The true scientific significance
of a group of unusual fossils discovered by the paleontologist Charles Walcott
is more likely to be reflected in a recent classification than it was in
Walcott’s own classification. Walcott was, after all, a prominent member of the
scientific establishment. His classifications are thus unlikely to have done
anything but confirm what established science had already taken to be true.
Which one of the following most
accurately describes a questionable technique used in the argument?
(A) It
draws conclusions about the merit of a position and about the content of that
position from evidence about the position’s source.
(B) It
cites two pieces of evidence, each of which is both questionable and
unverifiable, and uses this evidence to support its conclusions.
(C) It
bases a conclusion on two premises that contradict each other and minimizes
this contradiction by the vagueness of the terms employed.
(D) It
attempts to establish the validity of a claim, which is otherwise unsupported,
by denying the truth of the opposite of that claim.
(E) It
analyzes the past on the basis of social and political categories that properly
apply only to the present and uses the results of this analysis to support its
conclusion.
18. Those influenced by modern Western science take it for granted
that a genuine belief in astrology is proof of a credulous and unscientific
mind. Yet, in the past, people of indisputable intellectual and scientific
brilliance accepted astrology as a fact. Therefore, there is no scientific
basis for rejecting astrology.
The argument is most vulnerable to
criticism on which one of the following grounds?
(A) A
belief can be consistent with the available evidence and accepted scientific
theories at one time but not with the accepted evidence and theories of a later
time.
(B)
Since it is controversial whether astrology has a scientific basis, any
argument that attempts to prove that it has will be specious.
(C)
Although the conclusion is intended to hold in all cultures, the evidence
advanced in its support is drawn only from those cultures strongly influenced
by modern Western science.
(D) The
implicit assumption that all practitioners of Western science believe in
astrology is false.
(E) The
fact that there might be legitimate nonscientific reasons for rejecting
astrology has been overlooked.
答案也是A. 为什么E不行呢？
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