语法难点总结 - ChaseDream - Powered by Discuz!

but,and 作为连词，其后面应该跟一个分句，分句是一个完整的句子。从句是一个句子（分句）的一个部分。

2。following 作为介词使用，一般直接跟名词。不跟动名词，更不跟动词的分词形式。

3。it is so adj. that it 谓语---结果状语从句. 并非强调句。It is...that...是强调句的标志，
判断一个句子是不是强调句，把It is that 抽调别的成分不变语序，仍然是一个语意完整的句子，则原句是强调句

[作关联副词][用于so...that...结构]...得..., 这样...以便, 如此...以致
It is so quiet in the room that you can hear the drop of a pin.
房间里静得连(地上)掉根针都能听见。

[用于so that 结构, 有时 that 可以省略]以便, 为了, 所以
Speak louder so the people in the hall can all hear you.
大声点讲, 以便大厅里的人都能听清。

[用于as...so...结构]象...那样, 也...
As you treat me, so will I treat you.
我将象你对待我那样对待你。

[用于not so ...as结构]不象...那样
I'm neither so young as you think nor so ignorant.
我既不象你想的那么年轻, 也不那样无知。

[用于so ...as to...]那样...以致[以便]
He is so naive as to believe such a lie.
他竟然幼稚得连这种谎言都相信。

so /such ……that句型：可以构成部分倒装句，表示强调so /such和that之间的部分：
例：So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.（他的要价如此之高，令每个人都瞠目结舌。）
To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out.（她的彩排进行得那么长，以致于两个演员都走出去了。）

5。could 在虚拟语气中可以表示与现在相反的可能，could possiblly---属于重复。

1. 完全倒装
1) 完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前（是整个谓语动词，而非助动词）。
例如：In came the teacher and the class began. （老师走了进来，然后开始上课。）
2) there引出的完全倒装句：除了最常见的there be句型以外，there还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等，一般都译成"有"的含义，构成完全倒装句。
例如：There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.（远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。）
3) 由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句：以地点副词here, there和时间副词now, then 开头，后面的动词是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等，而主语又是名词时，构成完全倒装句。
例：Under that tree sits a beautiful girl.（那棵树下坐着一位美丽的姑娘。）
例：_________ from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.
A) Jumped down the burglar B) Down the burglar jumped
C) The burglar jumps down D) Down jumped the burglar
答案是D) Down jumped the burglar。因为地点状语Down位于句首应该用完全倒装，整个谓语动词应位于主语之前。C) The burglar jumps down虽然是自然语序，但时态错误，应该用和时间状语从句一致的过去时，而不是现在时。
注意：
1) 在here, there引出的倒装句中，当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句，但当主语是代词时，就要用部分倒装句。
例：Here comes the postman!（邮递员终于来了！注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。）
Here we are.（我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。）
2) 注意正语序和倒装语序的语气、意义是区别：
例：Here is the picture I love.（这正是我所喜爱的画。）
The picture I love is here.（我所喜爱的画在这里。）
3) 当主语是代词，谓语是系动词，表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时，可以使用完全倒装句，起强调作用。
例：Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.（他真幸运，被一所名牌大学录取了。）

2. 部分倒装
1) 部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分（如助动词、情态动词等）放到主语前，或把句子的强调成分提前。
例：_______ right now, she would get there on Sunday.
A) Would she leave B) if she leave
C) were she to leave D) If she had left
结合选项，全句的意思是：“如果她立刻就走，她就能在星期天到达那里”。答案是C。
2) 以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法：
例：Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.（小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。）
例：In no country ______ Britain, it had been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.
A) better than B) more than C) other than D) rather than
本题是个倒装句，答案是C) other than。no other than意思是“正是、就是”；而rather than的意思是“宁愿……而不……；而不是”。
3) 以否定副词开头并加状语的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely…… when, never, no sooner…… than, rarely, no more, nor nearly, not only等以及only。
例：Only under special circumstances _________ to take make-up tests.
A) are freshmen permitted C) permitted are freshmen
B) freshmen are permitted D) are permitted freshmen
全句的意思是：“一年级学生只有在特殊的情况下才可以允许补考。”本陈述句以only开始，后面接状语，应当用部分倒装句。所以答案是A) are freshmen permitted。如用自然语序，本题所在的句子就应该改写为：Freshmen are permitted to take make-up tests only under special circumstances.这两句话的差别是，前者将only under special circumstances放到句首，表示对状语的强调。注意：在部分倒装句中，只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前，其它部分都要置于主语之后。
注意：
a) 如果含有从句时，只要求主句倒装：
例：Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.（只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。）
b) 如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分，不用倒装：
例： It was not until he went abroad that he know the truth of the fact.（直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。）
c) 如果hardly, scarcely后面接的是any, ever, at all时，意义类似almost no/ not/ never（几乎不、从不），则无须倒装。
例：Hardly any people having been invited went there.（几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。）
4) 由no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句要求部分倒装，因为形容词或副词通常紧跟在这三个引导词后面，然后才是主语和谓语，形成形式上的部分倒装句：
例：I know nothing about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how deep it is.（我一点也不了解这条河，不知道它有多长，多宽或多深。）
由as引导的部分倒装句：
a) 当as作为比较意义时，即用于as + adj./ adv. + as结构中时，如果把第一个as省略掉，就形成部分倒装句。
例：Cautious as the rest of her family (was) , she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.（正如她家里人一样谨慎小心，她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。）
She ran down the stairs, quick as a rabbit (ran).（她跑下楼去，跑得象兔子那么快！）
b) 当as引导让步状语时，和although, though一样，当用作“尽管”之义时，可以用于部分倒装句。
例：_______, there was no hope of her being able to sleep.
A) As she was exhausted B) If she was exhausted
C) Exhausted though she was D) Now that she was exhausted
答案是C) Exhausted though she was。从属连词as, though可以用于让步状语从句中。这种从句必须以形容词（或形容词化的分词）、名词或动词原形开头，主语必须位于从句之后。D) Now that she was exhausted里的引导词Now that表示“既然”；B) If she was exhausted表示条件“如果”； A) As she was exhausted表示“由于”（因为使用的是正语序），都与后面句子的意思不通顺。
c) 表示原因时，为了强调起见，也可以倒装。
例：Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.（因为他太累了，我们决定不打扰他。）
d) 等于so时，意义是“也，也是”
例：She worked hard, so/ as did her husband. （她工作很努力，她的丈夫工作也很努力。）

3. 其它情况的倒装句
1) so, neither, nor除了构成上述倒装句以外，还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词甚至整句话，构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。但这两种倒装的意义不同。
a) 当so表示“也，相同，那样”时，通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容，要求使用完全倒装句：
例：I asked him to complete the experiment before five, so he did (=and he did that).（我让他在5点以前完成实验，他做到了。）
b) so /such ……that句型可以构成部分倒装句，表示强调so /such和that之间的部分：
例：So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.（他的要价如此之高，令每个人都瞠目结舌。）
To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out.（她的彩排进行得那么长，以致于两个演员都走出去了。）
c) neither和nor共有4种倒装形式，其含义分别为：
完全倒装时：表示"也不"，和上文a）用法正好相反，表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容。
例：You don't know what to do now, neither/ nor do I .（你不知道现在该做什么，我也不知道。）
和其它否定副词连用，表示"也（不）"，也要求用完全倒装句：
例：The besieged enemy could not advance, nor / neither could they retreat.（被包围的敌人既不能进，也不能退。）
注意：若把这句话改成："The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.（被包围的敌人既不能进，也不能退。）"就不必倒装。
例：She never laughed, ______ lose her temper.
A) or she ever did B) nor did she ever
C) or did she ever D) nor she ever did
本题的句子是一个并列句，全句意思是：“她从来不大声笑，也没有发过脾气”。当前面的分句含否定意义而且后面的分句也含否定的意思时，后面的反句通常用含否定意义的nor（或neither）连接。此外，nor（或neither）连接的分句应当用倒装句，及其谓语中的情态动词、连系动词或助动词应放主语之前。所以B) nor did she ever是答案。本句相当于："…, and she never lost her temper, either"。
1) 用在肯定句里，构成一般否定倒装：
例：All that is true, nor must we forget it.（那全都是真的，我们可不能忘记。）
2) 部分倒装，有承上启下作用，表示同意和赞同：
例：A: I couldn't do anything for her.（我帮不了她。）
B: Nor you could, but you might have got somebody to help her.（你是不能帮她，但你本可以找人帮她的。）
2) 在进行比较的句子里，如果主语不是代词时，可以倒装：
例：America consumes more energy than did our country.（美国消耗的能源比我们国家多。）
Her face is rather pale and even paler are her hands.（她的脸色苍白，她的手更白。）

状语从句的省略原则主要是：如果从句中的主语和主句中的主语一致，就可以经过一定的变动把状语从句中的主语和谓语的一部分或全部省略，从而使语言更加简洁、明了。现就把各种状语从句的省略现象列举如下：

一、时间状语从句中的省略

When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano. 她很小时，就开始学习弹钢琴。

While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student. 我在上大学时就开始认识他，一个奇怪但有能力的学生。

When arriving, send me a telegram. (When you arrive, send me a telegram.) 到达之后，来个电报。

Before leaving, turn off all the lights. (Before you leave, turn off all the lights.) 走之前，请关闭所有的灯。

Don’t come in until (you are) asked to. 不叫你请你不要进来。

Whenever (it is )possible, you should come and help. 不管什么时候只要有可能就来帮忙。

You should let us know the result as soon as(it is) possible. 你应尽快让我们知道结果。

注：as在引导时间状语从句时，没有这种省略现象。我们不可说As walking, she found a nice shining thing on the ground.

二、地点状语从句中的省略

地点状语从句的省略常用下列结构：where(ver) possible, where(ver) necessary,

Lay these books where possible you can find them easily. 把这些书放在你可能容易找到的地方。

Put in articles wherever necessary in the following passages. 在下列文章中需要的地方填入冠词。

三、条件状语从句中的省略

常用的句型是：if necessary, if possible, if true, if anyone等。如：

Send the goods now if (they are) ready. 货物如果准备好了，请送过来。

He will come if (he is) asked. 如果叫他来，他就来。

If (it is) necessary, ring me at home. 如果有可能，朝我家里打电话。

Come along with me if (it is) possible. 如果有可能和我一起去吧.。

If (it is) true, this will casue us a lot of trouble. 如果是真的，这会给我们带来很多麻烦。

There are few people nowadays, if (there are) any, who remember him. 很少有人能记起他。

You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave. 你应呆在你现在的地方不动，除非叫你动。

四、让步状语从句中的省略

He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull. 他真是个好人，尽管有时有点无聊。

Even if (I am ) invited to, I won’t go to such a bad lecture. 即使邀我去，我都不想听如此坏的报告。

五、比较状语从句中的省略

She can play the piano just as wonderfully as you (do). 她钢琴弹的我你弹的一样好。

She has finished the work earlier than (it has been ) expected. 她这项工作比预料的提前完成。

六、方式状语从句中的省略

as if/as though后还可加n./a./ad./介词短语／现在分词／过去分词／不定式。

He acts as if (he were) a fool. 他的行为举止好象是个傻子。

She talked to the stranger as if (she were) absent-minded. 她和陌生人谈话似乎很不在意。

He opened the desk, as if (he was) in search of something important. 他打抽屉仿佛要找一件什么重要的东西。

The boy is running impatiently here and there as if (he is) searching for something lost on the sports ground. 这男孩很不耐心地在操场上到处跑着仿佛在找什么东西。

The football player is rolling on the ground as if (he is) hurt badly in the leg. 足球运动员在操场上打着滚似乎他的腿伤得厉害。

He moved his lips as if (he wanted )to speak. 他的嘴动着仿佛要说什么

让步状语从句是用作让步状语的从句结构。常见的引导让步状语从句的词有以下几类：

1. though , although, even though , even if 等，此时，主句前不可用but ，但可用yet / still，如：

Though / Although he tried hard , （yet / still）he failed .

You mustn't be conceited even if you've achieved great success.

2. while位于句首，一般意为"尽管......"，可以引导让步状语从句，如：

While I strongly disagree with the court's decision, I accept it .

While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.

3. No matter + what / who / when / where/which / how 可用来引导让步状语从句，如：

No matter what I did to the money, you still wanted it because it did not decrease in value.

No matter when and how the invaders come, they will be wiped out clean.

4. as的倒装句表示让步，具体的语序为：形容词/副词/分词/名词（不带冠词）/ 短语+as+主语+谓语动词，如：

Young as he is, he is knowledgeable.

Much as we admire Shakespeare's comedies, we cannot agree that they are superior to his tragedies.

Child as he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.

Praised as he was, he remained modest.

5. be的倒装句表示让步，如：

The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

All people can have their say at the meeting, be they old or young, men or women.

6. as /so + 形容词/ 副词 + as + 主谓结构，放在句首表示让步，如：

As much as John hates to do it, he must stay at home and study tonight.

As bad as he is, he is not without merits.

虚拟语气
1）概念
　　2）在条件句中的应用
　　
1 真实条件句
　　真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。
　　时态关系
句型：条件从句　　　主句
　　一般现在时　　 shall/will + 动词原形
　If he comes, he will bring his violin.
注意：
1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.
　
2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

2 非真实条件句
1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。
a.　同现在事实相反的假设。
句型：条件从句　　　　　主句
　　　　一般过去时　　　should( would) +动词原形
　    If they were here, they would help you.
b.　表示于过去事实相反的假设。
句型：条件从句　　　　　主句　　　　　
　　　过去完成时　　　 should(would) have+ 过去分词
　
c.　表示对将来的假想
　句型：　条件从句　　　　　　主句
　　　　一般过去时　　　　　 should+ 动词原形
　　　　 were+ 不定式　　　　 would + 动词原形
　　　　 should+ 动词原形
　If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
　If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
　If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
以下表格是虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时，主句和从句谓语动词的形式：
条件状语从句主       句
与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 should /would/could/might + have + 过去分词
与现在事实相反一般过去时(be用were) would/should/could/might + 动词原形
与将来事实相反一般过去时或should(were to) + 动词原形 Would/should/cold/might + 动词原形

.3 混合条件句
　主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。
　　If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
　（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
　　If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).
.4 虚拟条件句的倒装
　　虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
　 Were they here now, they could help us.
　

　
注意：
　在虚拟语气的从句中，动词’be’的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。
　 If I were you, I would go to look for him.
　　如果我是你，就会去找他。
　 If he were here, everything would be all right.
　　如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。
5 特殊的虚拟语气词：should
1） It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形， should 可省略。
句型：
　　　　(1)suggested
It is　   (2)important　　　　that…+ (should) do
　　　　(3) a pity
其中：
(1)还有 suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted；
(2 )还有 important, necessary, natural, strange
（3）还有 a pity,　 a shame,　 no wonder
例如：It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
　  It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.
2）在宾语从句中的应用
　　在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do
　 I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
　 He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
　注意：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
　 The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.　

3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用
　　在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。
　　 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
　　 I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

虚拟语气

7 比较if only与only if
　　only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
　　I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
　　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。
　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。

8 It is (high) time that
　 It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
　 It is time that the children went to bed.
　 It is high time that the children should go to bed.

语法之——倒装句
1 倒装句之全部倒装
　全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和　一般过去时。常见的结构有：
　1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
　 There goes the bell.
　 Then came the chairman.
　 Here is your letter.
　2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
　　Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
　　Ahead sat an old woman.
　注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
　　 Here he comes.　　 Away they went.
2 倒装句之部分倒装
　部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
　1)　句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
　　Never have I seen such a performance.
　　Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
　　Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
　当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。
　　 I have never seen such a performance.
　　 The mother didn"t leave the room until the child fell asleep.

虚拟语气

2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
　　A. man did know　 B. man know　 C. didn"t man know　 D. did man know
　答案D.　看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。
　改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
.3 以否定词开头作部分倒装
　如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
　 Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
　 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
　 No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began　　　　　 B.　has the game begun
C. did the game begin　　　 D.　had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when　等等。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。
　 Not only you but also I am fond of music.
.4 so, neither, nor作部分倒装
　表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。　　　　
　　Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
　　If you won"t go, neither will I.
典型例题
　---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
　---I don"t know, _____.
　A. nor don"t I care　　B. nor do I care　　C. I don"t care neither　　D. I don"t care also
答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don"t 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
　注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。
　 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
　 ---It"s raining hard.　　　---So it is.
.5 only在句首要倒装的情况
　 Only in this way, can you learn English well.
　 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
　如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
　 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
6 as, though 引导的倒装句
　 as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
注意：
　　　 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
　　　 2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,　随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
　　让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
.7 其他部分倒装
1)　 so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
　　 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2)　在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
　　May you all be happy.
3)　在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
　 Were I you, I would try it again.
典型例题：
1） Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is　　
A. man did know　 B. man knew　 C. didn"t man know　 D. did man know
答案为D.　否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.　
A. didn"t I realize　　B. did I realize　　C. I didn"t realize　D. I realize
　答案为B。
3)　Do you know Tom bought a new car?
　I don"t know, ___.
　A. nor don"t I care　 B. nor do I care　
　C. I don"t care neither　D. I don"t care also
　解析：答案为B.　句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。

10 .not so much as:

conj. 甚至连...也不(甚至连...也没有)
与其……不如
是一个常用的并列连词，其含义相当于rather than，意为"与其说是……倒不如说是……"。和其它连接词一样，它可以连接词与词，短语与短语以及句子与句子。例如：
He isn't so much ill as depressed．（＝He's depressed rather than ill．）他不是生病，而是情绪低落。

Oceans don't so much divide the world as unite it．（＝Oceans unite the world rather than divide it．）与其说海洋分隔了世界，倒不如说海洋联结了世界各国。

当连接句子时，not so much．．．as．．．连接的往往是because或that引起的从句，意思是"倒不是因为……而是因为……"。as后的that有时可省去。例如：

??You feel lost，sick at heart before such unmasked hatred，not so much because it threatens you as because it shows humans in such an inhuman light．面对这毫不掩饰的仇恨，你感到不知所措，惶恐不安，这倒不是因为它威胁了你，而是因为它显示了人类居然如此没有人性。
It's not so much that the machine is out of order as（that）I have not learned to operate it．倒不是机器出了故障，而是我还没有学会操作。

该并列连词中的as可用but（rather）替换，即出现该连词的一种变体：not somuch．．．but（rather）．．．。例如：
It is not so much the actual population of the world but its rate of increase which is important．重要的与其说是实际的世界人口总数，倒不如说是世界人口增长率。
这一点尚未引起国内外辞书编纂者们的必要重视，但实际上，用not so much．．．but（rather）．．．代替not?so?much．．．as．．．的情况已越来越常见。再如：
I picked Michael as player of the week，not so much for his play but because he was obviously the reason the others had kept fighting．（《大学英语》 1997／6P．28）我选迈克作本周最佳球员，不是因为他球打得好，而是因为他促使队员坚持拼搏。

??The woman's family and all their clan relatives were very worked up about?it：not?so much because of the assault，but because it had lowered the woman's bride price．（《》1990／4P．56）这名妇女的家人和她族内的所有亲属情绪都很激动：与其说是由于被强奸，还不如说是由于被强奸降低了这名妇女作为新娘的价格。

??后两句中的not?so?much．．．but．．．连接一个介词短语和一个分句。被连接的两个成分在形式上是不平行的，但在语法上都是在句中作状语。

13。用强调句型：“It is（was）＋被强调的部分＋that（who）＋原句其它部分”来强调说话人的意愿：

It was on Monday night that all this happened．所有这一切发生在周一晚上。

It's me that he blamed．他怪的是我。

一、名词独立主格

（一）：独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；

名词(代词)+形容词；

名词(代词)+副词；

名词(代词)+不定式；

名词(代词) +介词短语构成。

作为准主语的代词，常用的是 each

（二）独立主格结构的特点：
(1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。

3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语

as would be the case with 。。。是比较结构的一种，表明同样的情况。

一、常见的插入语有形容词(词组)、副词、不定式、现在分词短语、介词短语、从句以及固定短语。

　　1.常见的形容词(词组)、副词作插入语的有:sure enough(果然); strange; worse still(更糟糕的是);most important(最重要的是); honestly; obviously; however; otherwise; luckily; unfortunately; besides; first; second; especially; surprisingly等。

2.常见的不定式有:to tell the truth; to be short(简单地);to begin with(首先); to be sure(自然、当然、果然);to be honest/frank; to make things worse; to make a long story short; to speak of(值得一提的是)等。这些插入语表示说话人的态度,在句子中作独立成份。

　　3.常见的现在分词短语有:generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from/by; talking of(谈到); considering(考虑到,因为是);putting it mildly(说得客气一点)等。这些分词用来修饰全句。

4.常见的介词短语有:in fact; in addition; in a word; on the other hand; in other words; in one's opinion; in that case; by the way; of course; as a rule(通常);to one's surprise; for example; on the contrary(相反);in a way(在某点上、在某种程度上); for one thing; for another (thing)等

　5.常见的从句有:if you don't mind; if you like; if you please; if necessary; if any; if I may say so; if convenient; as it happens等。

6.常见的固定短语:as a result; that is (to say); what's more; as above; all in all(总之),等。例如:

　　二、插入语的位置,可放在句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号或分号隔开。例如:

　　含think, suppose, guess, say, imagine, expect, believe等动词的疑问句,后接含疑问词的宾语从句时,要将疑问词放在句首。例如:

2．完成时态的标志：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till, until, up to now, in past years;

4．并列句子第二句以后的be动词\系动词、助动词应当省略。也就是谓语并列。Sb. Is doing1 ,doing2 and doing 3. sb have done1, done2 and done3.

7．动名词可以做主语。不定式做主语跟谓语可以跟不定式做表语表示目的。

1。对于并列的几个动词，要搞清楚是否其中两个是第一层次的并列，其他两个是第二层次的并列。

3。在比较结构中，比如含有compared with, compared to, in contrast with, in contrast to ---等等状语中，比较的双方语法性质要平等。

it用作形式主语或形式宾语来代表句中后面真正的主语或宾语

这种移往句子末尾的真正主语或宾语通常是由不定式、动名词或that从句来担任。为清晰起见，现分三点举例说明如下：

(1)代替不定式作形式主语或形式宾语的为最多：

It is my duty to help him.

在上例中，it用作形式主语，代替置于句末、用作真正主语的不定式短语。如：

I consider It my duty to help him.

上例中的it用作形式宾语，代替置于句末、用作真正宾语的不定式短语。

(2)代替动名词作形式主语或宾语的情况较少，主要用在以下等词：

It is no use+ 动名词 it is worthwhile+ 动名词

no good+ 动名词 hard work+ 动名词

dangerous+ 动名词 a nuisance+ 动名词

useless+ 动名词 a waste+ 动名词

senseless+ 动名词

如：

It is no good taking this medicine.

(3)代替名词从句作形式主语或宾语。这类句式极为普遍，其中的名词从句可以用连词that、连接代词或连接副词来引导：

It is very likely that Team B will beat Team A this time.

而that,this根本不可以做形式主语，只能表示真正的主语。