阅读最近总是突破不了，所以开此贴督促自己的阅读总结，因为前辈NN说，GWD的阅读要比OG的好，更接近考试时的真题，所以我会每天至少贴一套GWD中的4篇阅读的逻辑图。
欢迎大家提意见，能够指教阅读的提高方法将万分感谢
*我就不信我的阅读突破不了，It is time to be serious. Watch Me!!
The fields of antebellum (pre-Civil
War) political history and women’s his-
tory use separate sources and focus
on separate issues.（主题句观点一与
第二段的首句对应可知本文是新老观
点对比型）（1） Political histori-
(5) ans, examining sources such as voting
records, newspapers, and politicians’
writings, focus on the emergence in the
nation,” and since women were neither
(10) voters nor politicians, they receive little
discussion.（2） Women’s historians, mean-
while（表并列的副词，说明如下内容将和上文或并列或形成对比）
, have shown little interest in the
subject of party politics, instead draw-
ing on personal papers, legal records
(15) such as（举例可略读） wills, and records of female
associations to illuminate women’s
domestic lives, their moral reform
activities, and the emergence of the
woman’s rights movement.
（概括这一段，A这个时期，政治历史学家和妇女历史学家利用不同的资源关注不同的问题，
政治历史学家专注政治很少讨论妇女问题，妇女历史学家很少关注政治而专注paper等一推东东)
(20) However（重要的强转折词，提醒新一观点的提出）, most historians have
underestimated
（负评价实意动词）the extent and signifi-
cance of women’s political allegiance（提出了本文讨论的核心词）
in the antebellum period. For example,（举例通常可以略读，只提取例子中的关键词，举例的关键看前后的总结句，通常会是for example前面的一句话，因为例子都是用来说明总结句的，只要明白总结句的意思就行了）
in the presidential election campaigns
(25) of the
strove to win the allegiance of
women by inviting them to rallies and
speeches. According to Whig propa-
ganda, women who turned out at the
(30) party’s rallies gathered information
that enabled them to mold party-loyal
families, reminded men of moral values
that transcended party loyalty, and con-
ferred moral standing on the party.
(35)
began to make similar appeals to
women as well. By the mid
the inclusion of women in the rituals of
party politics had become common-
(40) place, and the ideology that justified
such inclusion had been assimilated
by the Democrats. （这一段提出新的观点，低估了women’s political allegiance，并举例子证明了它起的作用）
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD1-Q4:
The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to
新老观点对比型，文章主要观点在转折后的新观点（很重要），原文定位应该在第二段
（main idea ）
主题题，直接定位第二段首句主题句
However, most historians have underestimated the extent and significance of women’s political allegiance in the antebellum period.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD1-Q5:
According to the second paragraph of the passage (lines 20-42), Whig propaganda（定位在第二段举例中间部分） included the assertion that
（supporting idea ）
直接事实题找关键词在文中定位
According to Whig propaganda, women who turned out at the
party’s rallies gathered information
that enabled them to mold party-loyal
families, reminded men of moral values
that transcended party loyalty, and conferred
moral standing on the party.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD1-Q6:
According to the passage, which of the following was true of Virginia Democrats in the mid
（定位在第二段举例后半部分）
（supporting idea ）
直接事实题找关键词在文中定位
Virginia Democrats, in response,
began to make similar appeals to
women as well. By the mid-1850’s
the inclusion of women in the rituals of
party politics had become commonplace, and the ideology that justified
such inclusion had been assimilated
by the Democrats
（文中未出现的信息要果断排除，千万不能超出文章的范围猜测）
GWD1-Q9 to Q12:
Over the last 150 years, large
stretches of salmon habitat have
been eliminated by human activity:
Line mining, livestock grazing, timber
(5) harvesting, and agriculture as well
as recreational and urban devel-
opment. The numerical effect is
obvious: there are fewer salmon
in degraded regions than in pris-
(10) tine ones; however,（转折词后强调重点）
habitat loss
also has the potential to reduce
genetic diversity. This is most
evident in cases where it results
in the extinction of entire salmon
(15) populations. Indeed, most
analysts believe that some kind
of environmental degradation
underlies the demise of many
extinct salmon populations.
(20) Although some rivers have
been recolonized, the unique
genes of the original populations
have been lost.（让步略读，重点是让步后的转折句）
这一段总结human activity使—〉salmon habitat减少，而habitat的减少—〉也会造成genetic diversity的减少。所以环境的恶化是一些salmon物种消失。human activity—〉salmon habitat—〉genetic diversity的减少）
Large-scale disturbances in
(25) one locale also have the potential
to alter the genetic structure of
populations in neighboring areas,
even if those areas have pristine
habitats. Why? （明显标志下文开始解释）
Although the
(30) homing instinct of salmon to their
natal stream is strong, a fraction
of the fish returning from the sea
(rarely more than 15 percent)
stray and spawn in nearby
(35)
streams.
（让步略读，重点是让步后的转折句）
Low levels of straying
are crucial, since the process
provides a source of novel
genes and a mechanism
by which a location can be
(40) repopulated should the fish
there disappear. Yet
（转折词后强调重点）
high rates
of straying can be problematic
because misdirected fish may
interbreed with the existing stock
(45) to such a degree that any local
adaptations that are present
become diluted. Straying
rates remain relatively low when
environmental conditions are
(50) stable, but can increase dramati-
cally when streams suffer severe
disturbance. The 1980 volcanic
eruption of
for example（举例通常可以略读，只提取例子中的关键词，举例的关键看前后的总结句，通常会是for example前面的一句话，因为例子都是用来说明总结句的，只要明白总结句的意思就行了）, sent mud and debris
(55) into several tributaries of the
couple of years, steelhead trout
(a species included among the
salmonids) returning from the
(60) sea to spawn were forced to
find alternative streams. As
a consequence, their rates of
straying, initially 16 percent,
rose to more than 40 percent
(65) overall.
（这一段概括，即使是在好的环境下，
Large-scale disturbances也会造成genetic structure的变化。会造成high rates
of straying会造成genetic问题，而severe disturbance造成rates of straying增加
Large-scale disturbances—〉high rates of straying –〉genetic structure的变化
）
Although no one has quantified
changes in the rate of straying
as a result of the disturbances
caused by humans, there is no
(70) reason to suspect that the effect
would be qualitatively different
than what was seen in the
aftermath of the
Helens eruption. （让步略读，重点是让步后的转折句）
Such a dra-
(75) matic increase in straying from
damaged areas to more pristine
streams results in substantial
gene flow, which can in turn lower
the overall fitness of subsequent
generations.
总结increase in straying from
damaged areas to more pristine
streams results in substantial
gene flow,
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD1-Q9:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
（Main idea ）
结论解释性文章主旨题找概括全面的，包括信息多且严谨的选项
Indeed, most
analysts believe that some kind
of environmental degradation underlies the demise of many extinct salmon populations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD1-Q10:
It can be inferred from the passage that the occasional failure of some salmon to return to their natal streams in order to spawn provides a
mechanism by which
（Inference ）
找到问题中的关键词回文章定位
D这两句话怎么理解翻译？
since the process provides a source of novel genes and a mechanism by which a location can be repopulated should the fish there disappear
should the fish there disappear=if the fish there should disappear
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD1-Q11:
According to the passage, human activity
定位在第一段has had which of the following effects on salmon populations?
（supporting idea ）找到问题中的关键词回文章定位
The numerical effect is
obvious: there are fewer salmon
in degraded regions than in pristine ones;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD1-Q12:
The author mentions the “aftermath of the
举例作用题
increase in straying from
damaged areas to more pristine
streams results in substantial
gene flow, which can in turn lower
the overall fitness of subsequent
generations.
Recently biologists have been
interested in a tide-associated
periodic behavior displayed by
Line the diatom Hantzschia virgata, a
(5) microscopic golden-brown alga that
inhabits that portion of a shoreline
washed by tides (the intertidal zone).
Diatoms of this species, sometimes
called “commuter” diatoms, remain
(10) burrowed in the sand during high
tide, and emerge on the sand sur-
face during the daytime low tide.
Just before the sand is inundated by
the rising tide, the diatoms burrow
(15) again. Some scientists hypothesize
that commuter diatoms know that it
is low tide because they sense an
environmental change, such as an
alteration in temperature or a change
(20) in pressure caused by tidal move-
ment. However（转折词后强调重点）, when diatoms are
observed under constant conditions
in a laboratory, they still display
periodic behavior, continuing to bur-
(25) row on schedule for several weeks.
This indicates that commuter diatoms,
rather than relying on environmental
cues to keep time, possess an inter-
nal pacemaker or biological clock
(30) that enables them to anticipate peri-
odic changes in the environment.
A commuter diatom has an unusu-
ally accurate biological clock, a
consequence of the unrelenting
(35)
environmental pressures to which
it is subjected; any diatoms that do
not burrow before the tide arrives
are washed away.
（这一段主要是commuter diatom这种生物有a tide-associated
periodic behavior，科学家假设和环境有关，然而实验证明是因为possess an internal pacemaker or biological clock
）
This is not to suggest that the
(40) period of this biological clock is
immutably fixed. Biologists have
concluded that even though a
diatom does not rely on the envi-
ronment to keep time, environmental
(45) factors—including changes in the
tide’s hydrostatic pressure, salin-
ity, mechanical agitation, and
temperature—can alter the period
of its biological clock according to
(50) changes in the tidal cycle. In short,（表示解释）
the relation between an organism’s
biological clock and its environment
is similar to that between a wristwatch
and its owner: the owner cannot
(55) make the watch run faster or slower,
but can reset the hands. However,
（转折词后强调重点）
this relation is complicated in intertidal
dwellers such as commuter diatoms
by the fact that these organisms are
(60) exposed to the solar-day cycle as
well as to the tidal cycle, and some-
times display both solar-day and
tidal periods in a single behavior.
Commuter diatoms, for example,
(65) emerge only during those low tides
that occur during the day.
（这一段主要是说environmental factors can alter the period
of its biological clock according to
changes in the tidal cycle,并举例解释）
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD1-Q25:
The passage suggests which of the following about the accuracy （定为第一段的后半部分）of the commuter diatom’s biological clock?
A commuter diatom has an unusually accurate biological clock, a
consequence of the unrelenting
environmental pressures to which
it is
subjected; any diatoms that do
not burrow before the tide arrives
are washed away.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD1-Q26:
The author of the passage compares the relationship between an organism’s biological clock and its environment to the relation between a wristwatch and its owner most probably in order to (举例作用题找他要说明的论点)
Biologists have
concluded that even though a
diatom does not rely on the environment to keep time，
environmental factors
can alter
the period
of its biological clock according to
changes in the tidal cycle
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD1-Q27:
According to the passage, the periodic behavior displayed by commuter diatoms under constant laboratory conditions（定位第一段后部） is characterized by which of the following?
when diatoms are
observed under constant conditions
in a laboratory, they still display
periodic behavior, continuing to burrow on schedule for several weeks.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD1-Q28:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
GWD1-Q35 to Q37:
In corporate purchasing,
competitive scrutiny is typically
limited to suppliers of items that are
Line directly related to end products.
(5) With “indirect” purchases (such as
computers, advertising, and legal
services), which are not directly
related to production, corporations
often favor “supplier partnerships”
(10) (arrangements in which the
purchaser forgoes the right to
pursue alternative suppliers), which
can inappropriately shelter suppliers
from rigorous competitive scrutiny
(15) that might afford the purchaser
economic leverage. There are two
independent variables—availability
of alternatives and ease of changing
suppliers—that companies should
(20) use to evaluate the feasibility of
subjecting suppliers of indirect
purchases to competitive scrutiny.
This can create four possible
situations.
(25) In Type 1 situations, there are
many alternatives and change is
relatively easy. Open pursuit of
alternatives—by frequent com-
petitive bidding, if possible—will
(30) likely yield the best results. In
Type 2 situations, where there
are many alternatives but change
is difficult—as for providers of
employee health-care benefits—it
(35)
is important to continuously test
the market and use the results to
secure concessions from existing
suppliers. Alternatives provide a
credible threat to suppliers, even if
(40) the ability to switch is constrained.
In Type 3 situations, there are few
alternatives, but the ability to switch
without difficulty creates a threat that
companies can use to negotiate
(45) concessions from existing suppliers.
In Type 4 situations, where there
are few alternatives and change
is difficult, partnerships may be
unavoidable.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD1-Q35:
Which of the following best describes the relation of the second paragraph to the first?
文章结构
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD1-Q36:
Which of the following can be inferred about supplier partnerships, as they are described in the passage?
推断题
With “indirect” purchases which are not directly
related to production, corporations
often favor “supplier partnerships”(arrangements in which the
purchaser forgoes the right to
pursue alternative suppliers), which
can inappropriately shelter suppliers
from rigorous competitive scrutiny
that might afford the purchaser economic leverage 这句话的意思是SP使供货方免受审查
而审查能给购买方带来经济上的好处
意思是会便宜点
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD1-Q37:
According to the passage, which of the following factors distinguishes an indirect purchase from other purchases?
With “indirect” purchases which are not directly
related to production, corporations
often favor “supplier partnerships”
顶一下，elina你会修成正果的。向你学习！
请问elina，GWD的阅读是不是要等GWD套题作完了以后再做啊，你好认真，一定可以考好的，加油哦~~~~
佩服你的精神！你一定能考出好成绩：）
请问elina，GWD的阅读是不是要等GWD套题作完了以后再做啊，你好认真，一定可以考好的，加油哦~~~~
谢谢大家的鼓励，真的很感动，
到目前还一点光明都没有看到，希望我能，不是，一定要坚持下去
GWD3-Q5 to Q7:
In 1994, a team of scientists led
by David Mckay began studying the
meteorite ALH84001, which had been
Line discovered in
(5) Two years later, the McKay team
announced that ALH84001, which
scientists generally agree originated
on Mars, contained compelling evi-
dence that life once existed on Mars.
(10) This evidence includes the discovery
of organic molecules in ALH84001,
the first ever found in Martian rock.
Organic molecules—complex, carbon-
based compounds—form the basis for
(15) terrestrial life. The organic molecules
found in ALH84001 are polycyclic aro-
matic hydrocarbons, or PAH’s. When
microbes die, their organic material
often decays into PAH’s.
这一段说Mck对来自于火星的ALH的研究发现找到了火星上有生命的证据，证据就是发现organic molecules 以PAH的形式存在在 ALH里
(20) Skepticism about the McKay team’s
claim remains, however.
（转折强烈注意新观点出现） For example,（开始列举）
ALH84001 has been on earth for
13,000 years, suggesting to some
scientists that its PAH’s might have
(25) resulted form terrestrial contamination.
However, McKay’s team has demon-
strated that the concentration of PAH’s
increases as one looks deeper into
ALH84001, contrary to what one would
(30) expect from terrestrial contamination.
The skeptic’s strongest argument,
however, is that processes unrelated
to organic life can easily produce all
the evidence found by McKay’ steam,
(35)
including PAH’s. For example, star
formation produces PAH’s. Moreover,
PAH’s frequently appear in other
meteorites, and no one attributes
their presence to life processes.
(40) Yet McKay’s team notes that the
particular combination of PAH’s
in ALH84001 is more similar to the
combinations produced by decaying
organisms than to those originating
form nonbiological processes.
对第一段提出的观点的质疑及Mck的反驳
：PAH源于terrestrial contamination，反驳PAH从外到里增多；
与organic life 不相关的过程也能产生PAH,反驳combination不一样
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q5:
The passage asserts which of the following about the claim that ALH84001 originated on Mars?
ALH84001, which
scientists generally agree
originated
on Mars,
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q6:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q7:
The passage suggests that the fact that ALH84001 has been on earth for 13,000 years has been used by some scientists to support which of the following claims about ALH84001?
that its PAH’s might have
resulted form terrestrial contamination.
GWD3-Q12 to Q15:
In its 1903 decision in the case
of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United
States Supreme Court rejected the
Line efforts of three Native American tribes
(5) to prevent the opening of tribal lands
to non-Indian settlement without tribal
consent. In his study of the Lone
Wolf case, Blue Clark properly
emphasizes the Court’s assertion
(10) of a virtually unlimited unilateral power
of Congress (the House of Represen-
tatives and the Senate) over Native
American affairs. But he fails to note
the decision’s more far-reaching
(15) impact: shortly after Lone Wolf, the
federal government totally abandoned
negotiation and execution of formal
written agreements with Indian tribes
as a prerequisite for the implemen-
(20) tation of federal Indian policy. Many
commentators believe that this change
had already occurred in 1871 when—
following a dispute between the
House and the Senate over which
(25) chamber should enjoy primacy in
Indian affairs—Congress abolished
the making of treaties with Native
American tribes. But
（文章观点）in reality the
federal government continued to nego-
(30) tiate formal tribal agreements past
the turn of the century, treating these
documents not as treaties with sover-
eign nations requiring ratification by the
Senate but simply
as legislation to be
(35) passed by both houses of Congress.
The Lone Wolf decision ended this
era of formal negotiation and finally
did away with what had increasingly
become the empty formality of obtain-
ing tribal consent.
文章主要说LW这个case的最高法院驳回了prevent the opening of tribal lands
to non-Indian settlement without tribal
consent，BC这个人研究了这其中没有发现federal government totally abandoned
negotiation and execution of formal
written agreements with Indian tribes
as a prerequisite for the implementation of federal
Indian policy. ，这一点一些评论家认为之前就发生了，实际上，只是not as treaties by Senate but as legislation by houses of congress ,真正结束了那种只是obtain tribal consent的一种形式化的东西
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q12:
The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q13:
According to the passage, which of the following was true of relations between the federal government and Native American tribes?
federal government totally abandoned
negotiation and execution of formal
written agreements with Indian tribes
as a prerequisite for the implementation of federal
Indian policy. Many
commentators believe that this change
had already occurred in 1871
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q14:
As an element in the argument presented by the author of the passage, the reference to Blue Clark’s study of the Lone Wolf case serves primarily to
But he fails to note
the decision’s more far-reaching
impact:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q15:
According to the passage, which of the following resulted from the Lone Wolf decision?
The Lone Wolf decision ended this
era of formal negotiation and finally
did away with what had increasingly
become the empty formality of obtaining tribal consent.
GWD3-Q23 to Q26:
Why firms adhere to or deviate
from their strategic plans is poorly
understood. However, theory and
Line limited research suggest that the
(5) process through which such plans
emerge may play a part. In particular,
top management decision-sharing—
consensus-oriented, team-based
decision-making—may increase the
(10) likelihood that firms will adhere to their
plans, because those involved in the
decision-making may be more com-
mitted to the chosen course of action,
thereby increasing the likelihood that
(15) organizations will subsequently adhere
to their plans.
Adhere/deviate 那个strategic plan是受process作用的，特别是top management decision sharing
However, the relationship between
top management decision-sharing and
adherence to plans may be affected
(20) by a firm’s strategic mission (its fun-
damental approach to increasing
sales revenue and market share, and
generating cash flow and short-term
profits). At one end of the strategic
(25) mission continuum, “build” strategies
are pursued when a firm desires to
increase its market share and is willing
to sacrifice short-term profits to do so.
At the other end, “harvest” strategies
(30) are used when a firm is willing to
sacrifice marked share for short-term
profitability and cash-flow maximiza-
tion. Research and theory suggest
that top management decision-sharing
(35)
may have a more positive relationship
with adherence to plans among firms
with harvest strategies than among
firms with build strategies. In a study
of strategic practices in several large
(40) firms, managers in harvest strategy
scenarios were more able to adhere
to their business plans. As one of the
managers in the study explained it,
this is partly because “[t]ypically all a
(45) manager has to do [when implementing
a harvest strategy] is that which was
done last year.” Additionally后边递进略读, man-
agers under harvest strategies may
have fewer strategic options than do
(50) those under build strategies; it may
therefore be easier to reach agree-
ment on a particular course of action
through decision-sharing, which will
in turn tend to promote adherence
(55) to plans. Conversely, in a “build”
strategy scenario, individual leader-
ship, rather than decision-sharing,
may promote adherence to plans.
Build strategies—which typically
(60) require leaders with strong perso-
nal visions for a firm’s future, rather
than the negotiated compromise
of the team-based decision—may
be most closely adhered to when
(65) implemented in the context of a clear
strategic vision of an individual leader,
rather than through the practice of
decision-sharing.
这一段主要The relationship between
top management decision-sharing and
adherence to plans may be affected
by a firm’s strategic mission.（Build S, Harvest S ）
Top management decision-sharing
may have a more positive relationship
with adherence to plans among firms
with harvest strategies than among
firms with build strategies
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD3-Q23:
Which of the following best describes the function of the first sentence (lines 17-24) of the second paragraph of the passage?
However, the relationship between
top management decision-sharing and
adherence to plans may be affected
by a firm’s strategic mission
觉得所有选项都不对，为什么选D ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD3-Q24:
The passage cites all of the following as differences between firms using build strategies and firms using harvest strategies EXCEPT
its fundamental approach to increasing
sales revenue and market share, and
generating
cash flow and short-term
profits
Additionally, managers under harvest strategies may
have fewer strategic options than do
those under build strategies
C选项很有蒙蔽性，这个多处细节多处定位了
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD3-Q25:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
找出本篇文章主要探讨的中心词，不是Build S & Harvest S，也不是top management 而是adhere to their strategic plans
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD3-Q26:
The author includes the quotation in lines 44-47 of the passage most probably in order to
managers in harvest strategy
scenarios were more able to adhere
to their business plans
GWD3-Q35 to Q37:
Historians who study European
women of the Renaissance try to mea-
sure “independence,” “options,” and
Line other indicators of the degree to which
(5) the expression of women’s individuality
was either permitted or suppressed.（猜词，如果万一两个词中有一个不认识，or要想到另一个是对立意思的）
Influenced by Western individualism,
these historians define a peculiar form
of personhood: an innately bounded
(10) unit, autonomous and standing apart
from both nature and society. An
anthropologist, however,（对立观点提出）would contend
that a person can be conceived in ways
other than as an “individual.” In many
(15) societies a person’s identity is not
intrinsically unique and self-contained
but instead is defined within a complex
web of social relationships.
这一段就是说，有的专家认为认识独立的个体，有的专家认为人要被定义在一个复杂的社会关系网里
In her study of the fifteenth-century
(20) Florentine widow Alessandra Strozzi, a
historian who specializes in European
women of the Renaissance attributes
individual intention and authorship of
actions to her subject. This historian
(25) assumes that Alessandra had goals
and interests different from those of her
sons, yet much of the historian’s own
research reveals that Alessandra
acted primarily as a champion of her
(30) sons’ interests, taking their goals as
her own. Thus Alessandra conforms
more closely to the anthropologist’s
notion that personal motivation is
embedded in a social context. Indeed,
(35) one could argue that Alessandra did
not distinguish her personhood from
that of her sons. In Renaissance
ceptual self were not always firm
(40) and closed and did not necessarily
coincide with the boundaries of
the bodily self.
这段举例论证文艺复兴时期来说明were not always firm
and closed and did not necessarily
coincide with the boundaries of
the bodily self.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD3-Q35:
The passage suggests that the historian mentioned in the second paragraph (lines 19-42) would be most likely to agree with which of the following assertions regarding Alessandra Strozzi?
Florentine widow Alessandra Strozzi, a
historian who specializes in European
women of the Renaissance
attributes
individual intention and authorship of
actions to her subject
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD3-Q36:
It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes which of the following about the study of Alessandra Strozzi done by the historian mentioned in the second paragraph (lines 19-42)?
这句话简直就和C一模一样,为什么不选？是因为infer吗？
In Renaissance
Europe the boundaries of the conceptual self, were not always firm
and closed and did not necessarily
coincide with the boundaries of
the bodily self
为什么是E
This historian assumes that Alessandra had goals and interests different from those of her sons, yet
much of the historian’s own research reveals that Alessandra acted primarily as a champion of her sons’ interests, taking their goals as her own.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD3-Q37:
In the first paragraph, the author of the passage mentions a contention that would be made by an anthropologist most likely in order to
B. offer a perspective on the concept of personhood that can usefully be applied to the study of women in Renaissance Europe
An
anthropologist, however, would contend
hat a person can be conceived in ways
other than as an “individual.” In many
societies a person’s identity is not
intrinsically unique and self-contained
but instead is defined within a complex
web of social relationships.
“每天都会做一套GWD，然后晚上就开始第二边简图的分析”
向你学习！！！！！！！
非常谢谢鼓舞
不过，我当然不会放弃，从来不，永远不，哈哈，（周末不舍得时间来这里），现在全贴上
Q5-Q7: GWD-4-5~7
Many scholars have theorized that
economic development, particularly
industrialization and urbanization, con-
Line tributes to the growth of participatory
(5) democracy; according to this theory, it
would seem logical that women would
both demand and gain suffrage in ever
greater numbers whenever economic
development expanded their economic
(10) opportunities. However, the economic
development theory is inadequate to
explain certain historical facts about the
implementation of women’s suffrage.
For example（举例论证）, why was women’s suf-
(15) frage, instituted nationally in the United
States in 1920, not instituted nationally
in
trialization was well advanced in both
countries by 1920: over 33 percent
(20) of American workers were employed
in various industries, as compared
to 44 percent of Swiss workers.
Granted,
States diverged in the degree to
(25) which the expansion of industry coin-
cided with the degree of urbanization:
only 29 percent of the Swiss population
lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabi-
tants by 1920. However, urbanization
(30) cannot fully explain women’s suffrage.
Within the
for example, only less urbanized
states had granted women suffrage.
Similarly, less urbanized countries
(35) such as
voting rights for women long before
land’s urbanized cantons (political
subdivisions) generally enacted
(40) women’s suffrage legislation earlier
than did rural cantons. However,
these cantons often shared other
characteristics—similar linguistic back-
grounds and strong leftist parties—that
may help to explain this phenomenon.
经济发展和妇女参政权的关系，按。。。理论，经济发展了，women would both demand and gain suffrage in ever greater numbers whenever economic development expanded their economic opportunities.但是，实际上，这个理论不能充分解释，举例论证，US, Switzerland,工业城市化程度很高但是suffrage却发展得很慢，寻找原因，urbanization？
不是，Switzerland的原因是cantons often shared other characteristics
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q5: GWD-4-5
The passage states which of the following about
However,
these cantons often shared other
characteristics—similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties—that
may help to explain this phenomenon
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q6: GWD-4-6
The primary purpose of the passage is to
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q7: GWD-4-7
The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in
States
which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization:
only 29 percent of the Swiss
population
lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920.
GWD5-Q9 to Q12:
Behavior science courses should
be gaining prominence in business
school curricula. Recent theoretical
Line work convincingly shows why behav-
(5) ioral factors such as organizational
culture and employee relations are
among the few remaining sources of
sustainable competitive advantage in
modern organizations. Furthermore,（表递进方向一致略读）
(10) empirical evidence demonstrates
clear linkages between human
resource (HR) practices based in
the behavioral sciences and various
aspects of a firm’s financial success.
(15) Additionally, some of the world’s most
successful organizations have made
unique HR practices a core element
of their overall business strategies.
这一段主要讲behavior science 课程应该加到business school 的课程里，原因是它是the few remaining sources of sustainable competitive advantage in modern organizations .
Yet
(说明新的观点出现)the behavior sciences
(20) are struggling for credibility in many
business schools. Surveys show
that business students often regard
behavioral studies as peripheral to
the mainstream business curriculum.
(25) This perception can be explained by
the fact that business students, hoping
to increase their attractiveness to
prospective employers, are highly
sensitive to business norms and
(30) practices, and current business
practices have generally been
moving away from an emphasis on
understanding human behavior and
toward more mechanistic organiza-
(35) tional models. Furthermore, the
status of HR professionals within
organizations tends to be lower
than that of other executives.
这一段描述了behavior sciences现在在business school的状况不好，一方面学生不关注，课程也不强调，另一方面公司里HR的地位也lower than executive
Students’ perceptions would
(40) matter less if business schools
were not increasingly dependent on
external funding—form legislatures,
businesses, and private foundations—
for survival. Concerned with their
(45) institutions’ ability to attract funding,
administrators are increasingly tar-
geting low-enrollment courses and
degree programs for elimination.
因为学校依赖external funding，所以学生对课程的接受程度很重要，那些被选较少的课程被学校审查之类的（我的理解啊）
（最后一段是结论段）
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q9:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
这题我二次做错的原因：
好好想想文章的中心，从建议加到因为重要，到但是学生不喜欢，总结所以学生喜不喜欢才决定加不加，所以本文并不是在强调这门课程怎么样，而是强调结论什么决定是否加课程，所以在做主旨题的时候一定要注意but/yet/however转折之后的新观点，和作者的观点到底在哪儿，则主旨题的答案应包括那部分。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q10:
The author of the passage mentions “empirical evidence” (line 10) primarily in order to
behaviors science are the few remaining sources of sustainable competitive advantage in modern organizations .
empirical evidence demonstrates
clear linkages between human
resource (HR) practices based in
the behavioral sciences and various
aspects of a firm’s financial success.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q11:
The author of the passage suggests which of the following about HR professionals in business organizations?
Furthermore, the status of
HR professionals within organizations tends to be lower than that of other executives.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q12:
The author of the passage considers each of the following to be a factor that has contributed to the prevailing attitude in business schools toward the behavioral sciences EXCEPT
GWD5-Q22 to Q25:
Most pre-1990 literature on busi-
nesses’ use of information technology
(IT)—defined as any form of computer-
Line based information system—focused on
(5) spectacular IT successes and reflected
a general optimism concerning IT’s poten-
tial as a resource for creating competitive
advantage. But toward the end of the
1980’s, some economists spoke of a
(10) “productivity paradox”: despite 让步词后边就可以猜出stagnated的意思huge IT
investments, most notably in the service
sectors, productivity stagnated. In the
retail industry, for example（举例快速略读）, in which IT
had been widely adopted during the
(15) 1980’s, productivity (average output per
hour) rose at an average annual rate of
1.1 percent between 1973 and 1989, com-
pared with 2.4 percent in the preceding
25-year period. //
Proponents of IT argued
(20) that it takes both time and a critical mass
of investment for IT to yield benefits, and
some suggested that growth figures for
the 1990’s proved these benefits were
finally being realized. They also argued
(25) that measures of productivity ignore what
would have happened without investments
in IT—productivity gains might have been
even lower. There were even claims that
IT had improved the performance of the
(30) service sector significantly, although mac-
roeconomic measures of productivity did
not reflect the improvement.
这一段主要说1990之前IT本认为是一种带来竞争优势的资源，但是自80代之后，提出“productivity paradox”论点，并论证
正/反
But some observers questioned why,
if IT had conferred economic value, it did
(35) not produce direct competitive advantages
for individual firms. Resource-based
theory offers an answer, asserting that,
in general, firms gain competitive advan-
tages by accumulating resources that are
(40) economically valuable, relatively scarce,
and not easily replicated. According to
a recent study of retail firms, which con-
firmed that IT has become pervasive
and relatively easy to acquire, IT by
(45) itself appeared to have conferred little
advantage. In fact, though little evidence
of any direct effect was found, the fre-
quent negative correlations between IT
and performance suggested that IT had
(50) probably weakened some firms’ compet-
itive positions. However, firms’ human
resources, in and of themselves, did
explain improved performance, and
some firms gained IT-related advan-
(55) tages by merging IT with complementary
resources, particularly human resources.
The findings support the notion, founded
in resource-based theory, that competi-
tive advantages do not arise from easily
(60) replicated resources, no matter how
impressive or economically valuable
they may be, but from complex, intan-
gible resources.
质疑如果IT能够经济价值那为什么不为企业直接产生竞争优势呢？答案resource based theory 解释的竞争优势来自于一些复杂无形的资源
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD5-Q22:
The passage is primarily concerned with
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD5-Q23:
The passage suggests that proponents of resource-based theory would be likely to explain IT’s inability to produce direct competitive advantages for individual firms by pointing out that
Resource-based
theory offers an answer, asserting that,
in general, firms gain competitive advantages by accumulating resources that are
economically valuable, relatively scarce,
and not easily replicated. According to
a recent study of retail firms, which confirmed that IT has become pervasive
and relatively easy to acquire
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD5-Q24:
The author of the passage discusses productivity in the retail industry in the first paragraph primarily in order to
But toward the end of the
1980’s, some economists spoke of a “productivity paradox”: despite huge IT
investments, most notably in the service
sectors, productivity stagnated. . In the
retail industry, for example
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD5-Q25:
According to the passage, most pre-1990 literature on businesses’ use of IT included which of the following?
Most pre-1990 literature on businesses’ use of information technology(IT)—defined as any form of computer
based information system—focused on
spectacular IT successes and reflected
a general optimism concerning IT’s potential as a resource for creating competitive
advantage.
GWD5-Q35 to Q37:
Even more than mountainside slides
of mud or snow, naturally occurring forest
fires promote the survival of aspen trees.
Line Aspens’ need for fire may seem illogical
(5) since aspens are particularly vulnerable
to fires; whereas the bark of most trees
consists of dead cells, the aspen’s bark
is a living, functioning tissue that—along
with the rest of the tree—succumbs quickly
(10) to fire.
( 自然山火促进Aspens 的生长，树皮的原因)
The explanation is that each aspen,
while appearing to exist separately as
a single tree, is in fact only the stem or
shoot of a far larger organism. A group
(15) of thousands of aspens can actually
constitute a single organism, called a
clone, that shares an interconnected root
system and a unique set of genes. Thus,
when one aspen—a single stem—dies,
(20) the entire clone is affected. While alive,
a stem sends hormones into the root
system to suppress formation of further
stems. But when the stem dies, its
hormone signal also ceases. If a clone
(25) loses many stems simultaneously, the
resulting hormonal imbalance triggers a
huge increase in new, rapidly growing
shoots that can outnumber the ones
destroyed. An aspen grove needs to
(30) experience fire or some other disturbance
regularly, or it will fail to regenerate and
spread. Instead, coniferous trees will
invade the aspen grove’s borders and
increasingly block out sunlight needed by
the aspens.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD5-Q35:
The primary purpose of the passage is to explain the
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD5-Q36:
It can be inferred from the passage that when aspen groves experience a “disturbance” (line 30), such a disturbance
If a clone
loses many stems simultaneously, the
resulting hormonal imbalance triggers a
huge increase in new, rapidly growing
shoots that can outnumber the ones
destroyed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD5-Q37:
The author of the passage refers to “the bark of most trees” (line 6) most likely in order to emphasize the
Aspens’ need for fire may seem illogical
since aspens are particularly vulnerable
to fires; whereas the bark of most trees
consists of dead cells, the aspen’s bark
is a living, functioning tissue that—along
with the rest of the tree—succumbs quickly
to fire
GWD6-Q5 to Q7:
According to a theory advanced
by researcher Paul Martin, the wave
of species extinctions that occurred
Line in
(5) ago, at the end of the Pleistocene era,
can be directly attributed to the arrival
of humans, i.e., the Paleoindians, who
were ancestors of modern Native
Americans. However（转折新的观点出现）, anthropologist
(10) Shepard Krech points out that large
animal species vanished even in areas
where there is no evidence to demon-
strate that Paleoindians hunted them.
Nor were extinctions confined to large
(15) animals: small animals, plants, and
insects disappeared, presumably not
all through human consumption. Krech
also contradicts Martin’s exclusion of
climatic change as an explanation by
(20) asserting that widespread climatic
change did indeed occur at the end of
the Pleistocene. Still, Krech attributes
secondary if not primary responsibility
for the extinctions to the Paleoindians,
(25) arguing that humans have produced
local extinctions elsewhere. But,
according to historian Richard White,
even the attribution of secondary
responsibility may not be supported
(30) by the evidence. White observes that
Martin’s thesis depends on coinciding
dates for the arrival of humans and the
decline of large animal species, and
Krech, though aware that the dates
(35) are controversial, does not challenge
them; yet recent archaeological
discoveries are providing evidence
that the date of human arrival was
much earlier than 11,000 years ago.
M认为某物种的消失是因为人类的出现，但是K提出有些地方不是没有人类的消耗造成的物种消失，同时也质疑了M的天气原因的解释，而把arrival of human作为secondary responsibility， W更进一步质疑，W发现M的理论依据的日期有问题
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q5:
Which of the following is true about Martin’s theory, as that theory is described in the passage?
Answer:
that widespread climatic
change did indeed occur at the end of
the Pleistocene.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q6:
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Krech’s objections to Martin’s theory?
Nor were extinctions confined to large animals:
small animals, plants, and insects disappeared, presumably not
all through human consumption.
Answer:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD6-Q7:
In the last sentence of the passage, the author refers to “recent archaeological discoveries” (lines 36-37) most probably in order to
Answer:
White observes that Martin’s thesis depends on coinciding dates for the arrival of humans and the decline of large animal species, and Krech, though aware that the dates are controversial, does not challenge them; yet recent archaeological discoveries are providing evidence that the date of human arrival was much earlier than 11,000 years ago.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD6-Q9 to Q12:
The sloth bear, an insect-eating
animal native to
behavior that is truly distinct from that of
Line other bear species: the females carry
(5) their cubs (at least part-time) until the
cubs are about nine months old, even
though the cubs can walk on their own
at six months. Cub-carrying also occurs
among some other myrmecophagous
(10) (ant-eating) mammals; therefore, one
explanation is that cub-carrying is
necessitated by myrmecophagy, since
myrmecophagy entails a low metabolic
rate and high energy expenditure in
(15) walking between food patches. How-
ever, although polar bears’ locomotion
is similarly inefficient, polar bear cubs
walk along with their mother. Further-
more, the daily movements of sloth
(20) bears and American black bears—
which are similar in size to sloth bears
and have similar-sized home ranges—
reveal similar travel rates and distances,
suggesting that if black bear cubs are
(25) able to keep up with their mother, so
too should sloth bear cubs.
描述现象sloth bear carry their cubs ,解释原因 M有这种行为原因是high energy expenditure .又类比polar bear ,原因不成立，又解释black bear
An alternative explanation is defense
from predation. Black bear cubs use
trees for defense, whereas brown bears
(30) and polar bears, which regularly inhabit
treeless environments, rely on aggres-
sion to protect their cubs. Like brown
bears and polar bears (and unlike other
myrmecophagous mammals, which are
(35)
noted for their passivity), sloth bears
are easily provoked to aggression.
Sloth bears also have relatively large
canine teeth, which appear to be more
functional for fighting than for foraging.
(40) Like brown bears and polar bears,
sloth bears may have evolved in an
environment with few trees. They are
especially attracted to food-rich
grasslands; although few grasslands
(45) persist today on the Indian subcontinent,
this type of habitat was once wide-
spread there. Grasslands support
high densities of tigers, which fight and
sometimes kill sloth bears; sloth bears
(50) also coexist with and have been killed
by tree-climbing leopards, and are often
confronted and chased by rhinoceroses
and elephants, which can topple trees.
Collectively these factors probably
(55) selected against tree-climbing as a
defensive strategy for sloth bear cubs.
Because sloth bears are smaller than
brown and polar bears and are under
greater threat from dangerous animals,
(60) they may have adopted the extra pre-
caution of carrying their cubs. Although
cub-carrying may also be adoptive for
myrmecophagous foraging, the behavior
of sloth bear cubs, which climb on their
(65) mother’s back at the first sign of danger,
suggests that predation was a key
stimulus.
解释原因—defense from predation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q9:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
Answer:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q10:
The author mentions rhinoceroses and elephants (lines 52-53) primarily in order to
Answer:
Grasslands support
high densities of tigers, which fight and
sometimes kill sloth bears; sloth bears
also coexist with and have been killed
by tree-climbing
leopards, and are often
confronted and chased by rhinoceroses
and elephants, which can topple trees.
Collectively these factors probably
selected against
tree-climbing as a
defensive strategy for sloth bear cubs.
举例作用题不应该错，紧跟上下文的论证关系
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD6-Q11:
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s argument in lines 18-26 (“Furthermore … sloth bear cubs”)?
Answer:
Furthermore, the daily movements of sloth
bears and American black bears—which are similar in size to sloth bears
and have similar-sized home ranges—reveal similar travel rates and distances,
suggesting that if black bear cubs are
able to keep up with their mother, so
too should sloth bear cubs.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD6-Q12:
Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a way in which brown bears and sloth bears are similar?
Answer:
Like brown
bears and polar bears (and unlike other
myrmecophagous mammals, which are
noted for their passivity), sloth bears
are easily provoked to aggression
GWD6-Q23 to Q26:
Diamonds are almost impos-
sible to detect directly because they
are so rare: very rich kimberlite
Line pipes, the routes through which
(5) diamonds rise, may contain only
three carats of diamonds per ton
of kimberlite. Kimberlite begins as
magma in Earth’s mantle (the layer
between the crust and the core). As
(10) the magma smashes through layers
of rock, it rips out debris, creating
a mix of liquid and solid material.
Some of the solid material it brings
up may come from a so-called
(15) diamond-stability field, where condi-
tions of pressure and temperature
are conducive to the formation of
diamonds. If diamonds are to sur-
vive, though, they must shoot toward
(20) Earth’s surface quickly. Otherwise,
they revert to graphite or burn.
（diamond地下的形成过程）
Explorers seeking diamonds look
for specks of “indicator minerals”
peculiar to the mantle but carried up
(25) in greater quantities than diamonds
and eroded out of kimberlite pipes
into the surrounding land. The stan-
dard ones are garnets, chromites,
and ilmenites. One can spend years
(30) searching for indicators and tracing
them back to the pipes that are their
source; however, 90 percent of
kimberlite pipes found this way are
barren of diamonds, and the rest
(35) are usually too sparse to mine.
( 这一段主要讲dimond稀少，每吨K才3克拉dimond，分析dimond形成过程，explorer 寻找indicator minerals”，但这并不是一个成功的途径)
In the
locating profitable pipes was refined
by focusing on the subtle differ-
ences between the chemical
(40) signatures of indicator minerals
found in diamond-rich pipes as
opposed to those found in barren
pipes. For example, G10 garnets,
a type of garnet typically found in
(45) diamond-rich pipes, are lower in
calcium and higher in chrome than
garnets from barren pipes. Geo-
chemists John Gurney showed that
garnets with this composition were
(50) formed only in the diamond-stability
field; more commonly found ver-
sions came from elsewhere in the
mantle. Gurney also found that
though ilmenites did not form in the
(55) diamond-stability field, there was a
link useful for prospectors: when
the iron in ilmenite was highly
oxidized, its source pipe rarely
contained any diamonds. He rea-
(60) soned that iron took on more or less
oxygen in response to conditions in
the kimberlitic magma itself—mainly
in response to heat and the avail-
able oxygen. When iron became
(65) highly oxidized, so did diamonds;
that is, they vaporized into carbon
dioxide.
通过分析indicator minerals的成分重新定义locating profitable。举例论证
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD6-Q23:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
Answer:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD6-Q24:
Each of the following is mentioned in the passage as a difference between G10 garnet and other versions of garnet EXCEPT
Answer:
are lower in
calcium and higher in chrome than
garnets from barren pipes
that
garnets with this composition were
formed only in the diamond-stability
field; more commonly found versions came from elsewhere in the
mantle.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD6-Q25:
The passage suggests that the presence of G10 garnet in a kimberlite pipe indicates that
Answer:
1这题错的原因一方面是不理解be conductive to的意思，一方面没有考虑suggest这样的题很可能不是单纯的细节
are lower in
calcium and higher in chrome than
garnets from barren pipes
that
garnets with this composition were
formed only in the diamond-stability
field; more commonly found versions came from elsewhere in the
mantle.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD6-Q26:
According to the passage, Gurney refined the use of ilmenites in prospecting for diamonds in which of the following ways?
Answer:
When
the iron in ilmenite was highly
oxidized, its source pipe rarely
contained any diamonds.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD6-Q35 to Q37:
(The following is excerpted from material written
in 1992.)
Many researchers regard
recent economic growth, as reflected by its
gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates,
Line as an example of the success of a modern
(5) technological development strategy based
on the market economics of industrialized
countries. Yet by focusing solely on aggre-
gate economic growth data as the measure
of
(10) ers have overlooked
the economic impact of
rural development projects that improve
people’s daily lives at the village level—
such as the cooperative raising of water
buffalo, improved sanitation, and the devel-
(15) opment of food crops both for consumption
and for sale at local markets; such projects
are not adequately reflected in the country’s
GDP. (Thailand的经济发展是因为工业化，但是却忽视了rural development对经济的影响)
These researchers, influenced by
Robert Heilbroner’s now outdated develop-
(20) ment theory, tend to view nontechnological
development as an obstacle to progress.
Heilbroner’s theory has become doctrine in
some economics textbooks: for example,
Monte Palmer disparages nontechnological
(25) rural development projects as inhibiting
constructive change. (上述结论受RH的观点影响，RH的观点过时了被批判)
Yet as Ann Kelleher’s
two recent case studies of the Thai villages
Non Muang and Dong Keng illustrate, the
nontechnological-versus-technological
(30) dichotomy can lead researchers not only to
overlook real advances achieved by rural
development projects but also mistakenly to
conclude that because such advances are
initiated by rural leaders and are based on
(35) traditional values and practices, they retard
“real” economic development.
（但是，最近的AK的研究也overlook。。。rural development 而且还mistake conclude是因为traditional values and practices
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD6-Q35:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
Answer:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD6-Q36:
It can be inferred from the passage that the term “real” in line 36 most likely refers to economic development that is
Answer:
mistakenly to
conclude that because such advances are
initiated by rural leaders and are based on
traditional values and practices, they retard
“real” economic development.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD6-Q37:
The author of the passage cites the work of Palmer in order to give an example of
Answer:
Heilbroner’s theory has become doctrine in
some economics textbooks
Monte Palmer disparages nontechnological rural development projects as inhibiting
constructive change
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD7-Q6 to Q9:
For many years, theoretical
economists characterized humans
as rational beings relentlessly bent
Line on maximizing purely selfish reward.
(5) Results of an experimental economics
study appear to contradict this view,
however. In the “Ultimatum Game,”
two subjects, who cannot exchange
information, are placed in separate
(10) rooms. One is randomly chosen to
propose how a sum of money, known
to both, should be shared between
them; only one offer, which must
be accepted or rejected without
(15) negotiation, is allowed.
观点说人是rational , selfish，，但是实践证明是相反的，描述试验。。。
If, in fact, people are selfish and
rational, then the proposer should offer
the smallest possible share, while the
responder should accept any offer,
(20) no matter how small: after all, even
one dollar is better than nothing. In
numerous trials, however, two-thirds
of the offers made were between
40 and 50 percent; only 4 percent
(25) were less than 20 percent. Among
responders, more than half who were
offered less than 20 percent rejected
the offer. Behavior in the game did not
appreciably depend on the players’
(30) sex, age, or education. Nor did the
amount of money involved play a
significant role: for instance, in trials
of the game that were conducted in
(35)
as much as three times the subjects’
average monthly income, and still
responders refused offers that they
deemed too small.
实验if 人是selfish and rational那应该。。。。但是实验中不是
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Q6:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
Answer:
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Q7:
The passage implies that the results of the Ultimatum Game undermine theoretical economists’ characterization of human beings by
Answer:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q8:
The author refers to the sum of one dollar (line 21) in order to
Answer:
If, in fact, people are selfish and
rational, then the proposer should offer
the smallest possible share, while the
responder should accept any offer,
no matter how small: after all, even
one dollar is better than nothing
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q9:
All of the following are expressly mentioned in the passage as factors that did not significantly affect players’ behavior EXCEPT the
Answer:
Behavior in the game did not
appreciably depend on the players’
sex, age, or education. Nor did the
amount of money involved play a
significant role
GWD7-Q10 to Q12:
Linda Kerber argued in the mid-
(1775-1783), an ideology of “republican
Line motherhood” resulted in a surge of edu-
(5) cational opportunities for women in the
the leaders of the new nation wanted
women to be educated in order to raise
politically virtuous sons. A virtuous citi-
(10) zenry was considered essential to the
success of the country’s republican form
of government; virtue was to be instilled
not only by churches and schools, but
by families, where the mother’s role
(15) was crucial. Thus, according to Kerber,
motherhood became pivotal to the fate
of the republic, providing justification for
an unprecedented attention to female
education.
Linda K的理论，republican motherhood是female有了更多的educational opportunities
(20) Introduction of the republican moth-
erhood thesis dramatically changed
historiography. Prior to Kerber’s work,
educational historians barely mentioned
women and girls; Thomas Woody’s 1929
(25) work is the notable exception. Examining
newspaper advertisements for acade-
mies, Woody found that educational
opportunities increased for both girls
and boys around 1750. Pointing to “An
(30) Essay on Woman” (1753) as reflecting
a shift in view, Woody also claimed that
practical education for females had
many advocates before the Revolution.
Woody’s evidence challenges the notion
(35)
that the Revolution changed attitudes
regarding female education, although it
may have accelerated earlier trends.
Historians’ reliance on Kerber’s “repub-
lican motherhood” thesis may have
(40) obscured the presence of these trends,
making it difficult to determine to what
extent the Revolution really changed
women’s lives.
对第一段的观点进行质疑，Woody （用两个证据1for both girls and boys, 2 female education advocated before Revolution ） challenge 工业革命改变female教育的态度的观点。
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Q10:
According to the passage, within the field of educational history, Thomas Woody’s 1929 work was
Answer:
Prior to Kerber’s work,
educational historians barely mentioned
women and girls; Thomas Woody’s 1929
work is the notable exception.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q11:
According to the passage, Kerber argued that political leaders thought that the form of government adopted by the
Answer:
A virtuous citizenry was considered essential to the
success of the country’s republican form
of government;
virtue was to be instilled
not only by churches and schools, but
by families, where the mother’s role
was crucial.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q12:
The passage suggests that, with regard to the history of women’s education in the
Answer:
这题到底是B还是D啊？
Kerber’s “republican motherhood” thesis may have
obscured the presence of these trends,
making it difficult to determine to what
extent the Revolution really changed
women’s lives.
GWD7-Q22 to Q25:
Earth’s surface consists of rigid
plates that are constantly shifting and
jostling one another. Plate movements
Line are the surface expressions of motions
(5) in the mantle—the thick shell of rock
that lies between Earth’s crust and its
metallic core. Although the hot rock of
the mantle is a solid, under the tre-
mendous pressure of the crust and
(10) overlying rock of the mantle, it flows like
a viscous liquid. The mantle’s motions,
analogous to those in a pot of boiling
water, cool the mantle by carrying hot
material to the surface and returning
(15) cooler material to the depths. When
the edge of one plate bends under
another and its cooler material is con-
sumed in the mantle, volcanic activity
occurs as molten lava rises from the
(20) downgoing plate and erupts through the
overlying one. 地球的构造，，，等，，，最终火山活动发生的原因是，，，
Most volcanoes occur at plate
boundaries. However, certain “mis-
placed” volcanoes far from plate
(25) edges result from a second, indepen-
dent mechanism that cools the deep
interior of Earth. Because of its prox-
imity to Earth’s core, the rock at the
base of the mantle is much hotter than
(30) rock in the upper mantle. The hotter the
mantle rock is, the less it resists flow-
ing. Reservoirs of this hot rock collect
in the base of the mantle. When a
reservoir is sufficiently large, a sphere
(35)
of this hot rock forces its way up
through the upper mantle to Earth’s
surface, creating a broad bulge in the
topography. The “mantle plume” thus
formed, once established, continues to
(40) channel hot material from the mantle
base until the reservoir is emptied.
The surface mark of an established
plume is a hot spot—an isolated
region of volcanoes and uplifted terrain
(45) located far from the edge of a surface
plate. Because the source of a hot
spot remains fixed while a surface
plate moves over it, over a long period
of time an active plume creates a chain
(50) of volcanoes or volcanic islands, a
track marking the position of the plume
relative to the moving plate. The natural
history of the Hawaiian island chain
clearly shows the movement of the
Pacific plate over a fixed plume.
与普通火山不同的一种火山,,聚集。。。 mantle plume
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q22:
The passage is primarily concerned with discussing
Answer:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q23:
It can be inferred from the passage that a chain of volcanoes created by a mantle plume would most likely be characterized by
Answer:
Because the source of a hot spot remains fixed while a surface plate moves over it, over a long period of time an active plume creates a chain of volcanoes or volcanic islands,
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q24:
The author’s reference to the
Answer:
The natural history of the Hawaiian island chain clearly shows the movement of the Pacific plate over a fixed plume.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q25:
According to the passage, a hot spot on Earth’s surface is an indication of which of the following?
Answer:
The surface mark of an established
plume is a hot spot
GWD7-Q34 to Q36:
Firms traditionally claim that they
downsize (i.e., make permanent
personnel cuts) for economic reasons,
Line laying off supposedly unnecessary staff
(5) in an attempt to become more efficient
and competitive. Organization theory
would explain this reasoning as an
example of the “economic rationality”
that it assumes underlies all organi-
(10) zational activities引子. There is evidence
that firms believe they are behaving
rationally whenever they downsize; yet
recent research has shown that the
actual economic effects of downsizing
(15) are often negative for firms. Thus,
organization theory cannot adequately
explain downsizing; non-economic
factors must also be considered.
One such factor is the evolution of
(20) downsizing into a powerful business
myth: managers simply believe that
downsizing is efficacious. Moreover,
downsizing nowadays is greeted
favorably by the business press; the
(25) press often refers to soaring stock
prices of downsizing firms (even though
research shows that stocks usually
rise only briefly after downsizing and
then suffer a prolonged decline).
(30) Once viewed as a sign of desperation,
downsizing is now viewed as a signal
that firms are serious about competing
in the global marketplace; such signals
are received positively by key actors—
(35)
financial analysts, consultants,
shareholders—who supply firms with
vital organizing resources. Thus, even
if downsizers do not become economi-
cally more efficient, downsizing’s mythic
(40) properties give them added prestige
in the business community, enhancing
their survival prospects.
Downsize是为了提高公司的效能和竞争力，然而却有negative的效果
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q34:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
Answer:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q35:
The passage suggests that downsizing’s mythic properties can be beneficial to a downsizing firm because these properties
Answer:
such signals are received positively by key actors—— financial analysts, consultants, shareholders—who supply firms with vital organizing resources.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q36:
The passage suggests which of the following about the claim that a firm will become more efficient and competitive by downsizing?
Answer:
recent research has shown that the
actual economic effects of downsizing are often negative for firms. Thus,
organization theory cannot adequately
explain downsizing;
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Frazier and Mosteller assert that
medical research could be improved by
a move toward larger, simpler clinical
Line trials of medical treatments. Currently,
(5) researchers collect far more background
information on patients than is strictly
required for their trials—substantially more
than hospitals collect—thereby escalating
costs of data collection, storage, and
(10) analysis. Although（让步，强调后半句） limiting information
collection could increase the risk that
researchers will overlook facts relevant
to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend
that such risk, never entirely eliminable
(15) from research, would still be small in most
studies. Only in research on entirely new
treatments are new and unexpected variables
likely to arise.
FM认为药物研究可转为药物治疗的临床尝试，risk总是或多或少的存在
Frazier and Mosteller propose
not
(20) only that researchers limit data collection
on individual patients but also that
researchers enroll more patients in clinical
trials, thereby obtaining a more representative
sample of the total population with
(25) the disease under study. Often researchers
restrict study participation to patients
who have no ailments besides those being
studied. A treatment judged successful
under these ideal conditions can then
(30) be evaluated under normal conditions.
Broadening the range of trial participants,
Frazier and Mosteller suggest, would
enable researchers to evaluate a treatment’s
efficacy for diverse patients under
(35) various conditions and to evaluate its
effectiveness for different patient subgroups.
For example, the value of a
treatment for a progressive disease may
vary according to a patient’s stage of
(40) disease. Patients’ ages may also affect
a treatment’s efficacy.
FM建议不只是研究个案而是要更多的临床的病人，扩大研究范围使得更有效
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
According to the passage, Frazier and Mosteller believe which of the following about medical research?
Although limiting information collection could increase the risk that
researchers will overlook facts relevant
to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend
that such risk, never entirely eliminable from research, would still be small in most studies. Only in research on entirely new
treatments are new and unexpected variables
likely to arise.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The author mentions patients’ ages(line 40) primarily in order to 举例作用题为了说明上下文论证的观点，所以一般找它前面的那句话
Broadening the range of trial participants, Frazier and Mosteller suggest, would enable researchers to evaluate a treatment’s efficacy for diverse patients under various conditions and to evaluate its effectiveness for different patient subgroups
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The passage is primarily concerned with
Frazier and Mosteller assert that medical research could be improved by a move toward larger, simpler clinical trials of medical treatments.
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