罗马青年 发表于 2007-8-1 23:00
Q 3: 正确答案为E，大家公认。想纠正B 选项题目的一个小错误：The primary purpose of the passage is to B ...
鸟飞翔的起源理论 欢迎讨论（以前讨论的很少！）
GWD27-Q 3 to Q6:
Two opposing scenarios,
the “arboreal” hypothesis and
the “cursorial” hypothesis, have
Line traditionally been put forward con-
(5) cerning the origins of bird flight.
The “arboreal” hypothesis holds
that bird ancestors began to fly
by climbing frees and gliding
down from branches with the
(10) help of incipient feathers: the
height of trees provides a good
starting place for launching flight,
especially through gliding. As
feathers became larger over time,
(15) flapping flight evolved and birds
finally became fully air-borne.
This hypothesis makes intuitive
Sense, but certain aspects are
Troubling. Archaeopteryx (the
(20) earliest known bird) and its
maniraptoran dinosaur cousins
have no obviously arboreal
adaptations, such as feet fully
adapted for perching. Perhaps
(25) some of them could climb trees,
but no convincing analysis has
demonstrated how Archaeopteryx
would have both climbed and
flown with its forelimbs, and there
(30) were no plants taller than a few
meters in the environments where
Archaeopteryx fossils have been
found. Even if the animals could
climb trees, this ability is not
(35) synonymous with gliding ability.
(Many small animals, and even
some goats and kangaroos,
are capable of climbing trees
but are not gliders.) Besides,
(40) Archaeopteryx shows no obvi-
ous features of gliders, such as
a broad membrane connecting
forelimbs and hind limbs.
The “cursorial”(running)
(45) hypothesis holds that small
dinosaurs ran along the ground
and stretched out their arms for
balance as they leaped into the
air after insect prey or, perhaps,
(50) to avoid predators. Even rudi-
mentary feathers on forelimbs
could have expanded the arm’s
surface area to enhance lift
slightly. Larger feathers could
(55) have increased lift incrementally,
until sustained flight was gradu-
ally achieved. Of course, a leap
into the air does not provide the
acceleration produced by drop-
(60) ping out of a tree; an animal
would have to run quite fast
to take off. Still, some small
terrestrial animals can achieve
high speeds. The cursorial
(65) hypothesis is strengthened by
the fact that the immediate the-
ropod dinosaur ancestors of
birds were terrestrial, and they
had the traits needed for high
(70) lift off speeds: they were small,
agile, lightly built, long-legged,
and good runners. And because
they were bipedal, their arms
were free to evolve flapping flight,
(75) which cannot be said for other
reptiles of their time.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 3:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. present counterevidence to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
B. propose and alternative to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
correct certain misconceptions about hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
C. (missing)
D. refute a challenge to a hypothesis concerning the origins of bird flight
E. evaluate competing hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
Answer:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 4:
The passage presents which of the following facts as evidence that tends to undermine the arboreal hypothesis?
A. Feathers tend to become larger over time
B. Flapping flight is thought to have evolved gradually over time
C. Many small animals are capable of climbing trees.
D. Plants in Archaeopteryx’s known habitats were relatively small
E. Leaping into the air does not provide as much acceleration as gliding out of a tree
Answer:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 5:
Which of the following is included in the discussion of the cursorial hypothesis but not in the discussion of the arboreal hypothesis?
A. A discussion of some of the features of Archaeopteryx
B. A description of the environment known to have been inhabited by bird ancestors
C. A possible reason why bird ancestors might have been engaging in activities that eventually evolved into flight
D. A description of the obvious features of animals with gliding ability
E. An estimate of the amount of time it took for bird ancestors to evolve the kind of flapping flight that allowed them to become completely airborne
Answer:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 6:
The passage suggests which of the following regarding the climbing ability of Archaeopteryx?
A. Its ability to climb trees was likely hindered by the presence of incipient feathers on its forelimbs.
B. It was probably better at climbing trees than were its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins.
C. It had certain physical adaptations that suggest it was skilled at climbing trees.
D. Scientists have recently discovered fossil evidence suggesting it could not climb trees.
E. Scientists are uncertain whether it was capable of climbing trees
Q 3: 正确答案为E，大家公认。想纠正B 选项题目的一个小错误：
The primary purpose of the passage is to
B. propose and alternative to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
B. propose and alternative to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
correct certain misconceptions about hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
怀疑：B选项中不是propose
and alternative, 而是 an alternative，意思是：在鸟的飞翔起源的两种理论之外，提出了另一种说法，并且纠正了一些误解。（显然不对，本文没提出新的理论）
Q 4:
The passage presents which of the following facts as evidence that tends to undermine the arboreal hypothesis?
A. Feathers tend to become larger over time
B. Flapping flight is thought to have evolved gradually over time
C. Many small animals are capable of climbing trees.
貌似也对
D. Plants in Archaeopteryx’s known habitats were relatively small
E. Leaping into the air does not provide as much acceleration as gliding out of a tree
Q4的D正确，但刚才复习时，发现C好象也对？欢迎讨论。
关于Q4 自我分析，大家一起讨论。
Perhaps
(25) some of them could climb trees,
but no convincing analysis has
demonstrated how Archaeopteryx
would have both climbed and
flown with its forelimbs, and there
(30) were no plants taller than a few
meters in the environments where
Archaeopteryx fossils have been
found. Even if the animals could
climb trees, this ability is not
(35) synonymous with gliding ability.
(Many small animals, and even
some goats and kangaroos,
are capable of climbing trees
but are not gliders.)
自我分析：
也许，一些能飞，但无证据表明：它们既能用前肢爬，又能用前肢飞；
并且，在发现始祖鸟化石的地方，没发现数米高的植物；
尽管，如果一些能爬树，也不意味着它们能滑翔；
（有些小动物能爬树，但不能滑翔）
注意题目问的是：facts as evidence 作为发驳A理论的事实证据
there (30) were no plants taller than a few
meters in the environments where
Archaeopteryx fossils have been
found
就提出了一个事实证据——我们连高点的树都没找到（就是A理论”树源说“的基础——鸟会爬上去，并滑翔下来的基础和前提之一，连可以练习飞的树都没有，还爬什么，练什么滑翔呢？把A理论成立的前提都推翻了。因此D 正确）；
选项C，. Many small animals are capable of climbing trees.
作者用来支持分论点：能爬不意味着会滑翔（比如一些小动物能爬）。作者用来支持分论点，但也反对了A理论，为什么不对呢？
Which of the following is included in the discussion of the cursorial hypothesis but not in the discussion of the arboreal hypothesis?
A. A discussion of some of the features of Archaeopteryx
B. A description of the environment known to have been inhabited by bird ancestors
C. A possible reason why bird ancestors might have been engaging in activities that eventually evolved into flight
D. A description of the obvious features of animals with gliding ability
E. An estimate of the amount of time it took for bird ancestors to evolve the kind of flapping flight that allowed them to become completely airborne
为甚么选C 啊 文中怎么定位啊
我来试着解答一下Q4，今天也做错了～
This hypothesis makes intuitive sense, but certain aspects are troubling. Archaeopteryx (the(20) earliest known bird) and its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins have no obviously arboreal adaptations, such as feet fully adapted for perching. Perhaps (25) some of them could climb trees, but no convincing analysis has demonstrated how Archaeopteryx would have both climbed and flown with its forelimbs第一个缺点：没有明显的feet适应树木的特征, and there (30) were no plants taller than a few meters in the environments where Archaeopteryx fossils have been found第二个缺点：没有足够高的plant环境。（这是化石结果论证的，是fact as evidence）. Even if the animals could climb trees, this ability is not (35) synonymous with gliding ability.后面括号举出小动物的例子，也是支持这第三个缺点（让步语气）：爬树能力也不代表有滑行能力。Besides, (40) Archaeopteryx shows no obvious features of gliders, such as a broad membrane connecting forelimbs and hind limbs.第四个缺点：没有滑行的明显特征。
C选项：small animal的例子在括号里是对第三个缺点起解释作用，说他们能爬树，但是不能滑行。这只是evidence of "Even if the animals could climb trees, this ability is not (35) synonymous with gliding ability."
并不是evidence of “that
tends to undermine the arboreal hypothesis? ” 削弱范围太小了～～
而E：“跳跃到空中并不能足以证明从树上滑行时有足够的加速度。”acceleration问题是cursorial理论反驳a理论的观点。不是fact而是推导。
因此可以看到：题干问Fact as evidence 就一定是严谨的文中有照应的句子。作者的推导式结论都不足以说明是fact.只有fossil才够格。
然后同问Q5：
Q 5:
Which of the following is included in the discussion of the cursorial hypothesis but not in the discussion of the arboreal hypothesis? E
C
A. A discussion of some of the features of Archaeopteryx
B. A description of the environment known to have been inhabited by bird ancestors
C. A possible reason why bird ancestors might have been engaging in activities that eventually evolved into flight
D. A description of the obvious features of animals with gliding ability
E. An estimate of the amount of time it took for bird ancestors to evolve the kind of flapping flight that allowed them to become completely airborne
请问如何定位，从哪里看成两个理论讨论内容最大的不同呢？
钻研了一下，感想如下：
Q5：
The cursorial (65) hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that the immediate theropod dinosaur ancestors of birds were terrestrial陆地（生活）的, and they had the traits needed for high (70) lift off speeds它们有可加速的身体特征: they were small, agile, lightly built, long-legged, and good runners. And because they were bipedal, their arms were free to evolve flapping flight, (75) which cannot be said for other reptiles of their time.
【总结】这个考点很隐蔽，藏在c理论的strengthened by the fact后面。第二段先介绍C理论是什么，然后用Even…. Of course,…,Still三个层次反驳A理论。所以可以推断，若要问A理论和C理论又何内容上的不同，这三个层次肯定不是出题点。（因为用C来反驳A，具体内容两个理论肯定都有涉及）
然后下一个层次就是标志性的敏感词：strengthen，代表作者的态度和C理论的合理性。我估计这个fact应该是A理论不可能有的，不然就不是可以加强C理论的fact 了。（因为C和A的不同前面已经有讲了，下面按逻辑应该是讲C的独特和正确之处）。
具体看原文和选项的对应：And because应该对应C选项的reason。上框都是在说C理论的合理性，因为有terrestrial, traits…, small….bipedal…等等特征，然后结论是their arms were free to evolve flapping flight.
所以，A理论和C理论讨论内容的不同，应该是evolve flapping flight的reason，
是C理论的有fact来strengthen的，但却未在A理论中提过。
我之前选的E，只看到相同关键词evolve …flapping flight就选了，没注意E要表达的是time 问题，无关新信息。C选项没细究意思就放过了。
【规律】因此可以看到，这类阅读题，不仅考我们原文关键词敏感度和定位，还考到我们对结构的把握，能否快速辨别出前面是讲和A理论的不同，后面讲C的独特之处。出题的时候用了另一种方式来问，其实还是考对C理论核心内容的理解。
The “cursorial”(running)
(45) hypothesis holds that small
dinosaurs ran along the ground
and stretched out their arms for
balance as they leaped into the
air after insect prey or, perhaps,
(50) to avoid predators.
Q5对应红色部分
C. A possible reason why bird ancestors might have been engaging in activities that eventually evolved into flight翻译：为什么会参与到飞的活动中
宝儿，我们几次都在同一题目发贴哈～呵呵
啥时候考？
晕~~~今天做到这道题，居然是本月KFC。顶一下
第5题有点难啊，我也选错了，不过居然选了D，真是鬼使神差，唉
Two
opposing scenarios, the “arboreal” hypothesis and the “cursorial” hypothesis,
have traditionally been put forward concerning the origins of bird flight. The
“arboreal” hypothesis holds that bird ancestors began to fly by climbing trees
and gliding down from branches with the help of incipient feathers: the height
of trees provides a good starting place for launching flight, especially
through gliding. As feathers became larger over
time, flapping flight evolved and birds finally became fully air-borne.
This
hypothesis makes intuitive sense, but certain aspects are troubling.
Archaeopteryx (the earliest known bird) and its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins
have no obviously arboreal adaptations, such as feet fully adapted for
perching. Perhaps some of them could climb trees, but no convincing analysis
has demonstrated how Archaeopteryx would have both climbed and flown with its forelimbs,
and there were no plants taller than a few meters in the environments where
Archaeopteryx fossils have been found. Even if the animals could climb trees,
this ability is not synonymous with gliding ability. (Many small animals, and
even some goats and kangaroos, are capable of climbing trees but are not
gliders.) Besides, Archaeopteryx shows no obvious features of gliders, such as
a broad membrane connecting forelimbs and hind limbs.
The “cursorial”(running) hypothesis holds that small dinosaurs ran along
the ground and stretched out their arms for balance as they leaped into the air
after insect prey or, perhaps, to avoid predators. Even
rudimentary feathers on forelimbs could have expanded the arm’s surface area to
enhance lift slightly. Larger feathers could have increased lift incrementally,
until sustained flight was gradually achieved. Of course, a leap into the air
does not provide the acceleration produced by dropping out of a tree; an animal
would have to run quite fast to take off. Still, some small terrestrial animals
can achieve high speeds. The cursorial hypothesis is strengthened by the fact
that the immediate theropod dinosaur ancestors of birds were terrestrial, and
they had the traits needed for high lift off speeds: they were small, agile,
lightly built, long-legged, and good runners. And because
they were bipedal, their arms were free to evolve flapping flight, which cannot
be said for other reptiles of their time.
想请问一下
Q 6:
The passage suggests which of the following regarding the climbing ability of Archaeopteryx?
A. Its ability to climb trees was likely hindered by the presence of incipient feathers on its forelimbs.
B. It was probably better at climbing trees than were its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins.
C. It had certain physical adaptations that suggest it was skilled at climbing trees.
D. Scientists have recently discovered fossil evidence suggesting it could not climb trees.
E. Scientists are uncertain whether it was capable of climbing trees 该怎么做呢
该怎么做呢
climb trees, this ability is not
(35) synonymous with gliding ability.
罗马青年 发表于 2007-8-1 23:00
Q 3: 正确答案为E，大家公认。想纠正B 选项题目的一个小错误：The primary purpose of the passage is to B ...
paopaogjp 发表于 2013-7-25 14:51
真的是这样马？原文错了？alternative是二选一的意思，这篇文章通篇都在说前一个不好，后面那个好。。。 ...
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