ChaseDream

标题: GWD-9-Q40 [打印本页]

作者: kevin_lyx    时间: 2007-8-17 22:56
标题: GWD-9-Q40

GWD-9-Q40:

Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.

 

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

 

  1. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.

  2. There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops.

  3. Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa.

  4. Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are.

  5. Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there.

我选的B,答案是A,A也可以理解,可是B为什么不对?请教,谢谢!


作者: Schnellv    时间: 2007-8-29 00:13

同问!


作者: wslinfeng    时间: 2007-8-29 19:16
Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops没有staple就没有农业社会,但不是有了staple就有农业社会,所以这是necessary condition ,not sufficient。选项a其实不好翻译,太绕,“西非人在大米和yams引入后就就再没有发展(其他的,我的理解)staple crops”本想取非后是:在大米和yams引入手,西非人还发展了其他的staple,也就是说也可能农业社会有可能是在其他的staple引入后建立起来的,这里千万注意文中第一句话:Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops表示的是必要条件,不是充分条件,不然的话,文章结论不需要假设了,因为大米和yams最先引入,所以农业社会就是那个年代建立起来的。
B答案显然是在重复文中“
All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced
from elsewhere
”,没有任何意义。

作者: fogwind    时间: 2008-5-6 22:44

revise the format of wslinfeng's post for better view

Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops没有staple就没有农业社会,但不是有了staple就有农业社会,所以这是necessary condition ,not sufficient。选项a其实不好翻译,太绕,“西非人在大米和yams引入后就就再没有发展(其他的,我的理解)staple crops”本想取非后是:在大米和yams引入手,西非人还发展了其他的staple,也就是说也可能农业社会有可能是在其他的staple引入后建立起来的,这里千万注意文中第一句话:Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops表示的是必要条件,不是充分条件,不然的话,文章结论不需要假设了,因为大米和yams最先引入,所以农业社会就是那个年代建立起来的。
B答案显然是在重复文中“All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere”,没有任何意义。


[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-6 22:44:28编辑过]

作者: fogwind    时间: 2008-5-6 22:55

A. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.

A项翻译为“当rice和yam引进后,西非人就没有发展之前种植的staple crops”。直译为 “西非人没有发展这些,当rice and yam被引入后,就停止种植的staple crops。”


A取反,如果还继续发展了之前的staple crops,那什么时候引进rice and yams就无法和最早的农业社会建立联系。


[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-6 22:59:12编辑过]

作者: yanghonglin    时间: 2008-7-12 12:45

我试着再解释一下:农业社会的存在不能离开主食(判断的依据),西非所有记录在案的主食都是外来的(现时情况)。因此,想判断西非什么时候开始农业社会,只需要找出主食是什么时候引进过来的就可以了。

现时的情况存在的缺陷:只是所有记录在案的主食,因此只要把这个限制以外的情况都排除掉,结论就能得到加强


作者: smartsky11    时间: 2009-3-28 17:57
up
作者: raphael1234    时间: 2009-7-13 11:43
以下是引用kevin_lyx在2007-8-17 22:56:00的发言:

GWD-9-Q40:

Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

  1. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.

  2. There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops.

  3. Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa.

  4. Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are.

  5. Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there.

我选的B,答案是A,A也可以理解,可是B为什么不对?请教,谢谢!

A取非后直接对原文产生削弱,说明在RY之前,西非就有其他主要作物----正确

B跟原文前提相反,原文已经说了所有的主要作物都是进口来的,做逻辑的时候,要默认原文给的推理前提全部都是正确的,不能推翻原文的推理前提

C说到西非以外的其他农业社会,无关

D是否适合生长跟主要作物的引进无关,即使再适合,它也是补充作物

EKO进口得再早也跟主要作物什么时候引进无关


作者: 伊布拉莫维琨    时间: 2009-7-16 21:27

作者: pwss    时间: 2009-7-24 17:06
up


作者: pwss    时间: 2009-7-24 17:20
up
作者: Powellyao    时间: 2009-7-27 23:07

ding


作者: boum    时间: 2009-7-29 19:40
up
作者: mhe2    时间: 2009-8-24 01:01

你对A解释得很明白吖!

不过我觉得B不是完全重复题目中那句话啊。题目只是说all the recorded staple crop是从国外引进的,但不排除有unrecorded的吖?而B正好排除了这种可能。所以还是不明白B


作者: mhe2    时间: 2009-8-24 01:03
以下是引用fogwind在2008/5/6 22:44:00的发言:

revise the format of wslinfeng's post for better view

Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops没有staple就没有农业社会,但不是有了staple就有农业社会,所以这是necessary condition ,not sufficient。选项a其实不好翻译,太绕,“西非人在大米和yams引入后就就再没有发展(其他的,我的理解)staple crops”本想取非后是:在大米和yams引入手,西非人还发展了其他的staple,也就是说也可能农业社会有可能是在其他的staple引入后建立起来的,这里千万注意文中第一句话:Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops表示的是必要条件,不是充分条件,不然的话,文章结论不需要假设了,因为大米和yams最先引入,所以农业社会就是那个年代建立起来的。
B答案显然是在重复文中“All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere”,没有任何意义。


你对A解释得很明白吖!

不过我觉得B不是完全重复题目中那句话啊。题目只是说all the recorded staple crop是从国外引进的,但不排除有unrecorded的吖?而B正好排除了这种可能。所以还是不明白B


作者: jackcxp    时间: 2009-12-11 22:38
我理解A的意思是:当rice and yams来了之后,人们就没有再开发自己本土的staple crops了(即rice之前,还没有staple crops)。结合原文第一句,就能把种rice 当成进入农耕社会的标志。取非的话,就是,rice之前已经有别的staple crops了,结合原文第一句,那就得不到原文结论。
作者: TheAssembly    时间: 2009-12-11 23:31
简单的说,B只是个加强,但不是必要的。所以它不能成为假设、
作者: zcool    时间: 2010-6-13 00:15
同意楼上的,B只是一个补充说明,但不说明人种植的状态,不能作为前提。
A更好
作者: lg77xx    时间: 2010-6-28 21:43
简单的说,B只是个加强,但不是必要的。所以它不能成为假设、
-- by 会员 TheAssembly (2009/12/11 23:31:20)



题目:
Staple food=>Agricultural societies.
All recorded Staple food are introduced from other places, Begin with R&Y.
Therefore,
If found the date R&Y import, =>found the agricultural societies earliest date.
大家要在这里注意,结论中强调的是Agricultural Societies earliest date,并不是Staple food。所以需要关注的是时间,换句话说,什么时候有了Staple food的时间是关键。


选项A:
Stop develop Staple food, once R&Y are imported.
其中包含了:在R&Y引进之前,staple food还在被develop呢,还没有呢;R&Y引进了之后捏,他们就是了,Native ppl 不再develop了。刚好强调的是时间,这两点刚好弥补了题目推理过程中的时间缺陷。


选项B:
本地没有一种可以被驯化为staple food的植物。一点没有提到时间的问题,无关。
换一个角度来说,对B选项取非,是否削弱了结论呢?=>本地有一种可以被驯化的植物,从而成为Staple food。
可是,什么时间会变成staple food呢?完全没有提到!



希望我啰嗦得让大家明白。
作者: shijiaxin13    时间: 2010-6-29 00:10
楼上的很厉害,我也听懂了,虽然我一直不擅长用啥否定句去排除···
作者: lmiltamy    时间: 2010-7-4 10:29
标题: 翻譯問題
A. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced

that they stopped cultivating   造成我無法把句子翻的通順,  煩請指導一下..


謝謝    

作者: vincent815    时间: 2010-7-8 17:31

作者: lmiltamy    时间: 2010-7-9 09:16
UP
作者: 雨潇    时间: 2010-9-3 21:35
A. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced

that they stopped cultivating   造成我無法把句子翻的通順,  煩請指導一下..


謝謝    
-- by 会员 lmiltamy (2010/7/4 10:29:09)



同问啊!!!有没有高手能翻译下
作者: cherie890821    时间: 2010-9-20 12:21
终于明白了!!!谢谢!!!
作者: 双鱼游    时间: 2010-9-20 21:44
People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced, that 后面全是修饰staple crops的,翻译过来就是,美国西部并没有形成(一旦大米和山药引进就停止种植的)主要作物
作者: akiluk    时间: 2010-11-16 15:35
People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced, that 后面全是修饰staple crops的,翻译过来就是,美国西部并没有形成(一旦大米和山药引进就停止种植的)主要作物
-- by 会员 双鱼游 (2010/9/20 21:44:56)



译得好~
作者: alvinzqn    时间: 2010-12-1 19:49
啊,终于懂了~~~
作者: 缨络    时间: 2010-12-3 00:16
7楼对B项的推翻理由我不明白 怎么推翻原文的前提了?
作者: sdcar2010    时间: 2010-12-3 10:29
People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced, that 后面全是修饰staple crops的,翻译过来就是,美国西部并没有形成(一旦大米和山药引进就停止种植的)主要作物
-- by 会员 双鱼游 (2010/9/20 21:44:56)



Africa is not America!
作者: Raymond_GMAT    时间: 2011-3-10 16:14
逻辑最难的是读懂选贤
作者: leoyt    时间: 2011-7-27 19:30
I think it will be much easier for us to understand choice A, if we change it to
A.    eople in western Africa HAD not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.
作者: helio5    时间: 2011-8-5 15:25
I think it will be much easier for us to understand choice A, if we change it to
A.    eople in western Africa HAD not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.
-- by 会员 leoyt (2011/7/27 19:30:13)





嗯,如果是HAD真的就很好理解了。过去的过去---》在introduced R/Y之前木有开发出主食作物


本来我选的是B,想太多了。。。
There are no plants nativeto western Africa that, if domesticated, couldserve as staple food crops

在大米和山药引进之前,会不会有一种没有记载的植物本来是在西非作为主食作物的,但大米什么的引进后由于跟好吃,之前的主食作物就被放弃了。因为在大米引进之前就有主食作物,那么农业社会开始的日期就可能早于大米引进的时间。

而在我原本看来选项B排除了这个可能性。
作者: 519329797    时间: 2011-8-22 18:53
up
作者: andrewstudio    时间: 2011-12-9 20:09
A. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.
A项翻译为“当rice和yam引进后,西非人就没有发展之前种植的staple crops”。直译为 “西非人没有发展这些,当rice and yam被引入后,就停止种植的staple crops。”

A取反,如果还继续发展了之前的staple crops,那什么时候引进rice and yams就无法和最早的农业社会建立联系。

[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-6 22:59:12编辑过]

-- by 会员 fogwind (2008/5/6 22:55:00)



四楼同学的翻译已经说得很清楚了啊。就像前面的同学说的那样要注意到文章的第一句话:农业社会必须建立在staple crops之上。
作者: tjguogang    时间: 2012-11-13 05:47
我理解是
1,农业社会需要存在一种主要作物。
2,非洲记载的主要作物都是外来物种。
要确定农业科学的起始时间,也就是确定农业社会的第一种主要作物是什么,什么时候开始的。
因为水稻和山药开始的时间不好确定,那么如果这之前是否存在其他主要作物?无论是外来的,或者是本地的?--------需要证明时间点是不是从水稻山药开始的。
A:正好确认了,这个时间点,水稻山药之前不存在。其他可能的主要作物。
B:重复原文,同时,只强调本地物种里没有可以发展成主要作物的,但是不全面啊,如果水稻山药之前,还引进过其他作物呢,本打算发展成主要作物,结果半途被更好的水稻取代,这也是可能的。

个人理解,仅作参考。



作者: sb1119    时间: 2013-3-20 21:01

作者: 珊若小花    时间: 2013-7-15 22:48
终于明白了!!! 跟前面同学有点见解不同!!!
Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.


Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?


A.People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.
大家看结论是:最早引进大米和yam的日期COULD 产生了农业社会。也就是说前面同学们说的那些什么充分必要条件并不是本体真正的问题所在。因为结论没说最早引入的时间就是农业社会开始的时间。真正的flaw在于ALL recorded staple crops 是那些大米和yam。亲们纪录的是最早的时间是那些引入的大米和yam。如果有一种农作物是主食但是在大米被引进后就不再种了,(也就是说可能时间比大米引进的时间早)然后这农作物也因不是大米也就没被纪录。大米引进后就不种了。这样的话那农业社会开始的时间不久可能天了么。也就削弱了结论了。那么B为什么不对呢,因为你没这主食在大米引进后就消失了(即暗含早于大米)从而削弱大米could 最早(the earliest)的结论!说白了就是结论说大米的引入可能是农业社会最早的开始日期。但事实上我们要排除也许农业社会可能由于某种未记录且停止发展的主食的存在而出现的时间更早的可能性!!!
作者: 烂烂家的芸    时间: 2015-4-10 18:20
珊若小花 发表于 2013-7-15 22:48
终于明白了!!! 跟前面同学有点见解不同!!!
Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple cro ...

看楼上的解释只能看到那个动图!!!!!!!!解释根本看不进去!!!!!!!!!!!差评!!!!!!
作者: 恠砺    时间: 2016-2-8 03:42
今天看到一个人在manhattan关于B项的解释。Ron也说这种解释on target.
"On negation this statement becomes:
There are SOME plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops.

Even if there were/are some plants that are staple crops and are native to Western Africa, we don’t know whether these staple crops were planted before the plantation of rice/yams by the agricultural societies, or after staple crops rice/yams were introduced in Western Africa. If it was the former case then it would weaken the conclusion and hence can be a valid assumption. If it is the latter case, then it’s not going to affect the conclusion anyway. Since we don’t know of this information, so this can’t be an assumption - since an assumption is something that must be true for the conclusion to be valid."
即使有这种作物存在,我们也不能判定它的种植是在大米引入之前还是之后。如果是之前,那么就会削弱。如果是之后。那么对文章就没有影响。所以B项是要排除的。因为它的多向不确定性。
作者: 御寒    时间: 2016-12-18 11:02
lg77xx 发表于 2010-6-28 21:43
简单的说,B只是个加强,但不是必要的。所以它不能成为假设、-- by 会员 TheAssembly (2009/12/11 23:31 ...

同意!               
作者: 750狗狗狗    时间: 2017-10-22 19:01
恠砺 发表于 2016-2-8 03:42
今天看到一个人在manhattan关于B项的解释。Ron也说这种解释on target.
"On negation this statement become ...

同意!               
作者: cheriecherry    时间: 2017-12-17 19:15
恠砺 发表于 2016-2-8 03:42
今天看到一个人在manhattan关于B项的解释。Ron也说这种解释on target.
"On negation this statement become ...

说的很清楚!
作者: 含笑半步颠121    时间: 2018-1-5 17:04
lg77xx 发表于 2010-6-28 21:43
简单的说,B只是个加强,但不是必要的。所以它不能成为假设、-- by 会员 TheAssembly (2009/12/11 23:31 ...

同意!               
作者: 小鱼蛋    时间: 2018-7-5 17:36
恠砺 发表于 2016-2-8 03:42
今天看到一个人在manhattan关于B项的解释。Ron也说这种解释on target.
"On negation this statement become ...

同意!               
作者: DreamTurelater    时间: 2018-10-13 15:29
19 喽 feichanghao
作者: 曹元成    时间: 2019-1-5 16:11
恠砺 发表于 2016-2-8 03:42
今天看到一个人在manhattan关于B项的解释。Ron也说这种解释on target.
"On negation this statement become ...

太灵了!
作者: Bensontuo    时间: 2019-8-26 16:27
kevin_lyx 发表于 2007-8-17 22:56
GWD-9-Q40:Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kol ...

Spot the question type: Necessary Assumption.

Core of the argument:

再抓核心前, 我們先來抓結構。

第一句直接給你了原文限定的條件環境,

If Argricultural society can exist, it must be true that we need to have staple crops.

第二句解釋了何為穩定以及充足食物來源

第三句限定了“ 紀錄上”的穩定充足食物是後來才進入西非的, 例如, 米

然後由上述三個句子推導出最後的結論

Knowing when rice and yams were introduced into Western Africa would establish the earliest date where agricultural society could have arisen there.

重點來了, 題目的必要假設可以為何?

1. Kola and Okra 不可能從 supplemental 變成 staple 因為任何原因, 在任何staple 食物介紹到西非之前。
2. Before rice and yams, there were no any other staple crops be introduced to Western Africa which could be dated or there were no any other staple crops could be found.

想到的就這幾個, 來, 看答案。

A. 幹, 有夠明顯, 取非後答案意思為何?

西非的人們有發展出穩定充沛的農作物, 而當米還有yams 到了西非後, 他們這個農作物不種了。靠腰三叔公勒, 這不就是我們剛剛想到的第二點嗎? 原文給你偷偷連線, 變成了說, 西非的農業社會非米還有yam是不能存活的, 而米跟yam是後來才介紹過去的, 所以只要知道介紹的時間, 我們就知道這個農業社會的起始時間。 那這選項再告訴你農業社會早就存在了, 因為有其他穩定充沛的農作物的存在。不就完美推翻本文的結論嗎?

來, 我們來看你選的B為啥不對

B. 完全的混淆選項。你被騙走了拉!

If domesticated, there are native " plants  " could serve as staple food crops.

不是要推翻證據, 也不是推翻文章資訊, 你在推翻的是推理過程, 如果這選項為對, 那你無法推翻到結論。 因為你無法證明原生穀類跟米還有yam的時間關係。 如果你無法證明其時間關係, 那你就不能夠推翻知道米還有yam被介紹到西非的時間可以被認為是西非農業社會發展的最初始時間。




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