ChaseDream

标题: OG-212 [打印本页]

作者: joywzy    时间: 2003-11-9 10:04
标题: OG-212
212.    The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.
(A) aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving
(B) aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve
(C) aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving
(D) the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving
(E) with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve

为何OG说E:with the aim to 短语修饰的是The Baldrick Manufacturing Company ,而不policy?

而根据lyricling的修饰总结,介词短语前面有名词的,优先作定语。这不是矛盾了吗?
不明白啊。能讲讲吗?谢谢。


[此贴子已经被作者于2003-11-9 10:05:22编辑过]

作者: joywzy    时间: 2003-11-9 14:47
up.
作者: dandan74    时间: 2003-11-9 15:35
我认为现在语法的难度已经超出了只凭借一个语法点来选择的范围,所以OG虽然说可以修饰
The Baldrick Manufacturing Compan,但这不能用来做唯一的判据,而需要结合其它的判据才能得出结果。个人认为除了少数的语法点,很多的语法点都有例外,不许根据实际的意思来判断。本剧中, with the aim of ..既可以做定语修饰policy,又可以做状语修饰主句的主谓结构,是有些歧义,但主要的判据还是平行结构, to do and to do 修饰aim不好。


另外一个例子:
Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.
(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves
(B) fund, the intention of which is to sustain the state’s economy after they have exhausted their oil reserves
(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted
(D) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves
(E) fund that they intend to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted

作者: 天山    时间: 2003-11-9 15:40
OG的解释没有错。 “Also, with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to plicy"
OG是认为with ..存在这种修饰歧义的可能,所以不可取。
介词短语前面有名词的,优先作定语,但是应该在不至于造成歧义的情况下才能使用这一所谓规则。
The school board ruling mandating that physically handicapped  be placed in regular classroom settings whenever possible also assured children with reading problems of special aid.
with reading problems 不会造成修饰歧义。

In a leveraged buyout, investors borrow huge sums of money to buy companies, hoping to pay off the debt with the company’s earnings and to profit richly by the later resale of the companies or their divisions.
with the company’s earnings 不会被人认为修饰debt,是表示主语动作的一种方式,也不会造成歧义。

The principal has sought approval for her plan to grant promotions to only those seven-grade students proficient in reading without meeting with opposition.
这句话让我们无从判断without meeting with opposition是修饰students ,还是表示主语动作的一种方式,这种情况下就得改种写法了,纠正此歧义。


作者: joywzy    时间: 2003-11-9 16:15
谢谢天山和dandan ,解释得非常清楚了。我明确了,这叫修饰的歧义,谢谢。

能不能这样总结:

with/without的结构放在句尾,前面又有名词,就要小心。先试试修饰主语,是否可行,再试试修饰前面的名词,是否可行,如果两者皆可,那就是歧义了。对吗?
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-11-9 16:38:34编辑过]

作者: kid    时间: 2004-2-5 20:36
想请教,这里aiming和aimed有什么区别?如果把A换成aiming,是不是正确呢?
难道aiming是伴随状语?
作者: 2love2live    时间: 2004-2-5 23:11
以下是引用kid在2004-2-5 20:36:00的发言:
想请教,这里aiming和aimed有什么区别?如果把A换成aiming,是不是正确呢?
难道aiming是伴随状语?


with the aim to 之所以会产生歧义 - 是因为 policy aimed at increasing... 不清楚,重新解释...

因为:policy 只能“被动的" 被aim , policy 不能 aiming. 同样,policy 不能 with the aim to , 一定时somebody follows the policy with an aim to.... aim 的发出者 是somebody 不是policy.

记得前面有一处讲到based on 时,也有这种使动/被动的感觉, 毕竟我们不是英语母语,这种语言感觉我觉得比钻语法点重要,我想这也是ETS要刁难我们这些 english as second language 人的地方
作者: cocoabean    时间: 2004-4-6 10:17
有道理, thanks
作者: tyghbn    时间: 2004-5-19 04:57

"In E, the infinitives to decrease and to improve, while parallel, are less idiomatic than the prepositional phrase of decreasing ... and improving in modifying the noun aim"

which "noun aim" are they talking about here?


作者: Andrea625    时间: 2004-6-27 16:32

tyghbn: 把E代入原句:


212. The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve the efficiency of its distribution system.                                                ↑


                                                                                                                                             ↑


[此贴子已经被作者于2004-6-27 18:33:36编辑过]

作者: flywood    时间: 2004-8-14 07:09
这里我也不是很懂,不定式不能用来修饰名词吗?

"In E, the infinitives to decrease and to improve, while parallel, are less idiomatic than the prepositional phrase of decreasing ... and improving in modifying the noun aim"不知道要怎么理解这句话,请教!


作者: zhoushao    时间: 2005-4-24 00:03
以下是引用2love2live在2004-2-5 23:11:00的发言:


with the aim to 之所以会产生歧义 - 是因为 policy aimed at increasing... 不清楚,重新解释...

因为:policy 只能“被动的" 被aim , policy 不能 aiming. 同样,policy 不能 with the aim to , 一定时somebody follows the policy with an aim to.... aim 的发出者 是somebody 不是policy.

记得前面有一处讲到based on 时,也有这种使动/被动的感觉, 毕竟我们不是英语母语,这种语言感觉我觉得比钻语法点重要,我想这也是ETS要刁难我们这些 english as second language 人的地方


og没有说aimed和aiming得区别,我也很疑惑,但是对于policy可不可以用aiming来修饰


看这题


222. By a vote of 9 to 0, the Supreme Court awarded the Central Intelligence Agency broad discretionary(任意的,自由决定的) powers enabling it to withhold from the public the identities of its sources of intelligence information.


(A)              enabling it to withhold from the public



(B)              for it to withhold from the public


(C)             for withholding disclosure to the public of



(D)             that enable them to withhold from public disclosure



(E)              that they can withhold public disclosure of



Choice A is best: enabling ... clearly modifies powers, 那为什么power却可以发出主动enable得动作那


很疑惑,我想也许policy也可以用aiming来修饰?大家讨论


作者: 而今迈步从头越    时间: 2005-4-24 10:55
主要是看是主动还是被动吧,没听说过policy不能被aiming修饰。
作者: zhoushao    时间: 2005-4-24 15:30
以下是引用而今迈步从头越在2005-4-24 10:55:00的发言:
主要是看是主动还是被动吧,没听说过policy不能被aiming修饰。


但是依照动作发出者得原理,policy是不可以发出aim,但是我刚举得那个例子中power为什么却可以发出主动得动作呢?


就是aim我开始用被动把C排除,但是没想到OG却没提这两个词得区别,另外上面那题也搞得我晕了


作者: adii    时间: 2005-4-24 17:02

刚查了朗文辞典(我没有别的啦,呵呵)


aim做动词有两个意思,一是瞄准,比喻义是针对,有个例子:the programme is aimed at (intended for) young teenagers.


两外一个是致力于、打算。例子1:tha factory must aim at increased production/ aim for an increase in production.  例子2:  he aims to be a successful writer.


感觉这道题中aim还是做被动比较好。原意是说这个policy是针对……制定的。


不知道这样解释行不行啊?


作者: zhoushao    时间: 2005-4-24 17:06
以下是引用adii在2005-4-24 17:02:00的发言:

刚查了朗文辞典(我没有别的啦,呵呵)


aim做动词有两个意思,一是瞄准,比喻义是针对,有个例子:the programme is aimed at (intended for) young teenagers.


两外一个是致力于、打算。例子1:tha factory must aim at increased production/ aim for an increase in production.  例子2:  he aims to be a successful writer.


感觉这道题中aim还是做被动比较好。原意是说这个policy是针对……制定的。


不知道这样解释行不行啊?




好得


有些问题我也是比较爱钻牛角尖,不问问还是不塌实,西西,多和adii讨论讨论,还是很有乐趣的,灌水ing。。。。。。。。。。。。



作者: advantage    时间: 2005-7-7 16:12
以下是引用2love2live在2004-2-5 23:11:00的发言:


with the aim to 之所以会产生歧义 - 是因为 policy aimed at increasing... 不清楚,重新解释...

因为:policy 只能“被动的" 被aim , policy 不能 aiming. 同样,policy 不能 with the aim to , 一定时somebody follows the policy with an aim to.... aim 的发出者 是somebody 不是policy.

记得前面有一处讲到based on 时,也有这种使动/被动的感觉, 毕竟我们不是英语母语,这种语言感觉我觉得比钻语法点重要,我想这也是ETS要刁难我们这些 english as second language 人的地方

豁然开朗


作者: brissa    时间: 2005-7-10 10:36
以下是引用2love2live在2004-2-5 23:11:00的发言:


with the aim to 之所以会产生歧义 - 是因为 policy aimed at increasing... 不清楚,重新解释...

因为:policy 只能“被动的" 被aim , policy 不能 aiming. 同样,policy 不能 with the aim to , 一定时somebody follows the policy with an aim to.... aim 的发出者 是somebody 不是policy.

记得前面有一处讲到based on 时,也有这种使动/被动的感觉, 毕竟我们不是英语母语,这种语言感觉我觉得比钻语法点重要,我想这也是ETS要刁难我们这些 english as second language 人的地方

说policy不能被动被如何,但是我记得有道OG题目说是ban...法令禁止...(不记得题号了,但好像不止一道关于法令的题目)就是用ban doing。还说用doing是法令什么的惯用法,表示一种常态。

那这里的policy不是也算法令的一种吗?怎么就不能用 policy doing?

一齐讨论


作者: sammaijgd    时间: 2005-7-29 11:27

在longman没发现policy doing的,大多是接to do表目的


作者: mmfoolish    时间: 2005-11-19 22:18
以下是引用brissa在2005-7-10 10:36:00的发言:


说policy不能被动被如何,但是我记得有道OG题目说是ban...法令禁止...(不记得题号了,但好像不止一道关于法令的题目)就是用ban doing。还说用doing是法令什么的惯用法,表示一种常态。

那这里的policy不是也算法令的一种吗?怎么就不能用 policy doing?

一齐讨论


我也记得OG里面法案、法令等等后面的修饰好像都用ing,为何这里用被动aimed?请N人解答,致谢!


作者: rosmarine    时间: 2006-2-1 20:15

多谢15楼的释义,豁然开朗。自己总结一句,似乎通常只有人才能当aim的主语,其他的如policy啊、program啊、plan啊、project啊(怎么全是p开头)都是人所用的道具,只能被aim。


[此贴子已经被作者于2006-2-1 20:18:58编辑过]

作者: juliet01192000    时间: 2006-3-20 16:25
以下是引用2love2live在2004-2-5 23:11:00的发言:

以下是引用kid在2004-2-5 20:36:00的发言:
想请教,这里aiming和aimed有什么区别?如果把A换成aiming,是不是正确呢?
难道aiming是伴随状语?


with the aim to 之所以会产生歧义 - 是因为 policy aimed at increasing... 不清楚,重新解释...

因为:policy 只能“被动的" 被aim , policy 不能 aiming. 同样,policy 不能 with the aim to , 一定时somebody follows the policy with an aim to.... aim 的发出者 是somebody 不是policy.

记得前面有一处讲到based on 时,也有这种使动/被动的感觉, 毕竟我们不是英语母语,这种语言感觉我觉得比钻语法点重要,我想这也是ETS要刁难我们这些 english as second language 人的地方


我觉得这里aimed at是省略了the policy (which is)aimed at.(og的解释也是: an adjective phrase (aimed at 是形容词短语) )而不是被动!be aimed at:旨在,目的在于;是固定搭配。


该选项的错误就是在于with短语修饰产生的歧义,和谁主动发出这个动作没关系。


这个policy的目的是...这样翻译解释得通呀。我觉得policy可以做为动作发出者。


open to discuss!:)


[此贴子已经被作者于2006-3-20 16:36:14编辑过]

作者: juliet01192000    时间: 2006-3-20 16:39
以下是引用flywood在2004-8-14 7:09:00的发言:
这里我也不是很懂,不定式不能用来修饰名词吗?

"In E, the infinitives to decrease and to improve, while parallel, are less idiomatic than the prepositional phrase of decreasing ... and improving in modifying the noun aim"不知道要怎么理解这句话,请教!


同问,我也没看懂og的解释with the aim to do 为什么没有with the aim doing好?:)


作者: cocomalawi    时间: 2006-3-20 18:53

介词短语前面有名词的,优先作定语。这不是矛盾了吗?
不明白啊。能讲讲吗?谢谢。
这句话的前提是:在做定语时优先选择的话,介词短语》定语从句


你不能把if... then 与if only ....then


的逻辑搞反


充分条件与必要条件是不一样的。


The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.



主语是The Baldrick Manufacturing Company,谓语是has for several years followed ,宾语是a policy 。按中国人的传统思维后面应该是一个定语从句修饰policy.


但是在gmat里,要简洁。用非谓语动词的形式。


with the aim to 之所以会产生歧义 - 是因为 policy aimed at increasing... 不清楚,重新解释...
因为:policy 只能“被动的" 被aim , policy 不能 aiming. 同样,policy 不能 with the aim to , 一定时somebody follows the policy with an aim to.... aim 的发出者 是somebody 不是policy.
”同意。


aimed 和aiming是现在分词与过去分词的区别。


aimed表被动,完成


aiming表主动,持续很久的一个动作(这个解释在一般情况可以这样说。但不绝对,解题没问题/)





作者: konson    时间: 2006-5-15 21:43

赞同7楼的说法,明白了,谢谢!


作者: dormousedzc    时间: 2007-11-25 15:14
以下是引用juliet01192000在2006-3-20 16:25:00的发言:

我觉得这里aimed at是省略了the policy (which is)aimed at.(og的解释也是: an adjective phrase (aimed at 是形容词短语) )而不是被动!be aimed at:旨在,目的在于;是固定搭配。

该选项的错误就是在于with短语修饰产生的歧义,和谁主动发出这个动作没关系。

这个policy的目的是...这样翻译解释得通呀。我觉得policy可以做为动作发出者。

open to discuss!:)


感觉这个说的比较在理.

几年了都没看见有人对这个知识点进行系统总结,泣求之:

1.是否人做主语只能用aim at doing; 而物做主语(如:plan,act,policy),就既可以用aim at doing,也可以用be aimed at doing.

2.之前还有人说:be aimed at doing 可以省略掉be,我对此深表怀疑:

    a.如果是修饰部分,例如:has followed a policy aimed at decreasing...     OK没问题

    b.如果是主句部分,例如:This plan is aimed at saving animals in the rain forests...    be还可以省略???!!!

请NN为我们系统总结一下.

求证中...


作者: 旺财翩翩    时间: 2008-1-28 22:28
以下是引用zhoushao在2005-4-24 0:03:00的发言:

og没有说aimed和aiming得区别,我也很疑惑,但是对于policy可不可以用aiming来修饰

看这题

222. By a vote of 9 to 0, the Supreme Court awarded the Central Intelligence Agency broad discretionary(任意的,自由决定的) powers enabling it to withhold from the public the identities of its sources of intelligence information.
            

(A)              enabling it to withhold from the public
                

(B)              for it to withhold from the public

(C)             for withholding disclosure to the public of
            

(D)             that enable them to withhold from public
                
disclosure

(E)              that they can withhold public disclosure of
                

Choice A is best: enabling ... clearly modifies powers, 那为什么power却可以发出主动enable得动作那

很疑惑,我想也许policy也可以用aiming来修饰?大家讨论

    这两题应该不是一回事吧,212题中aimed at的主语是policy, policy 不能主动发出动作,因而用的是被动aimed at. 然而,222 题中enable的主语并不是power,而是Supreme court. 代词it可以说明这一点,如果这里的主语是power,那么it的指代便相当的模糊了,有可能是supreme court 也有可能是central intelligence. 而我们根据意思可以发现这里的it指的是central intelligence,跟之前的句子保持一致和结构的对称,便可以分析出这里enable的主语是supreme court,动作的发出者,因此这里用的是-doing. 
作者: lulu_odin    时间: 2008-5-5 18:49

作者: Colx    时间: 2008-5-27 15:10
with

a表示同在、同伴、同行

例:He was with her when it happened.

(事情发生时他和她在一起。)

例:I study and play together with her everyday.

(我每天和她一起读书一起游戏。)

例:Will you come with us?

(你要和我们一起来吗?)

解说  日常生活中的常用动词如“becomegowalktravellivestaystudyreadlearnplayeat drink,…”都可以和“with…”连用表示“和……同在、同伴
        、同行”等观念。有时也可以如下列所示来表达。

I had a long talk with her yesterday afternoon.

=I talked
            with her for a long time yesterday afternoon.

(昨天下午我和她谈了很久。)

下面例句的“with…”是“向……”的意思。

例:I
            learned English with Mr. White, an English teacher from the United States.

(我跟怀特先生学英语,他是美藉英语教师。)

b)表示交涉、交易、处置、关系

例:I discussed the problem with my teacher yesterday.

(昨天我和我的老师讨论了那个问题。)

例:We didn't do any deal
            with him for two years.

(我们两年没有和他做任何交易了。)

例:I have nothing to do with that case.

(我和那件案子没有任何关系。)

例:Have you done
            with it?

(你把那件事处置好了吗?)

c)表示工具、材料、手段、供应

例:I cut the branch with a knife.

(我用刀切断那树枝。)

例:Do you like to have your
            
coffee with sugar?

(你喝咖啡要不要放糖?)

例:Bill and Helen often communicate with their eyes.

(比尔和海伦常以目传情。)

例:Mr. And Mrs. Chang provided their children with good education.

(张先生夫妇供给他们的小孩良好的教育。)

解说  with…”
        表示工具时常会把宾语移入句中而留“with”于句末。

I have no pen to write with.

(我没有笔去写东西。)

问句时则把“with…”用在句首。

With what did you cut the branch?

(你用什么切断那树枝?)

常用短语:

see
        with eyes  用眼看……

hear with ears  用耳朵听……

taste
        with tongue  用舌尝……

feel
        with fingers  用手指触摸……

smell with nose  用鼻子闻…

supply someone with +  供应/给……

请注意下面例句所示的用法:

We supplied them food
        (误)

We supplied them with food
        
(正)

We supplied food to them.  (正)

(我们供应食物给他们。)

也可用被动语态来表达。

Food and drink were supplied to them.

They were supplied with food and drink.

下面例示是美式英语的用法。

Cows supply us milk.

Cows supply milk.

(乳牛供给我们牛乳。)

动词如“provide(供应);furnish (供给)”都遵照上例所示使用。

d表示状态

例:Look ,it can be done with ease.

=Look, it can be done easily.

(看,这件事可以容易地做好。)

例:She always drives with great care.

=She always drives very carefully.

(她开车总是很小心。)

解说
        
with +抽象名词”通常都作副词短语用,因此也就等于副词。有时也可用普通名词。例如:

She greeted me with a smile.

(她面带微笑地迎接我。)

常用短语:

with difficulty  困难地(difficultly

with diligence  勤勉地(diligently

with courage  勇敢地(courageously

with anger  生气地(angrily

with hope  满怀希望地(hopefully

e表示附带状况

ATom stood at the window, with his hands in the pockets of his trousers.

(汤姆站在窗口,双手插在他的裤袋里。)

BDon't speak with your mouth full.

(不要嘴里满含食物讲话。)

CShe sat there ,with her eyes closed.

(她闭着眼睛坐在那里。)

DWith night coming on, we started for home.

(夜幕降临时刻我们就踏上归途了。)

解说  如例A,本句的主要动作是“stood at the window)”
        ,而
        with…”只是在表示当时的附带的状况。

表示附带状况的“with
        也可以省略,例如:

She sat there, her eyes closed.

Night coming on, we started for home.

Night + V-ing…”,可视为独立分词短语。

f
        表示具有、持有、保管

例:Who is that girl with =who has large eyes?

(那个大眼睛的女孩是谁?)

例:Do you have money with you ?

(你身上带钱了吗?)

例:It looks like rain. Take an umbrella with you.

(看起来快要下雨了。带一把雨伞去吧。)

例:Leave the baggage with me.

(请把行李交给我保管。)

g表示对立,对比

ADon't quarrel with your elder sister, Amy.

(艾米,不要和你的姐姐吵架。)

BChina had fought with Japan for
            
four years before World War
broke out.

(二次世界大战爆发之前中国已对日本作战了四年。)

cf. China fought with the United States and the United Kingdom against Japan in the Pacific area during World War .

(二次世界大战期间在太平洋战区中国与美国、英国并肩对日作战。)

CDon't compare your composition with hers. She writes much better than you do.

(不要拿你的作文和她的作文作比较。她写得比你好得多。)

解说  fight with…”
        如例B所示可作“对立、对抗”解释,但是也可以如例B 的“cf.
        所示作“并肩,一起”解释。

C的“compare with…”
        通常都不用于比较不同的事物。

Let's compare China with New York. (误)

(我们来比较中国和纽约。)

Let's compare China with the United States.(正)

(我们来比较中国和美国。)

Let's compare Shanghai with New York. (正)

(我们来比较上海和纽约。)

h表示“就……而言”,“对于……”

例:It is always so with him.

(他老是这个样子。)

例:Is it all right with you ?

(你没事吧?)

例:What is the matter with her?

(她到底怎么了?)

例:How are getting along with your new work?

(你的新工作进行得怎样?)

解说  本项的“with”也常和“away, down, off, up”等副词连用,表达命令。

例:Away with you!

(你滚蛋!)

例:off with your hat!

(把帽子脱掉!)

i)表示让步

例:

With all his wealth, he is not happy.

=In spite of his wealth, he is not happy.

=Though he is a man with great wealth ,he is not happy.

(尽管很富裕,他还是不快乐。)

例:With all his faults, he is a good husband.

(尽管他有缺点,他仍然是个好丈夫。)

解说  With…”
        表示让步时常如例句所示与“all”连用,通常都置于句首,等于“In spite of …”
         Though
        S+V…”的意思。 

帖一个关与with得总结,希望有所帮助。看到with一定要小心,一定要考虑其状语的情况!


作者: coolking1114    时间: 2008-6-10 15:10
楼上忒猛点儿...
作者: songlovegt    时间: 2009-2-4 07:30
好贴





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