213. The Federalist papers, a strong defense of the United States Constitution and important as a body of work in political science as well. represents the handiwork of three different authors.
(A)
and important as a body of work in political science as well, represents
(B)
as well as an important body of work in political science, represent
(C)
and also a body of work of importance in political science is representing
(D)
an important body of work in political science and has been representative of
(E) and as political science an important body of work too, represent
Choices A, C, and D contain singular verbs that do not agree in number with the plural subject, papers. Furthermore, A violates parallelism by aligning the adjective important with the noun defense; C, employing the present progressive tense, wrongly suggests that the triple authorship of The Federalist papers is a developing situation rather than an accomplished fact; and D, employing the present perfect tense, suggests that the situation of triple authorship is no longer the case. D is also garbled syntactically because the conjunction and has been misplaced. In E, the wording is awkward. Choice B is best.
答案没问题，只是关于D的时态，OG给的解释应该怎样理解？
Tks
现在完成时表示事情已经结束
这样说的话 three authors 就已经成为过去的事 与句意不符吧
浅见浅见。。。
谢谢Stone
我的理解是现在完成时动作是发生在过去，但是动作的结果却及于现在或对现在有影响
OG上说 suggests that the situation of triple authorship is no longer the case
我理解为现在还是这种situation(过去对现在的影响），怎么会no longer the case ???
我哪里想错了，我觉得用完成时也不错啊
gmatao
你说的我也知道，只是OG的解释说到现在不这样了，那和过去时有什么差别？
贴一下OG11 的D解释供参考
D :Omission of and is incorrect；has been representative does not agree with the plural subject，uses an incorrect tense，and introduces an awkward construction．并没有提到时态错误是因为现在完成时表示已经完成的动作(OG10的解释).
我觉得OG11 里面好几道题目都明确了一般过去时和现在完成时的区别,
现在完成时表示动作从过去开始,延续到现在
一般过去时表示动作从过去开始, 在过去结束
这是在黄皮第一道题目就明确的, 而看OG10 对D的解释好像就跟OG11 有区别哦, 似乎反了.
所以我还是宁愿倾向OG11 对时态的定义.
对于时态的问题我也觉得蛮头痛的, 不过有个原则是尽量follow原句的时态,除非你非常肯定是用哪个,比如有时间状语,或者要强调一前一后的动作等等
严重感谢ad264、dingxiang两位MM！
我稍微总结一下了OG中完成时的用法，大家看看是否有不对的地方
OG11SC开篇提到
Present perfect: Used with has or have, the present perfect tense describes an action that occurred at an indefinite time in the past or that began in the past and continues into the present.
Examples:
Correct: “I have traveled all over the world.” (at an indefinite time)
Correct: “He has gone to school since he was five years old.” (continues into the present)
1. OG10中的88和213的解释中所提，完成时对将来是没有影响的，即动作发生在过去，状态（或影响）持续到现在，但不意味着将来也这样
88. The Emperor Augustus, it appears, commissioned an idealized sculpture portrait, the features of which are so unrealistic as to constitute what one scholar calls an "artificial face."
(A) so unrealistic as to constitute
(B) so unrealistic they constituted
(C) so unrealistic that they have constituted
(D) unrealistic enough so that they constitute
(E) unrealistic enough so as to constitute
The verbs are and calls indicate that the sculpture is being viewed and judged in the present. Thus, neither the past tense verb constituted (in B) nor the present perfect verb have constituted (in C) is correct; both suggest that the statue's features once constituted an artificial face but no longer do so. Also, B would be better if that were inserted after so unrealistic, although the omission of that is not ungrammatical. Choices D and E use unidiomatic constructions with enough: unrealistic enough to constitute would be idiomatic, but the use of enough is imprecise and awkward in this context. Choice A, which uses the clear, concise, and idiomatic construction so unrealistic as to constitute, is best.
213. The Federalist papers, a strong defense of the United States Constitution and important as a body of work in political science as well. represents the handiwork of three different authors.
(A) and important as a body of work in political science as well, represents
(B) as well as an important body of work in political science, represent
(C) and also a body of work of importance in political science is representing
(D) an important body of work in political science
and has been representative of
(E) and as political science an important body of
work too, represent
Choices A, C, and D contain singular verbs that do not agree in number with the plural subject, papers. Furthermore, A violates parallelism by aligning the adjective important with the noun defense; C, employing the present progressive tense, wrongly suggests that the triple authorship of The Federalist papers is a developing situation rather than an accomplished fact; and D, employing the present perfect tense, suggests that the situation of triple authorship is no longer the case. D is also garbled syntactically because the conjunction and has been misplaced. In E, the wording is awkward. Choice B is best.
2.一般用法
OG10-90. Since 1986, when the Department of Labor began to allow investment officers' fees to be based on how the funds they manage perform, several corporations began paying their investment advisers a small basic fee, with a contract promising higher fees if the managers perform well.
(A) investment officers’ fees to be based on how the
funds they manage perform, several corporations began
(B) investment officers’ fees to be based on the
performance of the funds they manage,
several corporations began
(C) that fees of investment officers be based on how the funds they manage perform, several corporations have begun
(D) fees of investment officers to be based on the performance of the funds they manage,
several corporations have begun
(E) that investment officers' fees be based on the
performance of the funds they manage,
several corporations began
The clause beginning Since 1986... indicates that the practice described in the second clause continued for some period of time after it began. Choice D, the best answer, supplies the present perfect have begun, which conveys this continuity; D also uses a construction that is appropriate when "allow" means "permit": allow... to be based on. Choices A, B, and E incorrectly use the past tense began rather than the present perfect; furthermore, in each of these options, they has no referent, since officers is a possessive modifier of fees. Choices A and C include the awkward phrase based on how the funds they manage perform. Choices C and E incorrectly use allow that.. .fees be based.
OG11-61.Since 1986 enrollments of African Americans, American Indians, and Hispanic Americans in full‑time engineering programs in the United States has steadily increased, while the number of other students who enter the field has fallen.
(A) has steadily increased, while the number of other students who enter the field has fallen
(B) has steadily increased, while other students entering the field have declined in number
(C) increased steadily, while there was a decline in the number of other students entering the field
(D) have steadily increased, while the number of other students entering the field has fallen
(E) have steadily increased, while that of other students who enter the field fell
Agreement + Verb form
The subject enrollments is plural so the verb must also be plural. When since refers to time, it should generally be followed by the present perfect tense, which describes action that began in the past and continues into the present.
A Has ... increased should be have ... increased to agree with enrollments
B Verb has ... increased should be have ... increased to agree with enrollments; have declined in number is awkward and unclear
C Verb increased is simple past tense and should be have increased; was should be has been
D Correct. This sentence correctly uses have increased, which agrees with the plural enrollments and is the appropriate present perfect tense.
E That should be the plural those to correctly refer to the plural enrollments; fell should be have fallen to parallel have increased
The correct answer is D.
OG11-01 Although a surge in retail sales have raised hopes that there is a recovery finally underway, many economists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last.
(A) have raised hopes that there is a recovery finally
(B) raised hopes for there being a recovery finally
(C) had raised hopes for a recovery finally being
(D) has raised hopes that a recovery is finally
(E) raised hopes for a recovery finally
Agreement + Rhetorical construction
The subject of the first clause, the singular noun surge, must take the singular verb has raised rather than the plural have raised; the context of the sentence demonstrates that the verb tense must show action continuing into the present, as the use of the present perfect does here. There is may frequently be omitted to create a more concise sentence, and that is the case here: a recovery is finally ... is a better construction.
A Subject and verb do not agree; there is is wordy
B Raised is the wrong verb tense; for there being is awkward and wordy
C Had raised is the wrong verb tense; for being is awkward and wordy
D Correct. In this sentence, the subject and verb agree, and the verb is in the appropriate tense; a recovery is finally is clear and concise.
E Raised, indicating completed action, is the wrong verb tense; for a recovery finally is awkward and ungrammatical
The correct answer is D.
3.强调动作的先后顺序(动作发生在过去，影响是现在）
211. The period when the great painted caves at Lascaux and Altamira were occupied by Upper Paleolithic people has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine are the reason for their decoration, the use to which primitive people put the caves, and the meaning of the magnificently depicted animals.
(A) has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine are
(B) has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine is
(C) have been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine is
(D) have been established by carbon-14 dating, but
what is much more difficult to determine are
(E) are established by carbon-14 dating, but that
which is much more difficult to determine is
Two instances of subject-verb agreement must be observed in this sentence: The period ... has been established and what is much more difficult to determine ... is. Both clauses have singular subjects and must have singular verbs. Only B, the best choice, observes these requirements. A incorrectly uses the plural form are in the second clause. Choices C and D incorrectly use the plural form have in the first clause, and D incorrectly uses are in the second clause as well. E incorrectly uses the plural form are in the first clause. Furthermore, because the date of the period in question was established before the writing of the sentence, the verb of that clause must be in the present perfect form (has been established).
4. 与过去时的区别
After the Civil War, contemporaries of Harriet
Tubman's maintained that she has all of the qualities of a great leader: coolness in the face of danger, an excellent sense of strategy, and an ability to plan in minute detail.
(A) Tubman's maintained that she has
(B) Tubman's maintain that she had
(C) Tubman's have maintained that she had
(D) Tubman maintained that she had
(E) Tubman had maintained that she has
In choice D, the best answer, the phrase contemporaries of Harriet Tubman presents a complete possessive without adding an apostrophe (e.g., Tubman's). Choices A, B, and C use a redundant possessive: contemporaries of Harriet Tubman's. All choices other than D have errors in verb tense. Because the sentence describes essentially simultaneous actions completed in the past, the simple past tense forms maintained and had are required. Thus, the present tense forms has and maintain are incorrect in A, B, and E, as are . the present perfect have maintained in C and the past perfect had maintained in E.
265.Thomas Eakins' powerful style and his choices of subject--the advances in modern surgery, the discipline of sport, the strains of individuals in tension with society or even with themselves--was as disturbing to his own time as it is compelling for ours.
(A) was as disturbing to his own time as it is
(B) were as disturbing to his own time as they are
(C) has been as disturbing in his own time as they are
(D) had been as disturbing in his own time as
it was
(E) have been as disturbing in his own time as
Choice B, the best answer, exhibits correct subject-verb agreement and uses appropriate verb tenses. Choices A, C, and D contain errors of agreement: the compound subject style and... choices of subject requires a plural verb and should correspond to the plural pronoun they, not it. Furthermore, C wrongly shifts to the present perfect tense (has been) to characterize something that happened in the past, while D uses the past tense was to characterize something that is happening in the present. In E, while the plural have agrees in number with the compound subject, the use of the present perfect tense (have been) is inappropriate for characterizing the effect of Eakins' work in his own time.
正如许多大牛所说，完成时并不是重点，不用深究
楼上两位MM已经说的很清楚
这道题感觉有点和221类似，但是解释的有点奇怪，还是贴出来看看吧
226. Pablo Picasso, the late Spanish painter, credited African art with having had a strong influence on his work.
(A) with having had
(B) for its having
(C) to have had
(D) for having
(E) in that it had
Choice A is the best. In this sentence, where credit(ed) is used as a verb, the idiom in English is to credit something with having had some effect. Thus only choice A is idiomatic. Both/or (in B and D) and to (in C) can be used idiomatically when credit is a noun, as in "Picasso gave credit to African art for having had a strong influence on his work."
The verb form having had is used appropriately in choice A to indicate action that occurred prior to action expressed in the simple past tense--that is, to indicate that African art had influenced Picasso before he credited it with having done so.
是的, 有些是明显的要用完成时的, 可以用它们来排除选项
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