57. In astronomy the term "red shift" denotes the extent to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted toward the red, or long-wave, end of the light spectrum by the rapid motion of the galaxy away from the Earth.
to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted
to which light from a distant galaxy has shifted
that light from a distant galaxy has been shifted
of light from a distant galaxy shifting
of the shift of light from a distant galaxy
Choice A is best because it is idiomatic and because its passive verb construction, has been shifted, clearly indicates that the light has been acted upon by the rapid motion. In B, the active verb has shifted suggests that the light, not the motion, is the agency of action, but such a construction leaves the phrase by the rapid motion of the galaxy away from the Earth without any logical or grammatical function. In C, the construction the extent that light is ungrammatical; denotes the extent must be completed by to which. D incorrectly employs an active verb, shifting, and extent of light is imprecise and awkward. E is faulty because it contains no verb to express the action performed by the rapid motion.
请看黄色部分. OG认为N+BY错. SHIFT BY RAPID MOTION错.可是OG从前也有例子啊.
128. New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties.
a requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties
b requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation
c requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties
d application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties
e irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties
Choice E, the best answer, clearly and grammatically expresses the idea that two costly procedures, irrigation and the application of... fertilizer, were required by earlier high-yielding varieties of rice. In A, the placement of by earlier... varieties immediately after application of fertilizer suggests that the varieties applied the fertilizer. In B and D, the phrase application of... fertilizer and irrigation is ambiguous in meaning: it cannot be clearly determined whether applying fertilizer and irrigating are a single operation or two distinct operations. In C, only irrigation--not both irrigation and fertilization--is clearly associated with the earlier... varieties of rice.
这里也是N+BY, OG好象并不认为错啊.
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