The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together. Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information. In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event. Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.
10. GWD-18-Q10
In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?
A. Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
B. All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.
C. The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.
D. When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.
E. Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity
为什么选E啊？
顺便问一下，24套的GWD，14-23套的讨论贴怎么都找不到呢？谢谢
这题我也不太明白，看着前几个都不像，E又不太明白为什么？ 有没有好心人帮忙看一下呀？
啊~~这道题当时做的时候也错选了A，看了答案之后想起原文曾说过“ In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. ”food scarcity 这是不是个这种鸟 retrieve 这种 stored food 的前提啊？
哪么A怎么错了？是不是错在some？应该是all吗？（不严谨）
请教各位~~
恩，说的有理！我原来也选了A，现在看来，应该是some不能代表全部，另外说some是这样的，好像在说还有其他的鸟不是这样做的，应该不能支持说这些鸟有episodic-like memory
题目问哪个在实验中必须是正确的，也就是说哪个是能做出这种结果的前提！并不是说，有了这个就一定能做出来，而是没有这个就一定不能说明结果！
E：就像OLIVIA说的，现实中这种鸟儿是在食物不够了的时候才去存食物，实验当然也要在同样环境下做才有效！
According to the passage[z1] , part of the evidence that scrub jays can bind information is that they
A. showed by their behavior that they were reexperiencing the past
B. used information acquired through past experiences
C. assessed the freshness of food that had been stored by other jays
D. remembered what kind of food was stored in a particular location
E. recollected single bits of information about sources of food
[z1]看到是熟悉的文章，就没读，直接选答案，后果很严重。充分说明了定位的重要性。
这个文章的第一题你们怎么看？我怎么觉得是B啊？？
原文应该是定位到“ showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when.”
这不是说的是B么？？
8. GWD-18-Q8
According to the passage, part of the evidence that scrub jays can bind information is that they
A. showed by their behavior that they were reexperiencing the past
B. used information acquired through past experiences
C. assessed the freshness of food that had been stored by other jays
D. remembered what kind of food was stored in a particular location
E. recollected single bits of information about sources of food
题目问的是如何证明scrub jays能bind information，答案D，它们通过回忆where(in a particular location), what (what kind of food)，跟文中“Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information. ”一致。
1"in wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity."
2 "Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity"
这两句话的意思,我觉得没有把握.1 在野外,这些鸟储存食物,在食物缺乏的时候,再来取.
2 整个试验过程,喂养jays时,at levels typical of a time of scarcity 我怎么也说不出如何理解.
请高人指点我.
啊~~这道题当时做的时候也错选了A，看了答案之后想起原文曾说过“ In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. ”food scarcity 这是不是个这种鸟 retrieve 这种 stored food 的前提啊？
哪么A怎么错了？是不是错在some？应该是all吗？（不严谨）
请教各位~~
做这道题，要注意文中的一句话，很关键，也是这个实验能证明这种鸟有episodic-like” memory的核心依据。
Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time,
showing
that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when.
意思是说，一旦食物储存到达了一定的时间长度，鸟就会去找peanuts吃，而不是它们最喜欢的crickets，证明了，鸟是记得什么食物，存在哪里，什么时候存的。
从文中这句话，我们可以推断出来， 这个实验是根据食物稀缺时所经历的时间不同，鸟的preference不同，从而证明了鸟有用过去的记忆的能力。
所以这道题目，E就是这个题目的assumption,这个实验必须是在不同的时间长度进行的实验。
A项说有一些鸟，一有机会它们就去找存起来的peanuts， 跟这个实验的逻辑过程无关。
B 同理 无关，这个实验是跟食物存储时间长短不同，鸟的反映不同，跟食物本身谁先被完全找到无关。
C D很容易排除了，不做赘述。
这样看吧，文中的核心话是
Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information
。。。。。。
Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when.
8. GWD-18-Q
D
According to the passage, part of the evidence that scrub jays can bind information is that they
A. showed by their behavior that they were reexperiencing the past
B. used information acquired through past experiences
C. assessed the freshness of food that had been stored by other jays
D. remembered what kind of food was stored in a particular location
E. recollected single bits of information about sources of food
D 中remember 对应retain information， a particular location 对应 where ； 而文中讲了what, where, and the when三样东西，而选项只针对where，因此题干用的是part of the evidence 显示了gmac出题的严谨
| 欢迎光临 ChaseDream (https://forum.chasedream.com/) | Powered by Discuz! X3.3 |