test 1-sec iv-22 & 23 22. it is illogical to infer a second and different effect from a cause which is known only by one particular effect. this is incorrect because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some different characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause. which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage? (a) an anonymous donor gave a thousand dollars to our historical society. i would guess that that individual also volunteers at the children’s hospital. (b) the radioactive material caused a genetic mutation, which, in turn, caused the birth defect. therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect. (c) the tiny, unseen atom is the source of immense power. it must be its highly complex structure that produces this power. (d) the city orchestra received more funds from the local government this year than ever before. clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones. (e) if i heat water, which is a liquid, it evaporates. if i heat hundreds of other liquids like water, they evaporate. therefore, if i heat any liquid like water, it will evaporate. 23. just as a bicycle chain may be too tight, so may one’s carefulness and conscientiousness be so tense as to hinder the running of one’s mind. which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning used in the argument above? (a) just as a clock may be wound too tightly, so may one’s time be spent fruitlessly in the pursuit of perfection. (b) just as a carousel may spin too quickly, so may one’s rapid concentration on several problems prevent a resolution of difficulties. (c) just as a machine may be oiled too much, so may one’s heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages lead to complete dissipation. (d) just as a raging river may be frozen into stillness during the winter, so may one’s career falter at certain times of the year. (e) just as a boxer may become too tense before a big fight, so may one’s personal concerns stand in the way of professional success.
作者: snow_mountain 时间: 2003-11-17 17:28
22 题A
说了那么一大段其实意思就是：由一个已知的Cause-effect 关系推出另一个不同的结果是不符合逻辑的。错误原因是，这个推出来的结果必然是由 cause 的其它特性而推出来，而不是由已知的结果推出第二个结果。
A 就属于这种情况，把某人匿名捐钱看出一个cause-effect (虽然文中没说明什么原因，姑且把某人看成一个cause 吧)，那么他是否去当义工不能由捐钱这个结果的出，假设他的确也当义工，必然是由某人其它方面的原因导致的。
