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标题: T-9-Q4 [打印本页]

作者: Koror    时间: 2007-1-9 21:28
标题: T-9-Q4

In the years following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent. In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent. The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.

 

The argument above requires which of the following assumptions?

 

  1. During the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes did not increase by as much as it had during the year prior to the tax increase.

  2. The one percent fall in cigarette sales in the year prior to tax increases was due to a smaller tax increase.

  3. The pretax price of a pack of cigarettes gradually decreased throughout the year before and the year after the tax increase.

  4. For the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes was not eight or more cents lower than it had been the previous year.

  5. As the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes rises, the pretax price also rises.

Why chose D not E


作者: rio    时间: 2007-1-10 17:34

这是一类很经典的题

其中的关系是:销量,税前价格,税后价格

题目说加税以后销量变化,因此销量和税后价格相关联,假设是税前价格不变。

试想:如果谁提高了8cent但税前价格又降低了8cent,那么售价不是没变吗?


作者: ilovecushi    时间: 2007-11-25 07:59
以下是引用rio在2007-1-10 17:34:00的发言:

这是一类很经典的题

其中的关系是:销量,税前价格,税后价格

题目说加税以后销量变化,因此销量和税后价格相关联,假设是税前价格不变。

试想:如果谁提高了8cent但税前价格又降低了8cent,那么售价不是没变吗?


作者: lychee1842    时间: 2008-12-19 15:00

 这是道很经典的取非削弱类假设题

取非之后,说税前的价格少了8美分,个么即使加了8美分的税,价格相当于也没变,削弱,所以正确


作者: 伊布拉莫维琨    时间: 2009-7-19 17:44

作者: 伊布拉莫维琨    时间: 2009-7-19 19:55

作者: newjoshkao    时间: 2009-7-24 16:20

1.       T-9-Q4.
            

In the years following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent. In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent. The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.

每包香烟的税增加8分的哪一年,销售量下滑10%。

在增税之前的那一年,销售量下滑了1%。

à
        
香烟的销售量和每包香烟的税后价格高度相关。

(基本假设:增加的这8分,会让今年的税后价格较去年高)

The argument above requires which of the following assumptions?

 

  1. During the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes did not increase by as much as it had during the year prior to the tax increase.
                    
    (前一年的税前价格增加较多,今年的税前价格增加较少,则不知增加8分的税后价格是增加还是减少,因此不能做成本论之结论)

  2. The one percent fall in cigarette sales in the year prior to tax increases was due to a smaller tax increase.(支持结论,而非结论之基本假设)

  3. The pretax price of a pack of cigarettes gradually decreased throughout the year before and the year after the tax increase.(税前价格逐年降低,则不知税后的价格是增加还是减少,因此不能做成本论之结论)

  4. For the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes was not eight or more cents lower than it had been the previous year.(如果在增加8分之前的税前价格就比原来的税前价格低了八分或更低,则即使增税八分,税后价格还是比较低,所以要排除这个就是这个因果关系的基本假设)

  5. As the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes rises, the pretax price also rises.(税后价格增加,税前价格也同时增加,无法确定这个增加是由税所引起的,还是由原本的价格所引起的,所以无法确定税收影响销售额之因果关系。)


作者: hduszj    时间: 2009-7-25 16:04
that makes sense!
作者: kevinli120    时间: 2009-8-21 15:21

----------1% sales----------------------8 centsfederal tax-----------10%sales----------------------- à时间轴(taxsales关系)

结论salesafter-tax price有联系,猜想à需要架桥,连接federal taxafter-tax price的关系

A
            
tax以后pretax price的上升
            
≤ 升tax以前pretax price的上升,就是说没有提高tax以前反而price上升的更多(经济学常识àprice提高,sales下降),那么应该之前的sales更小,也就是降幅应该更大,与原文仅仅1%降幅矛盾,削弱(注意:文章并没有说tax升高了price一定会升高,这个不能和经济学原理一样当常识用)

B
            
无关,没有说price

C
                pretax price
在提高tax之前和之后都逐渐下降了,那么sales应该上升,但是原文都下降了,削弱

D
            
提高tax以后pretax price不会比前年低的超过8 cents,比如前年10 cents,今年2 cents。那么tax上升了8 centsprice下降的少于8 cents,所以after-tax price还是涨价了,sales下降。加强。如果取非,那就是说今年pretax price降低的比提高的tax还高,那么cigarette价格其实是降低了。Sales应该升高才对,而原文是sales降低。削弱。D选项不取非加强,取非削弱,很好的假设。

E
            
税后价格和税前价格的关系,无关


作者: muhuiyun777    时间: 2010-7-10 14:33
晕晕晕,还有14天考试,我死定了
作者: changyou    时间: 2010-8-12 21:27
说得好复杂,想了好久想通了~
就是这么说,既然是售后价格跟销量有关系,题目中说明涨税了之后销量降低,那么肯定的是就是价格要比涨税之前高才符合题意
税后=税前+税
今年税涨了8%,如果要是税后大于等于原来的价格,那么税前至少要小于等于8%。
自己想了就不看上面解释的了,看完了更晕……飘过~
作者: luckxiang    时间: 2010-8-20 23:37
有点糊涂了,税后不=税前-税吗?想想我们的税后工资不就是税前工资减去所得税吗。。没在国外呆过,不知道别人美国是税后价=税前+税。真晕
作者: liuyang5249    时间: 2010-11-23 11:28
税后不=税前-税  是所得税,这道题说的是商品的价格税,就像在麦德龙买东西一样,每个商品都告诉你,多少是它的价格,多少是它的税,或者直接给的就是含税价格,就是税后价=税前+税
作者: sbjqb    时间: 2011-6-6 18:38
我怎么觉得A选项和D选项能达到一样的效果啊
作者: swk901119    时间: 2013-11-5 22:53
kevinli120 发表于 2009-8-21 15:21
----------1% ↓sales----------------------8 cents↑federal tax-----------10%↓sales----------------- ...

有一个疑问   关于a选项   这个题只要证明 升税前一年的 税后价格低于升税后一年的税后价格即可   
税后价 = 税前价 + 税     
a说升税后一年的税后价 比前一年的涨幅小  说明他还在涨 没有跌     而升税后税的价格自然也高于升税前税的价格   所以 这年的税后价比前年的高

你说的  “与原文仅仅1%降幅矛盾”  我觉得这是部矛盾阿      我假设前年 税的价格 不变   税前价格比去年增加了 1cent   即总价格增加 1cent     而今年增加了 至少 8cent   所以 部矛盾




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