of 9 to0, the supreme court awarded the centeral inteliigence agency broad discretionary powers enabling it to withhold from the public the identitities of its sources of intellligence information.
A: enabling it to withhold from the public
答案选A，2题一样，为什么12-18中不选B。
其实这两题非常好地体现了分词做定语 与 从句作定语 的区别：
分词表持续性动作--discretionary powers一直都enabling，非持续性动作demand用在从句更合适：consumers who demanded ...
C.
In
1905 Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály began their pioneering work in
ethnomusicology, traveling the back roads of Hungary armed only with an
Edison phonograph and insatiable curiosity.
traveling是分词短语作伴随状语，armed是形容词短语作方式状语。状语有修饰谓语动词的，有修饰全句的。
应该有2种理解：
1、都是全句的状语，中间不必用and隔开（只有同类而且近义(quietly and evenly)的状语必须用and隔开，
同类对照(quickly but silently)的状语必须用rather than、but或yet）。
如：Parents may complain that their child eats badly at meals. 我们没有必要在badly和at meals中间加上个and. 又如：He probably went to Japan
by air twice
in 1962.
2, armed修饰traveling。
谢谢提供这么深入的讨论，不过我倾向于第一种理解，即修饰全句，且没有必要用and连接。因为从逻辑上 Edison phonograph 和 insatiable curiosity都是创作的因素，与travelling联系不大。
In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.
(A) most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle
(B) most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling
(C) most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling
(D) mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle
(E) mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling
答案是C
这个题具有很强的欺骗性，很像是 circling 前面有逗号分隔
可实际上,most of them at least as large as Jupiter, 为插入成分，所以还是应该按照第一条总结对待。
如果 circling想要作为定语修饰 Jupiter 应该无逗号隔开。
In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.
(A) most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle
(B) most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling
(C) most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling
(D) mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle
(E) mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling
答案是C
这个题具有很强的欺骗性，很像是 circling 前面有逗号分隔
可实际上,most of them at least as large as Jupiter, 为插入成分，所以还是应该按照第一条总结对待。
如果 circling想要作为定语修饰 Jupiter 应该无逗号隔开。
很好的例子，但是我认为这里分词为非限定性修饰。如果是限定性修饰，那么说明还探测到一些massive planets不 circling other stars，这就不和逻辑了；而且去掉这个分词成分，不影响句子理解。（补充一下：又查了一下薄冰语法书，上面有一个do谓语+“，”+分词做非限定定语的例子：I met one friend, fishing. 在那个例中，他说fishing是修饰friend的。虽然感觉这个例子并不非常好，但是希望作为对51楼的补充）
我这么理解是从非限定性和限定性定语从句的关系推论的，我对于非限定和限定性分词修饰的区别还是比较弱，希望大家继续讨论。
哇 好热闹的帖子啊
OG11有一题，很突兀的，我的理解是分词这里是修饰前面的名词。分词的确是比较多考又相对变化多端的一个点，一起讨论吧：
哦，还是我理解错你的意思了呢，MM还是说是不能修饰句子的主语？
For members of the seventeenth-century
(A) a method to protect我也有查Longman 只有method of doing和method for doing 没有a method to do
(B) as a method protecting
(C) protecting
(D) as a protection of
(E) to protect
Logical predication + rhetorical construction
The underlined part of the sentence begins a phrase describing items of military equipment. It is awkward and inaccurate to describe items as a method. Replacing the underlined phrase with the participle protecting creates a modifying phrase that clearly explains the purpose of the items of military equipment.
A A method to protect is an awkward reference to items
B The singular a method should not refer to the plural items, as a method protecting is not idiomatic
C Correct. In this sentence, protecting properly introduces a modifying phrase revealing the purpose of the items.
D Beginning the phrase with as is incorrect; using the noun form protection creates wordiness
E The infinitive to protect cannot act as an adjective modifying items; the participial form of the verb, protecting, is required
The correct answer is C.
有个问题，看og11-101
El Nino, the periodic abnormal warming of the sea surface off
(A) a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine allowing the warm water that has accumulated
(B) a phenomenon where changes in the ocean and atmosphere are combining to allow the warm water that is accumulating
(C) a phenomenon in which ocean and atmosphere changes combine and which allows the warm water that is accumulated
(D) is a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine to allow the warm water that has accumulated
(E) is a phenomenon where ocean and atmosphere changes are combining and allow the warm water accumulating
og11给的答案说明中有这样一句话：If the participial phrase were to modify the previous clause, a comma would have to be inserted between combine and allowing.
是不是就是说，如果分词短语想要修饰前面的句子，中间必须要有逗号？？
但是这个不应该啊，og98： As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited. (A) whose access to water was less limited (B) where there was access to water that was less limited (C) where they had less limited water access (D) with less limitations on water access (E) having less limitations to water access 解释E： E As a countable quantity, limitations should be modified by fewer, not less; having is ambiguous because it is unclear whether it refers to the Anasazi or other clans 这里having前面没有“，”但是他却说有歧义？！！ 这是怎么一回事情？？？？？
As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited.
(A) whose access to water was less limited
(B) where there was access to water that was less limited
(C) where they had less limited water access
(D) with less limitations on water access
(E) having less limitations to water access
解释E：
E As a countable quantity, limitations should be modified by fewer, not less; having is ambiguous because it is unclear whether it refers to the Anasazi or other clans
这里having前面没有“，”但是他却说有歧义？！！
这是怎么一回事情？？？？？
谢谢楼主~~
ad264 发表于 2008-5-29 23:12
产生participle phrases原点是为了to reduce wordiness by replacing longer adve ...
ricee 发表于 2008-5-31 22:46
以下是引用dingxiang在2008-5-31 20:47:00的发言：另外分词与谓语动词的取舍, 我得再找找, 主要就是要从逻 ...
ricee 发表于 2008-5-31 01:10
以下是引用ad264在2008-5-29 23:12:00的发言：participle (V-ing) after the comma can not modify the sub ...
ad264 发表于 2008-5-31 11:57
还有一种 -ed分词修饰语，置於逗号後面的，我目前找寻中。
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