Essay #5. 118 (21825-!-item-!-188;#058&00118-00)
Historians have identified two dominant currents
in the Russian women's movement of the late tsarist period. "Bourgeois" feminism, so called by its more radical
opponents, emphasized "individualist" feminist goals such as access
to education, career opportunities, and legal equality. "Socialist" feminists, by contrast, emphasized class,
rather than gender, as the principal source of women's inequality and
oppression, and socialist revolution, not legal reform, as the only road to
emancipation and equality.
However, despite antagonism between bourgeois feminists and socialist
feminists, the two movements shared certain underlying beliefs.
Both regarded
paid labor as the principal means by which women might attain
emancipation: participation in the
workplace and economic self-sufficiency, they believed, would make women
socially useful and therefore deserving of equality with men. Both groups also recognized the enormous difficulties women
faced when they combined paid labor with motherhood. In fact, at the First All-Russian Women's
Congress in 1908, most participants advocated maternity insurance and paid
maternity leave, although the intense hostility between some socialists and
bourgeois feminists at the Congress made it difficult for them to recognize
these areas of agreement. Finally, socialist
feminists and most bourgeois feminists concurred in subordinating women's
emancipation to what they considered the more important goal of liberating the
entire Russian population from political oppression, economic backwardness, and
social injustice.
文章脉络：有两派à两派的观点à尽管两派不同，但是有些共识à共识1，2，3
Question #14. 118-03 (21871-!-item-!-188;#058&000118-03)
The passage suggests that
socialists within the Russian women's movement and most bourgeois feminists
believed that in Russia
(A) women would not achieve
economic equality until they had political representation within the government
(B) the achievement of larger
political aims should take precedence over the achievement of women's rights
(C) the emancipation of women would
ultimately bring about the liberation of the entire Russian population from
political oppression
(D) women's oppression was more
rooted in economic inequality than was the case in other countries
(E) the women's movement was more
ideologically divided than were women's movements in other countries
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