Q18:
Antarctica receives more solar radiation than does any other place on Earth, yet the temperatures are so cold and the ice cap is reflective, so that little polar ice melts during the summer; otherwise, the water levels of the oceans would rise 250 feet and engulf most of the world’s great cities.
能帮忙把里面的语法点说一下吗，谢谢了，还有区别，选对了，可是讲不出道理
我选C
本题考了2个语法点:
1. so...that...的习惯搭配
2. 两个句子并列,第一个句子含有be动词或者become,第二个句子中的be动词或者become必须省略,同时,一些重复的名词或形容词也必须省略。例如:
Once the economic and social usefulness of the motor was demonstrated and its superiority to the horse proved, ... (proved前省略了was)
its superiority to the horse was proved,它对马的优越性得到了证实
it proves helpful这种结构prove主动表被动
这两个句子是不同的
its superiority to the horse was proved,它对马的优越性得到了证实
it proves helpful这种结构prove主动表被动
这两个句子是不同的
我选C
本题考了2个语法点:
1. so...that...的习惯搭配
2. 两个句子并列,第一个句子含有be动词或者become,第二个句子中的be动词或者become必须省略,同时,一些重复的名词或形容词也必须省略。例如:
Once the economic and social usefulness of the motor was demonstrated and its superiority to the horse proved, ... (proved前省略了was)
这里应该不是这个语法点，因为temperatures are so cold and the ice cap is reflective这两个BE动词的主语单复数不同，不能随便省吧，个人理解，open to discuss,
这里有个区别我不太清楚otherwise, were it to do so,or else等选项后的区别是什么呢？哪位知道的！！！！！！11
different opinion
I took B as my anser,
I think "is" can't be omitted when the fisrt be verb is "are"; furthermore, were it to do so is a subjunctive structure that is most logical to fit the meaning of the sentence.
改正一下,应该选B,那个be动词的考点无关,is不能省略的.因为are,is不一样
这个题困扰偶很久，今天通过查字典与语法书，彻底说服自己选C（小结附后，仅供参考），如果版主能有“are, is不一样就不能省略”的依据，请详细指点大家。谢谢。
小结：
1、B中的it指代问题：little of中的little是代词且是名词词组little of the polar ice的核心词，后面的it应指代little，逻辑不通；
2、
be跟不定式的用法（be to do）(来自Collins COBUILD字典)：You use be with an infinitive to indicate that sth is planned to happen, that it will definitely happen, or that it must happen. 有主观上安排的含义，而原文是描述一客观现象。例如：
The talks are to begin tomorrow. 这样的含义用在该句中显然不符合逻辑，”if it melt”的形式才是正确的。
3、or else的用法(来自Collins COBUILD字典): You use “or else” after stating a logical conclusion, to indicate that what you are about to say is evidence for that conclusion. 作连词，等于otherwise，后面跟虚拟语气，而且远比were it to do so简洁。
例句：They can’t be coming or else they would have called. 他们不会来，不然他们就打电话了。
原句的意思为：A比地球上任何其他地方接受的solar radiation都多，但温度却很低，冰层折射强，很少冰在夏天融化，不然海洋水位会上升250 feet并且淹没大部分大城市。
4、该题C中唯一的疑点是省略。并列句的省略：并列句中的be动词相同可以省略，但本题中的第二个be是is而非与第一个相同的are，这样可以省略吗？另外，如果时态不一样的be能否省略？
（《章振邦新编英语语法》tianwanNN推荐的，偶觉得很好用）“句中省略”通常出现在平行、对比的结构中，被省略的部分通常是谓语动词（省略项和先行项结构相同就可以省略，不必须完全相同），有时还连同宾语或主语补语一起省掉。被省略的动词可以和先行词在时、体形式上不一致。如：
Bob hasn’t written his report, but he will soon.
关于省略，有四个标准（大家可以查阅，1505页，《省略的标准》一节），该题中C的省略是符合这四项标准的。
而且语法书中给出一个类似的例子：Men can think, feel and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together and he in them. (后面省略了live，而前面是lives)。
Antarctica receives more solar radiation than does any other place on Earth, yet the temperatures are so cold and the ice cap is reflective, so that little polar ice melts during the summer; otherwise, the water levels of the oceans would rise 250 feet and engulf most of the world’s great cities.
选B。我觉得。说一下看法。
这里的考点有3个，
1－so...that...,
2－从句子意思看，little of the ice melts和little ice melts是不同的。句子说温度如此冷以至于夏天很少有冰块融化，是B的意思，C的意思是不合理的。温度如此冷以至于小冰块融化。不对的吧？
3－我觉得分号的使用很关键。这里B是分号。C不是。
欢迎拍砖。。。呵呵
little在这里的意思是：little indicate that there is only a very small amount of sth.
I have little money and little free time.
是数量少，而不是大小的小。
C的意思与原文吻合：温度太低，以致于夏天都只有少量的冰融化。
字典上解释or else=otherwise（可表达与原文相同的含义，反而C中分号分开两个独立的句子，没有把原文句子之间的关系准确表达出来），是连词，不需要分号了。
等NN来讲闹闹提出的问题...
我个人觉得B选项用were to do so是挺好的一个结构。
不能孤立的来看be to的问题。B选项中的be to是放在虚拟语气当中的，本身就取了与现实相反的含义，朗文给出的讲法是 used in conditional1(2) sentences about an imagined situation
我选B另外一个原因是B用分号把前后两个句子隔开，前面部分讲一个事实，后面部分讲一个虚拟的情况，两相对比。从宏观上来看句子结构和层次都很清晰。
至于指代和省略问题，得回去翻翻书再说。
个人比较倾向于不省略。不是不能省略，而是主语数不同，不省略似乎更加清楚。
胡言乱语，请大家批评指教
还有or else
朗文在这个词下面注了一个【spoken】我对它可以做连词没有任何异议。
我觉得or else的问题不是对错的判断标准，完全可以；只是我认为B分号把前后两个句子隔开，从宏观上来看句子结构和层次都更清晰。
请lz说说答案究竟是什么吧，觉得B中it指代是有问题，to do so显然代melts during summer, 如果it指little, 那与原意正好相反
该题有意思的还有未划线部分the temperatures are so cold，一般说the weather is so cold or the temperature is so low, 而且temperature 还用的复数，总之一道有意思的题
Antarctica receives more sun radiation than anywhere else on Earth, yet the temperatures are so cold and the ice cap so reflective that minimal ice melt occurs each summer. Otherwise, the water levels of the oceans would rise by 250 feet and engulf most of the world's great cities.
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Antarctica receives more sun radiation than anywhere else on Earth, yet the temperatures are so cold and the ice cap so reflective that minimal ice melt occurs each summer. Otherwise, the water levels of the oceans would rise by 250 feet and engulf most of the world's great cities.
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这简直就是这道题的翻版啊！or else=otherwise，随便哪个字典上都有讲。
MM在哪里搜到的啊？
这题我也倾向于C了，不得不服闹闹——以前选B是因为把be动词省略原则记成必须同一主语了 今天特地翻了语法书才发现自己记错了。
1.关于it指代问题：A of B的结构中，没有说代词一定要指代核心词！所以我认为不能因为指代问题排除B——欢迎讨论
2.be动词省略原则：两个句子并列,第一个句子含有be动词或者become,第二个句子中的be动词或者become必须省略。引自白勇的语法书。我认为此处is和are都属于be动词，性质相同，可以省略。
3.little of的用法觉的有错误，字典上没有little of的用法。
prep9
9 The investigations of many psychologist and anthropologists support the generalization of there being little that is a significant difference in underlying mental processes manifested by people from different culture.
A of there being little that is a significant difference
B of there being little that is significantly different
C of little that is significantly different
D that there is little that is significantly different
E that there is little of significant differences
此题答案D 也是用了little而不是little of
4.were it to do so:此处是虚拟语气,if it were to do so。我认为错在were to do原因和闹闹讲得一样。
附：Not Always Nice - glacier research
Such as that glacier in Alaska. When a glacier moves, it doesn't scrape across the ground like a toboggan on a dry spot. No one knows for certain what causes it to move at all, typically at a languorous pace. The most plausible explanation is that the sheer force of gravity causes the mass of ice to subtly change shape like cold molasses as it slumps along. But other forces may be at work when a glacier tears off at a gallop. "During a typical surge, glaciers appear to suffer from a failure of their internal plumbing," says Harrison. Normally, meltwater bubbles out from internal crevices and exits from a natural downspout at the glacier's base. But when the downspout is clogged, the meltwater backs up until the entire glacier surges down the slope on a thin layer of water and sediment.
The more puzzling question is why a common patch of ice is slippery. "That's still controversial," says Ashton. One theory is that pressure builds up within the ice and creates a thin film of water that greases the surface. Another is that ice emits vapor, so that other solids actually float, rather than slide, along the surface. A third possibility is that the top atomic layer of ice is disordered so the atoms act like a box of marbles and let other solids slide across them.
Ice remains a source of mystery because of the unruly behavior of [H.sub.2]O molecules. In gas form, they behave as individuals, single and fancy-free. As water, they form a complicated, ever changing lattice with ties that continuously snap, reconnect, and snap again. As ice, the molecules assume a crystal formation, placing themselves farther away from each other, and even though these bonds are relatively stationary, they are easily broken. Unlike most solids, ice liquefies under pressure even at subzero temperatures and refreezes as soon as the pressure is lifted. Hence a loop of wire can be pulled through a solid block of ice and the ice will immediately refreeze behind it. This process of regelation--thawing and refreezing according to variance in pressure rather than temperature--takes place inside a glacier all the time. But the exact dynamics of such shape-shifting have eluded scientists.
[H.sub.2]O molecules perform a host of other tricks when they bond together as ice. To begin with, the molecular structure expands by a volume of 9 percent as it freezes, creating a solid bigger and lighter than water. Plus, in the process of bonding, the molecules force out other substances. As seawater freezes, the ice crystals expel droplets of concentrated brine that are eventually pulled down by gravity into the water below, leaving the ice at the top 99 percent pure. In fact, Eskimos depend on sea ice as their source of fresh water.
Pure ice is transparent, but the air bubbles in fresh snow reflect light, a fact that is essential to life as we know it. Antarctica receives more sun radiation than anywhere else on Earth, yet the temperatures are so cold and the ice cap so reflective that minimal ice melt occurs each summer. Otherwise, the water levels of the oceans would rise by 250 feet and engulf most of the world's great cities.
仅就语法点而言：
1. 同意it指代没有一定要指向中心词的规则
2. 同意可以省略be动词
3. little of 的说法是存在的，表示量的少
4. 看了原文，我还是认同B，因为原文是两个句子，一句说一个事。C和B除了这些细微语法点的区别之外，还有整体句子的结构的区别，相对C一口气把话都说完，B在句子层次上更清晰。
little的用法摘自朗文
little determiner, pronoun
1
only a small amount or hardly any of something
- There's little doubt in my mind that he's guilty.
- I paid little attention to what the others were saying.
- Little is known about the causes of the problem.
- Changes in the law have done little to improve the situation.
little of
- Little of their wealth now remains.
- There's very little money left.
- Many of the students speak little or no English.
- He knew little or nothing (=almost nothing) about fixing cars.
- My lawyer advised me to say as little as possible .
- He did precious little (=very little) to help.
- The laboratory tests are of little real value.
see usage note few
大家继续～
你若同意可省略，那C就没有毛病了。
对于C的little 有问题
little polar ice 中little是形容词修饰 polar ice 的话，
有没有这样的类似意思，little boy小男儿，即little修饰的名词本身就很小或者很少。那推之是：北极冰很小？
似乎意思应该是北极冰的很小一部分融化才对啊。还是支持B。B里的is 补出应该至少是不错的吧？
原文是 minimal ice，而c是little polar ice，两者还是有意思上的差别的。B 有little （part） of polar ice的意思。应该是北极冰的很小一部分融化。
至于were it to do so中it的问题，这点不确定，有待讨论。
虽然有网上原文，但是原文和此题的用词并不相同。因此还是因独立的看待这题。
大家继续讨论
对于C的little 有问题
little polar ice 中little是形容词修饰 polar ice 的话，
有没有这样的类似意思，little boy小男儿，即little修饰的名词本身就很小或者很少。那推之是：北极冰很小？
原文是 minimal ice，而c是little polar ice，两者还是有意思上的差别的。B 有little （part） of polar ice的意思。应该是北极冰的很小一部分融化。
我不认同版主以这样的理由去反驳C，“原文是 minimal ice”，暂且不管原文的意思是什么，原文就是用的little polar ice。little作量词（与不可数名词连用），指“不多的，少量的not much”，used with uncountable nouns to mean "a small amount"。
仅因为某个词有多个含义而用它的其它含义将其在原句中的含义否定掉，这恐怕不是排除选项的合适做法。
分析一下if it were to do so中it的指代，(to do so是指melt during summer)
1 如果it 指代little of the polar ice, 则意思与原句意相反
2如果it指代the polar ice, 因为没有说明how much polar ice融化，是大量，中等，还是少量，这直接影响到是否能得到结果the water levels of the oceans would rise 250 feet and engulf most of the world’s great cities.
因此用otherwise更准确，little的反面是large amount，只有在large amount of polar ice融化的时候，才能有上述结果出现
therefore, 如果此题中is so reflective中is该省，而or else=otherwise, 则答案应该是C
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