aleontologists believe that fragments of a primate jawbone unearthed in 我现在在对og11进行总结。
在论坛上看到elinaqu mm按og10的顺序，将总结发表出来。
为了节约og11使用者的时间，特此在这里按og11的顺序排列，发表此帖。在此对elinaqu 妹妹表示感谢，对cd前辈们表示感谢。
因小弟不才，能力有限，对于新题总结没有把握，在这里不再列出。还请xdjm们补充。
这些题是1----18,44------64,97-------106.
先从黄皮开始，一题一楼。
og11-19
In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species, dioxin induces the production of enzymes that are the organism's trying to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical that is irritating it.
A. trying to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical that is irritating it
B. trying that it metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant
C. attempt to try to metabolize, or render harmless, such a chemical irritant
D. attempt to try and metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritating it
E. attempt to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant
1. 抽象名词优于动名词做名词性结构----所有格的宾语。
og解释：The –ing form of verb can be used as a noun (e.g., Running is her favorite
sport.), but it is often awkward, particular when used with a possessive, as in this case.
Attempt 好于 trying 做所有格的宾语。动名词强调动作本身，抽象名词强调对应动作的结果。
2. 并列结构：
A is B 结构中， A/B 要平行。enzymes that are the organism's trying结构中 enzymes 要和 are 后面的成分对等，即名词 are 名词（此时宾语不能用动名词）
3. 特殊结构：
OG 解释The phrase the chemical irritant is also the most concise and precise conclusion for the sentence because it clearly refers to the dioxin mentioned earlier.
（In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species,） dioxin induces the
production of enzymes that are the organism's attempt（attempt to metabolize, or
render harmless, the chemical irritant）
render harmless, the chemical irritant ==》render the chemical irritant harmless ，宾语放在后面。render为＂使得＂的意思(后接受词+受词补语 )
chemical irritant->指dioxin(受词, O.)
harmless->受词补语(O.C.)
4. virtually modifies all 而不是修饰 all types of tissue
5. 简洁： attempt to try 不简洁
5. 简洁： attempt to try 不简洁
6 词法： try + that … 结构错误，
try to do sth.
7. 主语和宾语的数的一致：宾语为具体名词时，通常要求主语和宾语数的一致。宾语为抽象名词时，主语和宾语的数可以不一致。enzymes that are the organism's attempt Attempt 此处表示抽象的动作，可以用单数。
看贴后本题最到收获---前辈NN的宝贵意见
注意主考点就好了，OG的SC每一题都有明显的主要的考点，根据这些考点很快就可以把题做出来。ETS绝对不会单考某一个小小的单复数的考点，并且将这个考点作为主要解题依据的。偶们是为了拿分而复习的，这些小细节放过吧。P.S.我总结下来，考单复数的题无非两种考法：1 主谓搭配 2 指代。本题两者皆不是，不要太在意。所以本答案原句为: attempt to metabolize, or render the chemical irritant harmless
og11-20
Based on accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, "the good goddess."
A. Based on accounts of various ancient writers
B. Basing it on various ancient writers' accounts
C. With accounts of various ancient writers used for a basis
D. By the accounts of various ancient writers they used
E. Using accounts of various ancient writers
1 句首的修饰结构要考虑修饰结构的逻辑和意思上的合理性：分词做句首的修饰结构，其逻辑主语指向后面的句子主语。此时要考虑是否合理，可将前面的修饰结构还原来判断。 ===》 scholar were based on accounts of various ancient writers 不合理
2 词法： Based on…. 通常 GMAT中 Base 都使用被动态， based on.
3 代词指代不明确： B 中的 it scholars base it(意思为their painting work)on various ancient writers' accounts,如果指a sketchy picture意思不太对,所以不知道it指谁。
代词总的来讲应根据逻辑意思决定指代对象. 象OG11里的they若根据逻辑来判断, 有明确的指代对象, 即主句的主语. 但当ETS要说一个选项是错的时候, 即使逻辑意思清楚, 也被认作指代模糊. 所以完全依靠代词指代模糊来决定答案不可取. 一般我只把它作为最后一招. 有其他区别就先看其他区别.
但有三个代词指代的错误, ETS认为必错
1. 单复数不一致. 如用they指代a person
2. 在同一句句子中, 同一个代词指代不同的东西. (OG12)
3. 代词指代所有格, 而不是中心词. (OG90)
4 简洁：C 中 with accounts of 和 used for a basis 语意重复。 D 中 they used 修饰不明确，也不合理，不简洁。with + n. 在句首表示physically拥有, 相比之下, with更强调一种状态. 而base, compare to这类分词省略形式是应该用被动的.ETS其实偏向主动句, 因为它强调了动作发出者.
og11-21
aleontologists believe that fragments of a primate jawbone unearthed in
A. at 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of
B. as being 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of
C. that it is 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of what was
D. to be 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of
E. as 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of what was
1. 主谓一致(单复数)（一级排除B,C,E ）
fragments 。。。。。。。。provide
2. 简洁：(一级排除 C. E )
what was … 多余
Sth is sth.
Sth does sth.
Sth is what is sth. (错, 1. 不并列, 2. 用单个名词和what 从句的概念对称肯定不对)
例句
There is speculation that increasing cold weather was what may have been responsible for the Anasazi move from Mesa Verde to sites in other canyons.
(A) that increasing cold weather was what may have been
(B) whether increasing cold weather was what was
(C) that increasingly cold weather was what had been
(D) whether increasingly cold weather may have been what was（E）
(E) that increasingly cold weather may have been
speculation that,,,,,名词Be what…..be 前后的东东要是一个东东啊…
3.. Estimate to be / that/ at ？(词的用法 二级排除A）estimated to be ……… estimate 做被动，只能是 sth. be estimated to be.......Estimate that….. estimate 做主动，用estimate sth. that B 中的estimated that it is it 多余
It is estimated that……
At+地点, at+点时间(点和线) 不能加年份的
金山词霸解释
Estimate vt. -mated, -mating估计，判断（常与that连用）估价，（常与at连用）估计
I estimate her age at 35.我估计她有35岁。
（与in连用）估计…到达
og11-22
The end of the eighteenth century saw the emergence of prize-stock breeding, with individual bulls and cows receiving awards, fetching unprecedented prices, and excited enormous interest whenever they were put on show.
A. excited
B. it excited
C. exciting
D. would excite
E. it had excited
1. 平行结构（一级排除
A,B,D, E）
A , B , and C 平行
，动名词，动名词，and动名词，
可不可以A a and b, and B ? 可不可以作为一个排除标准
2. 代词指代(二级排除 B, E )
it 无指代对象
og11-23
Of all the possible disasters that threaten American agriculture, the possibility of an adverse change in climate is maybe the more difficult for analysis.
A. is maybe the more difficult for analysis
B. is probably the most difficult to analyze
C. is maybe the most difficult for analysis
D. is probably the more difficult to analyze
E. is, it may be, the analysis that is most difficult
1. 绝对错误比较结构：（一级排除
A,D）
表示比较对象一个是另外一个的全子集的时候，用最高级比较形式
1． 简洁(一级排除 E )
when inserted into the sentence, produces an illogical structure: the possibility ... is... the analysis that.
2． 平行结构：一级排除
C）
A is B B 可以为不定式和
名词A对应。
difficult should be completed by the infinitive to analyze.
an infinitive, to analyze, functions as a noun equivalent
可以说: To analyze is difficult. 但是不能说For analysis is difficult.
1． 词法：(二级排除 C )
probably / maybe ，probably 对应概率， maybe表示能够。
(maybe是个口语表达，书面语应该用probably)=è其实这个说法好牵强
真正的理由是: possibility表示概率, 那么就要用probably, 表示概率的词语, 来对应
maybe/can/could都是能够, 不是概率
og11-24
For members of the seventeenth-century
A. a method to protect
B. as a method protecting
C. protecting
D. as a protection of
E. to protect
1. 修饰
：(一级排除A,B,D, E )
句末的分词逻辑主语考虑; 不定式不能单独在句末做修饰成分、
the participle protecting begins a phrase that explains what the shields did
句末分词短语的逻辑主语优先考虑句子的主语(最后一句显然是要修饰盾牌的，除了c之外，其他的都修饰不到这儿)。
2．单复数
Choices A and B awkwardly use the singular word method to refer to items of military equipment rather than to the use of such items. (单复数问题)
3．词用法
a method of 正确，，， a method to / a method doing 不正确
a method of protecting would be more idiomatic than a method to protect in A or a method protecting in B
4. 同位语：
同位语要考虑是否逻辑意思内涵一致
a protection in D has no noun for which it can logically substitute.
og11-25
The golden crab of the
A. on account of living
B. on account of their living
C. because it lives
D. because of living
E. being they live
1．代词指代, 数的一致：（一级排除B,E）
2. 词法 : (because句子优选) ：（二级排除A,D）
A. because + 完整的句子
B. on account of / because of + n. ==》
此处没有明确的限定名词的内涵
C. Because 》on account of / because of
because, which appears in C and E, is preferable here since because can introduce a complete subordinate clause explaining the reason why the golden crab has not been fished extensively
. C, which uses because and it as the singular subject of a clause, is the best choice.
(言下之意，主谓宾说的最清楚
3.一般现在式表示持续发生的事实和真理。
og11-26
Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the water as a person standing on land.
A. water as a
B. water as to a
C. water; just as it would to a
D. water, as it would to the
E. water; just as to the
1. 平行结构;
：（一级排除A,C,D,E）
the same to X as to Y ; 形式平行；
对象范围的平行： someone / a person 泛指
对
泛指； someone / the person 不平行。
2. 代词：
代词指代的单复数平行
3.分号：
分号后面需要是完整的句子。
4.冠词
a/ the
og11-27
Health officials estimate that 35 million Africans are in danger of contracting trypanosomiasis, or "African sleeping sickness," a parasitic disease spread by the bites of tsetse
flies.
(A) are in danger of contracting（习语）
(B) are in danger to contract
(C) have a danger of contracting
(D) are endangered by contraction
(E) have a danger that they will contract
1．习语： be in danger of sth.
一级排除B,D,E
2．
时态：二级排除C
现在完成时没有理由，而且从逻辑意思上看 have a danger 也不对。
the passive construction in D would be unnecessarily wordy and also imprecise, because it is the disease more than the act of contracting it that poses the danger.(意思表达的细微差别) èbe endangered by的意思也有区别, 往往表示环境/野生动物被endangered
og11-28
Beyond the immediate cash flow crisis that the museum faces, its survival depends on if it can broaden its membership and leave its cramped quarters for a site where it can store and exhibit its more than 12,000 artifacts.
(A) if it can broaden its membership and leave
(B) whether it can broaden its membership and leave
(C) whether or not it has the capability to broaden its membership and can leave
(D) its ability for broadening its membership and leaving
(E) the ability for it to broaden its membership and leave
1. 词法：whether / if ; 一级排除 A
Choice A is faulty because it uses the unidiomatic construction depends on if; whether is required to connect depends on with the clause beginning it can....(whether引导名词从句，而且，讨论是否问题，因为if有两个意思, 所以不用if, if 专门用在: if you do A, I will do B.)
ability to do sth.
不能用for一级排除
D,E
Choices D and E use unidiomatic constructions where the phrase its ability to broaden is required.
而且capability是天生的能力, 与生巨来的能力
2.简洁：二级排除
C
whether or not / whether ; has the capability to / can /
og11-29
Along with the drop in producer prices announced yesterday, the strong retail sales figures released today seem like it is indicative that the economy, although growing slowly, is not nearing a recession.
(A) like it is indicative that
(B) as if to indicate
(C) to indicate that
(D) indicative of
(E) like an indication of
1. 词法：
一级排除A,B,E
1. 词法：
一级排除A,B,E
seem to …….the main verb seem is followed by an infinitive (to indicate), which is in turn followed by its direct object, a noun clause introduced by the relative pronoun that.
like 不能接从句;In A, seem is followed by like, a preposition improperly used to introduce a clause. !!!!介词like永远不能接从句!!!
like 不能接从句;In A, seem is followed by like, a preposition improperly used to introduce a clause. !!!!介词like永远不能接从句!!!
seem as if + 虚拟语气
2 宾语从句的 that 不能省略。
3.介词短语：二级排除D,E
介词短语后面不能接从句
Choices D and E, with of substituted for that, are likewise ungrammatical: of, a preposition, can introduce a phrase, but not a clause
og11-30
An inventory equal to 90 days sales is as much as even the strongest businesses carry, and then only as a way to anticipate higher prices or ensure against shortages.
(A) as much as even
(B) so much as even
(C) even so much as
(D) even as much that
(E) even so much that
1. 比较结构：一级排除 B C
as … as / so… as 只能用在否定句；as … as 都可以。不能改成 as / so … that
2修饰：二级排除 C D E
even 的
位置
In choices C, D, and E, even is misplaced so that it no longer clearly modifies the strongest businesses (修饰副词的位置要紧密和意思联系在一起)
副词修饰的位置不能随便更改。
Even /almost / first/only
As much as even the strongest….even修饰的是后面的东东, 同as much as 没有关系了, 甚至最N的商家都…
Even as much as the strongest…even修饰的是 as much as 甚至和最N的商家一样
Even, almost, first, only……等等都是修饰什么放在什么前面
og11-31
Egyptians are credited as having pioneered embalming methods as long ago as 2650 B.C.
(A) as having
(B) with having
(C) to have
(D) as the ones who
(E) for being the ones who
1习语：一级排除A,C,D,E
be credited with doing sth. / regard as… / believe to ….
credit 的用法。(OG 111, 226）
--V. credit sb./sth. with doing sth. 认为。。。具有/认为（某人）。。能够/把。。。归因于
--N. give credit to...for..doing相信，信任
og11-32
The Commerce Department announced that the economy grew during the second quarter at a 7.5 percent annual rate, while inflation eased when it might have been expected for it to rise.
(A) it might have been expected for it to rise
(B) it might have been expected to rise
(C) it might have been expected that it should rise
(D) its rise might have been expected
(E) there might have been an expectation it would rise
1简洁 一级排除E
Choice E is needlessly wordy, roundabout, and vague.
2词法 二级排除A,C,D
X is expected to y / expected for it / expected that
x [is] expected to y is idiomatic usage: expected for it to in choice A and expected that it should in choice C are thus unidiomatic
动词本来就比名词表达的意思要清晰；
主从句中如果主语能尽量一致的话最好—这样也是为了清晰，而且也符合大并列的原则).
3代词太多代词造成歧义。
og11-33
Although schistosomiasis is not often fatal, it is so debilitating that it has become an economic drain on many developing countries.
(A) it is so debilitating that it has become an economic
(B) it is of such debilitation, it has become an economical
(C) so debilitating is it as to become an economic
(D) such is its debilitation, it becomes an economical
(E) there is so much debilitation that it has become an economical
1并列一级排除B,C,D,E,
主从句大并列可以直接判断出答案来。
从主从句大并列的角度考虑：从句主系表，主句也应该主系表，而不用名词(什么东东并列, 酒用什么东东)
1，没见过so as to倒装（到底能不能有待检验）。
2，主要问题在于so as to的逻辑主语是谁不清楚。
千万注意：没有语法规则保证它的逻辑主语就是主句主语。所以，虽然从逻辑上说很容易想到它的主语就是主句主语，而且这样理解起来也非常自然，但在语法上是无法保证的，所以可能造成理解上的混乱。
从主从句大并列的角度考虑：从句主系表，主句也应该主系表，而不用名词
so as to 和so that 的另一重要区别是:so that 中包含了时态,在这种情况下,不能用so as to 代替
og11-34
Efforts to equalize the funds available to school districts, a major goal of education reformers and many states in the 1970's, has not significantly reduced the gaps existing between the richest and poorest districts.
(A) has not significantly reduced the gaps existing
(B) has not been significant in reducing the gap that exists
(C) has not made a significant reduction in the gap that exists
(D) have not significantly reduced the gap that exists
(E) have not been significant in a reduction of the gaps existing
1主谓一致一级排除 A,B.C
has does not agree with the plural subject of the sentence, Efforts
2逻辑意思的准确 二级排除
E
Choice E uses a similarly wordy expression that changes the meaning of the sentence, stating not that the efforts have significantly reduced the gap but that they failed to play a significant role in some already-existing reduction of several gaps.(逻辑意思表达的准确性)
3 that exists 和 existing的区别？？？
og11-35
155. Federal authorities involved in the investigation have found the local witnesses are difficult to locate, reticent. and are suspicious of strangers.
(A) the local witnesses are difficult to locate, reticent, and are
(B) local witnesses to be difficult to locate, reticent, and are
(C) that local witnesses are difficult to locate, reticent, and
(D) local witnesses are difficult to locate and reticent, and they are
(E) that local witnesses are difficult to locate and reticent, and they are
1平行 一级排除 A,B,D,E
This sentence requires parallelism in the three coordinate complements that form the direct object clause: local witnesses are (1) difficult..., (2) reticent, and (3) suspicious
2修饰 宾语从句that不能省略一级排除 B,D
reticent adj.
Inclined to keep one's thoughts, feelings, and personal affairs to oneself.
沉默寡言的倾向于保留某人的想法、感情及个人事务的
See: silent
Restrained or reserved in style.
有节制的在风格上受限的或保留的
Reluctant; unwilling.
不愿的：勉强的
og11-36
In 1527 King Henry VIII sought to have his marriage to Queen Catherine annulled so as to marry Anne Boleyn.
(A) so as to marry
(B) and so could be married to
(C) to be married to
(D) so that he could marry
(E) in order that he would marry
1动词主语 一级排除A,B,C
A does not specify who is to marry Anne (歧义，弄不清楚到底谁和AB结婚，另外，可能真是主系表的时候用so __________ as to才比较好).
2 词法
二级排除 E
could/would
Although E uses an appropriate conjunction, in order that, the verb form would marry is unidiomatic and illogical (might marry would be better,能，而不是将).
B把从属关系变成了并列关系，从属关系表达的是目的，而并列的话，就是be married 和sought并列，这样就出现了解释中造成意思不符合逻辑的情况—为了能什么和能什么的差距。
B substitutes an illogical coordinate predicate for the needed purpose clause; because the annulment had not yet been granted. Henry could not remarry. （体会表达意思的差别：sought完了后并不能结婚，必须要等到批准后才可以）
og11-37
In one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought at
(A) Americans were killed as
(B) Americans were killed than
(C) Americans were killed than those who
(D) more Americans were killed as there
(E) more Americans were killed as those who
1比较词的准确性 一级排除 B,C,D,E
idiomatic form as many... as.
In B and C, as many ... than is unidiomatic, and in C and E, those who is a wordy intrusion.
In D and E, more is redundant because the phrase four times as many in the original sentence conveys the idea of more
og11-38
Dr. Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at an invading microbe or foreign substance.
(A) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at
(B) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically to
(C) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, all specifically targeted at
(D) seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, all of them targeted specifically to
(E) seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at
1修饰 一级排除 A,B,C
seemingly 修饰 unlimited 副词修饰形容词
2 词法 一级排除 B,D
target at 为正确词组B also uses the unidiomatic preposition to instead of the correct at after targeted(target 后边要求跟介词at, 表示接触, 接触点或者线),
3单复数一致 each 对应an
C violates sense by having all the antibodies specifically targeted at an, that is, one, invading microbe or substance.
each常常作同位语,
managers, each…..
dwellings, each…...
fashion [transitive]
1to shape or make something, using your hands or only a few tools
fashion something from something
He fashioned a box from a few old pieces of wood.
fashion something into something
Jamie could take a piece of wood and fashion it into a wonderful work of art.
2[usually passive] to influence and form someone's ideas and opinions
We are all unique human beings, fashioned by life experiences.
og11-39
Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than 30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.
(A) extending
(B) extends
(C) extended
(D) it extended
(E) is extending
1平行 一级排除 B,C,D,E
filigree of ( …) spawned ,,,,,,,and extending ,,, 现在分词和过去分词都是形容词性质的, 可以并列
A employs the parallel participial phrases spawned... and extending ... to modify filigree.
In C, extended is nonparallel if it is assumed to be a past tense verb form; if it is assumed to be a past participle, it illogically states, as does D, that the filigree extended only in the past. 时间上面和未划线部分矛盾
C 被看成是一个动词过去式，而不是分词了，看意思!!!-
Filigree: 金银丝装饰物
og11-40
The plot of The Bostonians centers on the rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom, when they find themselves drawn to the same radiant young woman whose talent for public speaking has won her an ardent following.
(A) rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom
(B) rivals Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, against her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom
(C) rivalry that develops between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, and Basil Ransom, her charming and cynical cousin
(D) developing rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with Basil Ransom, her charming and cynical cousin
(E) active feminist, Olive Chancellor, and the rivalry with her charming and cynical cousin Basil Ransom
1比较对象的平行对应 一级排除 A,B,D,E
the rivalry between x and y
the rivals x and y,
the rivalry that develops between x and y.
*Rival n.竞争者, 对手 v.竞争, 对抗, 相匹敌
to be as good or important as someone or something else
The college's facilities rival those of Harvard and Yale.
a stadium to rival any in the world
rivalry. n.竞争, 竞赛, 敌对, 敌对状态plural rivalries
a situation in which two or more people, teams, or companies are competing for something, especially over a long period of time, and the feeling of competition between them
rivalry between
There has always been intense rivalry between
The two players have developed a friendly rivalry.
She had never overcome her feelings of sibling rivalry (=rivalry between brothers and sisters) .
og11-41
While larger banks can afford to maintain their own data-processing operations, many smaller regional and community banks are finding that the cost associated with upgrading data-processing equipment and with the development and maintenance of new products and technical staff are prohibitive.
(A) cost associated with
(B) costs associated with
(C) costs arising from
(D) cost of
(E) costs of
1主谓一致/平行 一级排除 A,C,D,E
are 对应要用复数 costs
未划线部分有一个with所以要平行对应with
做题时要机敏，紧记用平行的原则，看到with用30秒就应该告定。。。
* be associated (with somebody/something)
a) to be related to a particular subject, activity etc
problems associated with cancer treatment
og11-42
Quasars, at billions of light-years from Earth the most distant observable objects in the universe, believed to be the cores of galaxies in an early stage of development. (A) believed to be
(B) are believed to be
(C) some believe them to be
(D) some believe they are
(E) it is believed that they are
1句子结构 /完整性
一级排除 A,C,D,E
Choice A produces a sentence fragment because it omits the verb are and supplies only an adjectival phrase, believed to be ....
Choices C, D, and E all introduce new clauses (some believe ..., it is believed...) that cannot grammatically complete the construction begun with Quasars.è参考一下那个student are so lacking in ….的解释, 就是说, 把前面的部分变成了dangling part, cannot be attached to any part of the sentence.
Quasars . . . are believed to be the cores....
quasars n.类恒星体, 半恒星状球体
这个就是ETS的最爱è 主语, 老长老长的同位语, 谓语动词+宾语从句.
然后在谓语动词的时态, 单复数, 宾语从句的修饰, 同位语的时态, 数, 上面狂作文章. 就是欺负偶记性不好.
og11-43
Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western
(分词结构的话，since 从句或状语不用完成时可以)
(A)
bringing
(B)
and brings
(C)
and it brings
(D)and it brought
(E)
and brought
1单复数 一级排除B,C
In B, there is no subject available for the singular present-tense verb brings. The subject cannot be eagles, since that noun is plural and the action of its verb left is in the past.
2代词无指代
二级排除C,D
Neither C nor D contains a grammatical referent for it.
3逻辑意思 二级排除E
动作发出的逻辑主语意思奇怪In E, the use of and brought implies two discrete actions on the part of the eagles
Choice A is best. The "-ing" (present participle) form introduces action that is simultaneous with the action of the main clause; i.e., bringing indicates that the number of wild birds became 34 when the sea eagles left their nests.（现在分词表伴随，说明这个动作和主句的动作同时发生）
og11-65
The only way for growers to salvage frozen citrus is to process them quickly into juice concentrate before they rot when warmer weather returns.
A. to process them quickly into juice concentrate before they rot when warmer weather returns
B. if they are quickly processed into juice concentrate before warmer weather returns to rot them
C. for them to be processed quickly into juice concentrate before the fruit rots when warmer weather returns
D. if the fruit is quickly processed into juice concentrate before they rot when warmer weather returns
E. to have it quickly processed into juice concentrate before warmer weather returns and rots the fruit
1. 平行结构：平行结构的形式对称 the only way to … is to …
2 单复数一致：代词要和他指代的名词的数一致。 Them/it 的选择
Citrus 单复数都可以，这里用单数，因为指一类
it is better to use the singular in referring to an anatomical feature common to an entire species;这是ets对og167的
3 代词正确答案的标志：当前面有多个名词可以指代的时候，通常补出概括性的名词来去掉代词，防止歧义。
4．句子逻辑意思：用 when 引导的时间状语从句只强调动作发生的时间上的同步，没有强调因果的意思。表示因果/目的，可以用不定式。A and B，当 A/B 是两个连续的动作的时候，可以存在强调因果的意思在。
5． 习惯用法Before / after …. When 连用不符合语言习惯
6．Rot 的用法 既可以是及物动词又可以是不及物动词
6．Rot 的用法 既可以是及物动词又可以是不及物动词
6．Rot 的用法 既可以是及物动词又可以是不及物动词
og11-66
Unlike a typical automobile loan, which requires a fifteen- to twenty-percent down payment, the lease-loan buyer is not required to make an initial deposit on the new vehicle.
A. the lease-loan buyer is not required to make
B. with lease-loan buying there is no requirement of
C. lease-loan buyers are not required to make
D. for the lease-loan buyer there is no requirement of
E. a lease-loan does not require the buyer to make
1 比较结构平行：(一级排除A,B,C,D）
Unlike/ like A , B ….. A /B 要对等。（数的一致，逻辑意思的一致, 时态上的平行）比较时逻辑意思优先！
choice E is the only option that supplies an active verb form, does not require, to parallel requires
经典例句
经典例句
经典例句
Unlike most warbler species, the male and female blue-winged warbler are very difficult to tell apart.
(A) Unlike most warbler species, the male and female blue-winged warbler are very difficult to tell apart.
(B) Unlike most warbler species, the gender of the blue-winged warbler is very difficult to distinguish.
(C) Unlike those in most warbler species, the male and female blue-winged warblers are very difficult to distinguish.
(D) It is very difficult, unlike in most warbler species, to tell the male and female blue-winged warbler apart.（E）
(E) Blue-winged warblers are unlike most species of warbler in that it is very difficult to tell the male and female apart.
感觉一下, 全划线和部分划线的不同---可以把全句重新放置!
比较对象要明确
a. most species ----------------------------the male and female blue-winged warbler是不能并列的
b. most warbler species------------------ the gender
c. those in most warbler species-------- the male and female blue-winged warblers
e. most species of warbler ---------------Blue-winged warblers
2.简洁：
动词比名词要好：is no requirement of / require
og11-67
Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their clients' misconduct stemmed from a reaction to something ingested, but in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions.
A. in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy
B. if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food
C. in attributing behavior that is criminal or delinquent to an allergy to some food
D. if some food allergy is attributed as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior
E. in attributing a food allergy as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior
1. 修饰（一级排除 A,C,,E）
前置定语的中心词指向句子主语，是否合适。A, C, and E, in attributing ... behavior modifies the perpetrators, producing the illogical statement that the perpetrators rather than the defense attorneys are attributing behavior to food allergies.(动词attributing的发起者!!!!!)
That be /which be + 形容词都省略that be /which be （排除C ）
2 习语：(二级排除 D )
In the correct form of the expression, one attributes x, an effect, to y, a cause; è将一个现象归咎于某个东东x is attributed to y ==》 x 被归因于y , or, if a passive construction is used, x is attributed to y. ,,,,x is attributed to y ==》 x 被归因于y
og11-68
Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, there is a disinclination on the part of many people to recognize the degree to which their analytical skills are weak.
(A) Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, there is a disinclination on the part of many people to recognize the degree to which their analytical skills are weak.
(B) Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, which they admit they lack, many people are disinclined to recognize that their analytical skills are weak.
(C) Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, analytical skills bring out a disinclination in many people to recognize that they are weak to a degree.
(D) Many people, willing to admit that they lack computer skills or other technical skills, are disinclined to recognize that their analytical skills are weak.
(E) Many people have a disinclination to recognize the weakness of their analytical skills while willing to admit their lack of computer skills or other technical skills.
1比较结构：（一级排除 A, B )
Unlike A , B Ａ／B 要同类对等
2．简洁：（二级排除 C, E )
it is awkward and unidiomatic to say skills bring out a disinclination.
动词 > 名词
be disinclined 比 a disinclination 要好
3．代词指代不清
they is unclear, and weak to a degree changes the meaning of the original statement.
1． 词法：
admit their lack should be
admit to their lack.
admit
admit that... 承认 ; admit sb. to do sth. 允许 ; admit to doing sth. 不能是 admit sth.
While 的用法：
1）while 做
当 ...时
的意思，引导时间状语从句；主语相同，谓语为be可同时省略
；主语相同，谓语为一般动词，则动词变为分词
；
形式：主句，while+ -ing/a.
2）
while 做
而，然而的意思，表对比转折；主语谓语动词不管怎样都不能省，应该完整写出while they are willing........
og11-69
A report by the
(A) much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes
(B) much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are exposed to come
(C) much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans are exposed to comes
(D) many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed to come
(E) many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come
1单复数一致：（一级排除 A,B,C )
dioxins 为可数复数名词应用many, come
主谓单复数一致：
修饰词的单复数一致： much + 不可数名词
； many + 可数名词
2简洁/平行结构：二级排除 D )
n. + that/ whose /which be + adj. 没有 adj. + n. 简洁。
currently uncontrolled dioxins / dioxins that are currently uncontrolled
D requires that before North Americans, to be grammatically complete.
dioxins to which North Americans are exposed / many of the dioxins …… and North Americans are exposed to 改变了句子意思和逻辑关系。
3．
修饰：
修饰顺序： a report by … for ……
4．平行结构：
逻辑意思决定了分句/主句的平行。改变原句的层次会改变句子意思
og11-70
Displays of the aurora borealis, or "northern lights," can heat the atmosphere over the arctic enough to affect the trajectories of ballistic missiles, induce electric currents that can cause blackouts in some areas and corrosion in north-south pipelines.
A. to affect the trajectories of ballistic missiles, induce
B. that the trajectories of ballistic missiles are affected, induce
C. that it affects the trajectories of ballistic missiles, induces
D. that the trajectories of ballistic missiles are affected and induces
E. to affect the trajectories of ballistic missiles and induce
1. 习语
： enough to do sth.
（一级排除B,C,D）
can heat... enough to affect in A and E is more idiomatic than the use of the subordinate clause beginning with that
2.平行结构：（二级排除A,）
数的一致和时态的一致
平行结构只有两个的时候必须用连词，不能只用
逗号。 A，B＝＝＞Ａand B
Induceè带来
Affectè影响
两个都是抽象动作
3. 单复数一致
C lacks agreement in using the singular pronoun it to refer to the plural noun displays;
4．句子完整性and D is faulty because induces cannot fit grammatically with any noun in the sentence. è没有动词发起者
og11-71
The cameras of the Voyager II spacecraft detected six small, previously unseen moons circling Uranus, which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting the distant planet
A. which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting
B. doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known to orbit
C. which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known in orbit around
D. doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting
E. which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known that orbit
1非限制性定语从句（一级排除A,C,E）
非限制性定语从句 which 指向前面的名词(这里是不是指前面的这件事所以不能用which?)
现在分词在句末表示伴随
2．词法
：A as B，Ａ/B 对应。
Known to orbit 比 known as orbiting … 好。
og11-72
Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport.
A. huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport
B. without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya
C. the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel
D. there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple clusters by the Maya
E. were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and temple clusters
1. 同位语结构：(一级排除A,B,D）
逻辑对象要对应；
是GMAT 的优选结构。主语和谓语之间, 除非是插入语, 不能加逗号.
2. 平行结构：(二级排除E）
系表结构的对应Architects and stonemasons, were the Maya ; 泛指
对
特指
不对
E is awkwardly phrased and produces a sentence fragment, because the appositive noun phrase Architects and stonemasons cannot serve as the subject of were the Maya. è主语和谓语之间, 除非是插入语, 不能加逗号.
主语, 插入语, 谓语.
主语, 介词短语, 分词短语, 定语从句, 谓语.
同位语, 主语谓语.
E即使没有语法错误，也不能选，因为它 awkward; 这就是gmat的精髓。（简洁，清晰）然而, 造成E awkward的原因是:,without the benefit of …. 是修饰动词的, 放在主谓之间, 不好, 要放在谓语的后面, 或者句首. 谓语动词象一座山
某人是作…..的某人=è这样的描述没有直接说: 某人作某事
来得流畅清楚.
3. 被动语态要避免。
4. 简洁
og11-73
According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, like that of earlier generations.
(A) like that of earlier generations
(B) as that for earlier generations
(C) just as earlier generations did
(D) as have earlier generations
(E) as it was of earlier generations
1. Like/As 的
比较问题：
as + 句子； like + n. 一级排除B,C,D）
根据逻辑意思决定比较的对象是单独比较一个名词还是比较一种状态。
like + n. ; as+ 完整句子
Like+ n, 通常放在句首或者句中，但是不肯定。
放在句末也是优先指向主语。
As 的比较：
--让As结构成为正确答案
在这样的情况下，as是作为连词出现的。既然是连词就只能带一个句子。但是由于as所带的句子与主句有很多相同的地方，所以可以使用加助动词省略的形式成为正确答案。比如：
A do ***, as B do
A can *** as B can
A is *** as B and C are
补出助动词的原则是必须和主句的类型一致，而且要时态一致。
但是如果某个as结构自己就带了时间状语，那么该as结构的时态和自己带的状语保持一致，而类型和主句保持一致。
A do *** as B did ten years ago.
二、让Like结构成为正确答案
在这样的情况下，Like是作为介词出现的。既然是介词，就只能带宾语。而且宾语的类型和主句主语的类型必须保持一致。
Like A’s Book, B’s Book is red.
典型的错误为：Like A, B’s book is red.（人和人比，书和书比）
三、典型的干扰选项
看到下面的选项一定不要被它们所迷惑：
similar to
contrary to（但在like/unlike题型中有可能成为正确答案）
2. That 的指代容易有歧义 . 排除 A
like 虽然放在句末，但是做状语也应该优先修饰主语（例似于with放在句末）；另外that指带也有问题。
3.gmat 中句子从整体上看要有大并列的感觉，
it refers unambiguously to the phrasal subject owning ... land, the verb was corresponds to is, and today's young adults are appropriately compared to earlier generations(大并列).
gmat中that一般不能单独指代，要有修饰成分，如that of ...或that in....等。it一般不存在过去和现在的区分，如than it was five years ago等，但地点是要区分的，这好像是你近来的一个总结。不知我理解的对不对。
og11-74
Often visible as smog, ozone is formed in the atmosphere from hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, two major pollutants emitted by automobiles, react with sunlight.
(A) ozone is formed in the atmosphere from
(B) ozone is formed in the atmosphere when
(C) ozone is formed in the atmosphere, and when
(D) ozone, formed in the atmosphere when
(E) ozone, formed in the atmosphere from
1.句子完整性一级排除D,E
Choice D,E omits the main verb, is, leaving a sentence fragment
1. 从句和主句不能并列二级排除C,且造成句子不完整
In choice C, the use of the conjunction and results in the illogical assertion that the formation of ozone in the atmosphere happens in addition to, rather than as a result of, its formation when hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide react with sunlight.
3．.介词短语后面只能接名词，不能接句子。二级排除A
, from后面的东东不对In choice A, the construction from hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides ... react is ungrammatical.
From是介词, 介词后面只能接名词, 不能接句子!!!!
Be based on sth一样!!!og90
og11-75
Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the
(A) that flourished at the same time as the civilizations
(B) that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations
(C) that flourished at the same time those had
(D) flourishing at the same time as those did
(E) flourishing at the same time as those were
1. 比较结构：一级排除D,E
比较的时候，尽量把比较放在一个句子中进行（哪怕是个定语从句），也不要在分词短语中，ets认为这样的比较有缺陷
2. 代词： those一级排除C,D,E
In choices C, D, and E, the plural pronoun those has no plural noun to which it can refer.
没有歧义的时候补出动词多余，尤其在这儿，因为后边还有一堆介词短语，就更加显的笨拙，
1． 时态：二级排除B,
At the same time asè明确是个一般过去的时间!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
过去完成时态一定要有一个过去时态的动词，并且完成时态发生在过去时态动作之前。
Choice A, the best answer, uses the simple past tense flourished to describe civilizations existing simultaneously in the past.
Choice B wrongly uses the past perfect had flourished; past perfect tense indicates action that was completed prior to some other event described in the simple past tense: for example, "Mayan civilization had ceased to exist by the time Europeans first reached the Americas." è在此题里面没有过去完成时态的时间参照点è过去完成时态就这个一招: 要明确出现一般过去时态的动词
His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of present-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas.
(A) in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas
(B) in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas
(C) when great ice sheets existed where there were areas now temperate
(D) when great ice sheets had existed in current temperate areas（B）
(E) when great ice sheets existed in areas now that are temperate
og11-76
Never before had taxpayers confronted so many changes at once as they had in the Tax Reform Act of 1986.
(A) so many changes at once as they had in
(B) at once as many changes as
(C) at once as many changes that there were with
(D) as many changes at once as they confronted in
(E) so many changes at once that confronted them in
1比较结构：
一级排除A,B,E
Never + as/so … as 都可以。比较结构的意思上的对等。。 as… that 不合理
A。 as they had è as they had confronted ,时间点不合理。
è
排除 A
B. as… as the Tax … Tax / changes 比较不合理。è
排除 B
C. so many … that 无比较意义è
排除 E
2．时态： 比较结构的时态前后要考虑是否逻辑上合理。。。。
3．修饰：二级排除C 状语的位置不能随便改变。。。。
og11-77
Even though the direct costs of malpractice disputes amounts to a sum lower than one percent of the $541 billion the nation spent on health care last year, doctors say fear of lawsuits plays a major role in health-care inflation.
(A) amounts to a sum lower
(B) amounts to less
(C) amounted to less
(D) amounted to lower
(E) amounted to a lower sum
1 时态/单复数：一级排除A,B
last year 是
一般过去式的标志。
2简洁/平行结构：二级排除D.E
Sum lower 太 wordy.
the construction a lower sum than is awkward and imprecise in the context of the sentence
less / lower
less 可以做名词
和后面的one percent比较，但是 lower只能是形容词。能和后面的平行对比的只能是less. In D, the adjective lower is erroneously used in place of the noun less as object of the preposition to. (less 是名词，还是第一次听说) actually it functions as a determiner/pronoun指示词
有代名词的性质
.
Amounts to (to 为介词用)
lower肯定是形容词
less :
1. a smaller amount or not as much/opposite more
Doctors recommend eating less salt.
People today seem to have less time for each other.Most of us got £4 an hour, but some received even less.
less of
The map covered less of the area than I'd thought.Flying is less of a risk than driving.
less (...) than
She knows less than I do about it.
less than 10/100 etc
a distance of less than 100 metres much/a lot less
It costs much less to go by bus.
It costs much less to go by bus.
2. used to mean 'fewer' or 'not as many', although many people think this use is incorrect opposite more
2. used to mean 'fewer' or 'not as many', although many people think this use is incorrect opposite more
There were less people there than we expected.
see usage note few
og11-78
Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang like socks on a clothesline.
(A) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang
(B) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs were hanging
(C) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging
(D) seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging
(E) seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs have hung
1平行结构：一级排除
ＡＢＣE
考虑动作的逻辑关系平行。
Choices A, B, and C use have ... saw where have ... seen is required.
平行结构：looked / seen ; hanging / sleeping
出现过的两个平行, 错误的, 关于have的
Have done sth and did sth
Have been able to do sth and did sth
2 修饰：
句末的非限制性定语从句指向其前面名词性结构的中心词
Choices A, B, and E awkwardly separate the relative clause beginning whose arms and legs ... from monkeys, the noun it modifies.
og11-79
The Parthenon was a church from 1204 until 1456, when
(A) who established a mosque in the building and used the Acropolis as
(B) who, establishing a mosque in the building, used the Acropolis like
(C) who, when he had established a mosque in the building, used the Acropolis like
(D) who had established a mosque in the building, using the Acropolis to be
(E) establishing a mosque in the building and using the Acropolis as
1词法：一级排除 B,C,D
use sth. As …
used the Acropolis as a fortress, in which used as means "employed in the capacity of."
2 时态：二级排除 C,D
过去时/过去完成时
Similarly, in D, had established... using states that Mohammed had already performed the actions before capturing
3 分词一级排除 E
and in E, establishing and using modify
og11-80
New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties.
(A) requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties
(B) requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation
(C) requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties
(D) application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties
(E) irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties
如何可以把内容清晰无误表达出来的一道很好的例题！
1# 关注由于不当的平行造成的歧义。
2# 定语从句的谓语动词指出主语。
A 也挺好啊？？
og11-81
In an effort to reduce their inventories, Italian vintners have cut prices; their wines have been priced to sell. and they are.
(A) have been priced to sell, and they are
(B) are priced to sell, and they have
(C) are priced to sell, and they do
(D) are being priced to sell, and have
(E) had been priced to sell, and they have
1 时态 一级排除D,E
2平行二级排除D,E
在由省略出现的时候，尝试补出省略成分，再来比较。
从解释中可以infer出来，they 必须指代 wines（由此判断后边省略的只能不定式to sell）；their可以跨过分号指代前边的vintners.
sell 可以做不及物动词，被卖出去。
大并列的感觉 (本题会不会作并不重要，重要的是要知道ets是多么的重视并列，而并列应首先考虑本质上并列：本题中do sell 中sell是不带to的不定式)。
og11-82
Senator Lasker has proposed legislation requiring that employers should retain all older workers indefinitely or show just cause for dismissal.
(A) that employers should retain all older workers
(B) that all older workers be retained by employers
(C) the retaining by employers of all older workers
(D) employers' retention of all older workers
(E) employers to retain all older workers
1词法一级排除A,B,C,D,
require
Require somebody to do sth
Require of somebody that…/that 从句形式比不定式结构简洁
require sb. To do sth. / require that / require of sb. That è
注意require 带的从句里面不能用should
Choice A is less concise and contains the unnecessary should before retain,
in B, the awkward shift to the passive construction makes workers the subject of show, thus producing the unintended statement that older workers [rather than employers] are required to show just cause for dismissal
2被动次选/并列对应
Choices C and D are ungrammatical because the retaining and retention function as nouns, which cannot be joined by or to the verb show: grammar requires that the compound predicate consist of two verbs, retain... or show.
require 的用法。(OG 109, 138,181,227）
require of sb. that
require sb. to do sth.
require sth. of sb.
require that X be Y ( 当require,wish等词用于虚拟语气,表示某个愿望或者某人行为要求,用此格式）
即：wish/require that X be Y ( correct)
wish/require that X should be Y ( incorrect)
wish/require that X is Y ( incorrect)
og11-83
Most state constitutions now mandate that the state budget be balanced each year.
(A) mandate that the state budget be balanced
(B) mandate the state budget to be balanced
(C) mandate that the state budget will be balanced
(D) have a mandate for a balanced state budget
(E) have a mandate to balance the state budget
1词法一级排除
B.C,D,E
mandate意思为动词强制的时候，必须跟that从句用虚拟语气。
When mandate is used as a verb to mean "make it mandatory,' it must be followed by that and a verb in the subjunctive mood, as in A, the best answer: mandate that x be balanced.
Choice B uses the ungrammatical mandate x to be balanced. Mandate/demand不能加
to do
Choice C inappropriately uses the future indicative, will be, rather than the subjunctive.
Choices D and E use wordy and imprecise expressions in place of the verb mandate: neither have a mandate for a balanced... budget nor have a mandate to balance the ... budget makes clear that the requirement is made by the constitution(名词不能表示动作的发出者
不清晰).
D中的for 介词短语，不能限定后面的each year是在介短内，还是介短外；所以，会有两种看法，
1、have a mandate （ for a balanced state budget） each year；
2、have a mandate（ for a balanced state budget each year）
E答案中的to是不定式，do1 to do2 each year，我个人认为，each year作为副词是就近修do2的。
E应该没有这问题，have a mandate to balance the state budget each year，很明显，each year 是用来修to balance 的；如果它想修mandate不能放在这个位置，要改为：have, each year, a mandate to balance the state budget.
It is also unclear in D whether each year refers to the mandating or the balancing.
og11-84
Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Environmental Protection Agency is required either to approve individual state plans for controlling the discharge of wastes into underground water or that they enforce their own plan for states without adequate regulations.
(A) that they enforce their
(B) for enforcing their
(C) they should enforce their
(D) it should enforce its
(E) to enforce its
1平行 一级排除 A,B,C,D
either to do ……nor to do…….
E is the only one that maintains grammatical parallelism by using an infinitive--to enforce--to complete the construction either to approve ... or....
All of the other choices offer syntactic structures that are not parallel to the infinitive phrase to approve.
2单复数
In addition, choices A, B, and C use plural pronouns (they and their) that have no grammatical referents.
Act 法案，法规
og11-85
Dirt roads may evoke the bucolic simplicity of another century, but financially strained townships point out that dirt roads cost twice as much as maintaining paved roads.
(A) dirt roads cost twice as much as maintaining paved roads
(B) dirt roads cost twice as much to maintain as paved roads do
(C) maintaining dirt roads costs twice as much as paved roads do
(D) maintaining dirt roads costs twice as much as it does for paved roads
(E) to maintain dirt roads costs twice as much as for paved roads
1比较/对应 一级排除A,C,D,E
A the cost of dirt roads 比较the cost of maintaining paved roads.
C the cost of maintaining dirt roads 比较 the cost of paved roads themselves.
D it 无指代对象
E
to maintain dirt roads 比较for paved roads
og11-86
Although early soap operas were first aired on evening radio in the 1920's, they had moved to the daytime hours of the 1930's when the evening schedule became crowded with comedians and variety shows.
(A) were first aired on evening radio in the 1920's, they had moved to the daytime hours of the 1930's
(B) were first aired on evening radio in the 1920's, they were moved to the daytime hours in the 1930's
(C) were aired first on evening radio in the 1920's, moving to the daytime hours in the 1930's
(D) were aired first in the evening on 1920's radio, they moved to the daytime hours of the 1930's
(E) aired on evening radio first in the 1920's, they were moved to the 1930's in the daytime hours
1句子完整性
一级排除C
In C, moving introduces a dangling participial phrase in place of an independent clause, thus producing a fragment. 这样一放, 没有主句了.
2并列 二级排除D,E
Choice D breaks this parallelism by shifting from passive to active voice (moved). 从意思上看, 被移动, 被播放
3时态
二级排除 A
the past perfect should be used to indicate action completed before, not after, the action of were aired. 体会完成时态的意思èwhen we use a tense or other structure, the tense or structure itself decides the meaning. We need to use the righteous structure to express our meaning. Not only think about the meaning. Past perfect tense itself expresses the meaning of completion of an action, no matter what the author wanted to say.
og11-87
The energy source on Voyager 2 is not a nuclear reactor, in which atoms are actively broken apart; rather a kind of nuclear battery that uses natural radioactive decay to produce power.
(A) apart; rather
(B) apart, but rather
(C) apart, but rather that of
(D) apart, but that of
(E) apart; it is that of
1平行 一级排除A,E
平行结构： not …. But rather
且前后成分的对应
here rather is optional but preferable because it helps establish a contrast between the two types of energy source.
2代词指代 二级排除C，D
that of has no grammatical referent and thus produces illogical and incorrect sentences.
og11-88
The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation's air-traffic control system, to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports, and prompts fears among some officials that safety is being compromised.
(A)
to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports, and prompts
(B)
leading to 55 percent more delay at airports and prompting
(C)
to lead to a 55 percent increase in delay at airports and prompt
(D)
to lead to an increase of 55 percent in delays at airports, and prompted
(E) leading to a 55-percent increase in delays at airports and prompting
1平行 一级排除 A,C,D
介宾结构的平行： lead to sth. ….. / prompt sth.
2词法 二级排除 B
两个不定式连用不是很好
In C and D the infinitive phrase to lead to ... is less idiomatic
A..in B 的用法
更准确
55-percent increase in delays conveys the meaning more accurately than does the phrase 55 percent more delay(s
og11-89
Presenters at the seminar, one who is blind, will demonstrate adaptive equipment that allows visually impaired people to use computers.
(A) one who
(B) one of them who
(C) and one of them who
(D) one of whom
(E) one of which
1句子结构 一级排除 C
2 主谓一致 一级排除 A
3 修饰 二级排除 Ewho 修饰人，which 修饰物
Choice E employs which, a relative pronoun that does not refer to people (presenters), but only to things.
4 B和 D的区别是什么？???
The subject, presenters, must be followed by a limiting appositive _ such as one of whom, that identifies an individual from among a larger group. Choice D is best: one of whom best serves an appositive to the subject, presenters, because the phrase means "one from among several or many." Choices B and C are ungrammatical because who competes with one as the subject of is就是说两个东东只能有一个在, 不然动词就有两个发出者了.??????
有一道题用, professionals, request of whom. ; 这种样子都叫同位语。
辛苦了！
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