下面是这个月的JJ题,我逐句做了翻译,可是还是搞不懂一些逻辑关系:
下面是我自己的翻译:
当美国经济生产力从1945年到1965年以3%的年率增长时，从70年代初期起美国经济生产力增长年率仅为1%。什么阻止了更高的生产力提高？明显地，经济的制造业不可能被责备。从1980年，制造业生产力的改进使美国从严重衰落的位置移动到世界上突起的国家之一。然而，制造业只构成相关经济的很小比例。 1992年，生产型企业只雇用了美国工作者的19.1%，而服务生产企业雇用了美国工作者的70%。虽然服务业从70年代后期开始增长，但服务业的生产力增长下降了。提供以下一些原因来解释这种下降和制造业与服务业间的差异。第一，因为服务业的改进集中于改进服务质量，传统的测量经济增长的措施不能反应服务业生产力的提高。而传统的测量措施尽管也测量了制造业的质量，但同时可以测量出制造业的生产力显示了一个重大的增加，而此时服务生产力继续停滞。第二，其他争论从70年代起，制造的工作者面对激烈的外国竞争，在美国要学会更加高效率地工作以便可以保留他们的工作，而服务业的工作者，典型地是较少的在全球性竞争压力下工作，所以不需要这样做。然而，美国的制造业工作者在压力下更加高效率地工作，一般来说经常会因为政治原因被夸大。
另外的解释要责备联邦预算赤字：如果预算赤字低，利率也会相应的低，从而增加了在可以刺激服务业增长的新技术的发展上的投资。然而，技术资源的缺乏，实际上是服务业的经理们没有广泛利用可利用的技能和机器。优秀的服务业获得的高的生产力提高水平表明，明智地实施可利用的技术并且选择纯熟工作者的服务业的经理们能极大改进他们公司的生产力。服务业生产力停滞的阻碍是这样一股力量：比如公司接管、多余政府章程，这些力量分散经理使用最理想的可用资源。
问题:
1.既然是70年后经济走下坡路,为什么提1980年和1992年的例子呢?
2.第一段最后的第二点,觉得是说制造业和服务业一样不会高效工作,那不是间接在说,因为这两个行业的人都懒散所以阻碍了美国经济的发展吗?
3.最后一名总结的SUCH AS里"takeovers "是指什么?前文有提吗?
我的阅读好差,请各位NN指点,万分感谢
下面是原文:
Whereas
nomic productivity grew at an annual
rate of 3 percent from 1945 to 1965,
Line it has grown at an annual rate of
(5) only about 1 percent since the early
higher productivity growth? Clearly,
the manufacturing sector of the
economy cannot be blamed. Since
(10) 1980, productivity improvements
in manufacturing have moved the
acute decline in manufacturing
to one of world prominence.
(15) Manufacturing, however, consti-
tutes a relatively small proportion
of the economy. In 1992, goods-
producing businesses employed
only 19.1 percent of American
(20) workers, whereas service-producing
businesses employed 70 percent.
Although the service sector has
grown since the late
productivity growth has declined.
(25) Several explanations
have been
Offered for this declined and for the
discrepancy in productivity growth
between the manufacturing and
service sectors. One is that tra-
(30)
ditional measures fail to reflect
service-sector productivity growth
because it has been concentrated
in improved quality of services.
Yet traditional measures of manu-
(35) facturing productivity have shown
significant increases despite the
undermeasurement of quality,
whereas service productivity has
continued to stagnate. Others argue
(40) that since the
workers, faced with strong foreign
competition, have learned to work
more efficiently in order to keep their
jobs in the
(45) workers, who are typically under
less global competitive pressure,
have not. However, the pressure on
manufacturing workers in the United
States to work more efficiently has
(50) generally been overstated, often
for political reasons. In fact, while
some manufacturing jobs have been
lost due to foreign competition, many
more have been lost simply because
(55) of slow growth in demand for manu-
factured goods.
Yet
another explanation blames
the federal budget deficit: if it were
lower, interest rate would be lower
(55) too, thereby increasing investment
in the development of new technol-
ogies, which would spur productivity
growth in the service sector. There
is, however, no dearth of techno-
(60) logical resources, rather, managers
in the service sector fail to take
advantage of widely available skills
and machines. High productivity
growth levels attained by leading-
(65) edge service companies indicate
that service sector managers
who wisely implement available
technology and choose skillful
workers can significantly improve
(70) their companies’ productivity.
The culprits for service-sector
productivity stagnation are the
forces－such as corporate
takeovers and unnecessary
(75) governmental regulation－that
distract managers from the task
of making optimal use of available
resources.
MM,粗略看了看这篇,个人觉得,你需要从整体上把握
文章大概是这样的:文章整体是讨论70年代后美国生产力增长乏力的原因
第一段:主要是说,乏力不是制造业的原因,作者提出了两个支撑点,1,制造业80年代把美国变成了世界领先;2制造业占很小的比例
然后得出作者的观点,乏力是服务业的原因
第二段,主要是在例举几种对为什么造成服务业生产力增长乏力的解释,然后一一驳斥
1,是说统计的手段落后,就是measurement的问题,统计不出服务业的增长,作者说不对,理由是制造业也是underestimate的问题,但是人家照样涨
2,是说由于服务业竞争不如制造业强,员工所以没有压力促使其提高效率,作者说错,理由是,制造业的员工失业都是需求不足造成
3,是说财政赤字还是什么导致了投资不足,投资不足是服务业的技术没有提高,作者说乱讲,理由是,当时的先进技术都没有被充分利用,那些服务业公司的maneger一天就被那些杂七杂吧的事distract了,没空管利用新技术的事情
大概就分析到这儿吧,希望有帮助,至于你的问题,你可以参考我的分析在文章找答案吧
PS,我阅读也很差,下月就考了,大家一起加油
这篇如果还不明白,可以短信我~
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